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have moved as far as they can, and the domains are as aligned as the crystal structure allows them to be, so there is negligible change in the domain structure on increasing the external magnetic field above this. The magnetization remains nearly constant, and is said to have saturated. The domain
706:, Yoshihiro Hamakawa, Hisashi Takano, Naoki Koyama, Eijin Moriwaki, Shinobu Sasaki, Kazuo Shiiki, "Thin film magnetic head having at least one magnetic core member made at least partly of a material having a high saturation magnetic flux density", issued 1992
440:
necessary for high power production, they must have large magnetic cores. In applications in which the weight of magnetic cores must be kept to a minimum, such as transformers and electric motors in aircraft, a high saturation alloy such as
536:
In some audio applications, saturable transformers or inductors are deliberately used to introduce distortion into an audio signal. Magnetic saturation generates odd-order harmonics, typically introducing third and fifth
394:
is applied to the material, it penetrates the material and aligns the domains, causing their tiny magnetic fields to turn and align parallel to the external field, adding together to create a large magnetic field
483:
distortion. To prevent this, the level of signals applied to iron core inductors must be limited so they don't saturate. To lower its effects, an air gap is created in some kinds of transformer cores. The
515:. Varying the current in the control winding moves the operating point up and down on the saturation curve, controlling the alternating current through the inductor. These are used in variable
503:. When the primary current exceeds a certain value, the core is pushed into its saturation region, limiting further increases in secondary current. In a more sophisticated application,
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are oriented in random directions, effectively cancelling each other out, so the net external magnetic field is negligibly small. When an external magnetizing field
488:, the current through the winding required to saturate the magnetic core, is given by manufacturers in the specifications for many inductors and transformers.
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Different materials have different saturation levels. For example, high permeability iron alloys used in transformers reach magnetic saturation at 1.6โ2.2
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of around 2 T, which puts a limit on the minimum size of their cores. This is one reason why high power motors, generators, and
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that can change their direction of magnetization. Before an external magnetic field is applied to the material, the domains'
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when the current through them is large enough to drive their core materials into saturation. This means that their
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On the other hand, saturation is exploited in some electronic devices. Saturation is employed to limit current in
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more or less levels off. (Though, magnetization continues to increase very slowly with the field due to
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Saturation puts a practical limit on the maximum magnetic fields achievable in ferromagnetic-core
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curve) of a substance, as a bending to the right of the curve (see graph at right). As the
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and their alloys. Different ferromagnetic materials have different saturation levels.
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to a maximum, then as it approaches saturation inverts and decreases toward one.
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Ferromagnetic materials (like iron) are composed of microscopic regions called
310:. The permeability of ferromagnetic materials is not constant, but depends on
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164:, the saturation level for the substance. Technically, above saturation, the
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this is usually considered an unwanted departure from ideal behavior. When
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Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation.
407:, the more the domains align, yielding a higher magnetic flux density
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use a DC current through a separate winding to control an inductor's
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314:. In saturable materials the relative permeability increases with
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transformers are physically large; to conduct the large amounts of
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of a ferromagnetic substance reaches a maximum and then declines
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and other properties vary with changes in drive current. In
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are applied, this nonlinearity can cause the generation of
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of the material further, so the total magnetic flux density
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smaller than the ferromagnetic rate seen below saturation.
93:
is the state reached when an increase in applied external
411:. Eventually, at a certain external magnetic field, the
744:"Mumetal is one of a family of three Nickel-Iron alloys"
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which extends out from the material. This is called
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structure at saturation depends on the temperature.
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271:
220:
649:Laughton, M. A.; Warne, D. F., eds. (2003). "8".
541:distortion to the lower and mid frequency range.
499:, and ferroresonant transformers which serve as
359:Due to saturation, the magnetic permeability ฮผ
8:
403:. The stronger the external magnetic field
851:"The Benefits of Harmonic Distortion (HMX)"
578:Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits
179:The relation between the magnetizing field
628:. Technical Publications. pp. 3โ31.
590:
588:
290:
284:
263:
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242:
236:
210:
199:
803:. Elliott Sound Products. Archived from
797:"Transformers - The Basics (Section 2)"
674:Chikazumi, Sลshin (1997). "table 9.2".
567:
168:field continues increasing, but at the
140:Saturation is most clearly seen in the
575:Steinmetz, Charles (1917). "fig. 42".
272:{\displaystyle \mu _{r}=\mu /\mu _{0}}
190:can also be expressed as the magnetic
112:.) Saturation is a characteristic of
7:
651:Electrical Engineer's Reference Book
825:Choudhury, D. Roy (2005). "2.9.1".
772:"Magnetic properties of materials"
160:field approaches a maximum value
27:Feature of some magnetic materials
25:
624:Bakshi, V.U.; U.A.Bakshi (2009).
599:. AN IEEE Press Classic Reissue.
456:with ferromagnetic cores operate
801:Beginner's Guide to Transformers
525:Saturation is also exploited in
746:. mumetal.co.uk. Archived from
653:(Sixteenth ed.). Newnes.
1:
595:Bozorth, Richard M. (1993) .
522:, and power control systems.
626:Basic Electrical Engineering
493:saturable-core transformers
902:
829:. Prentice-Hall of India.
827:Modern Control Engineering
371:
340:alloys saturate at 1.2โ1.3
795:Rod, Elliott (May 2010).
676:Physics of Ferromagnetism
505:saturable core inductors
299:{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}
221:{\displaystyle \mu =B/H}
18:Saturation magnetization
348:saturates at around 0.8
172:rate, which is several
527:fluxgate magnetometers
364:
300:
273:
222:
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723:"Shielding Materials"
382:, that act like tiny
372:Further information:
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230:relative permeability
223:
156:field increases, the
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235:
198:
100:cannot increase the
881:Magnetic hysteresis
551:Magnetic reluctance
509:magnetic amplifiers
452:, transformers and
450:electronic circuits
332:saturate at 0.2โ0.5
308:vacuum permeability
174:orders of magnitude
142:magnetization curve
120:materials, such as
531:fluxgate compasses
501:voltage regulators
486:saturation current
365:
296:
269:
218:
83:
855:Audient Help Desk
635:978-81-8431-334-5
556:Permendur/Hiperco
517:fluorescent light
384:permanent magnets
16:(Redirected from
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114:ferromagnetic
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110:paramagnetism
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858:. Retrieved
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809:. Retrieved
805:the original
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779:. Retrieved
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727:. Retrieved
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58:magnet steel
704:USA 5126907
497:arc welding
458:nonlinearly
368:Explanation
136:Description
89:materials,
39:sheet steel
875:Categories
860:2020-07-16
811:2011-03-17
781:2016-03-16
754:2013-05-07
729:2013-05-07
562:References
495:, used in
462:inductance
150:hysteresis
91:saturation
49:cast steel
513:impedance
477:harmonics
454:inductors
443:Permendur
338:amorphous
288:μ
261:μ
252:μ
240:μ
202:μ
148:curve or
77:magnetite
62:cast iron
545:See also
539:harmonic
520:ballasts
346:Mu-metal
336:T. Some
330:ferrites
279:, where
183:and the
87:magnetic
473:signals
434:utility
306:is the
228:or the
833:
710:
686:
657:
632:
607:
350:
342:
334:
326:teslas
323:
130:cobalt
126:nickel
72:cobalt
67:nickel
775:(PDF)
831:ISBN
684:ISBN
655:ISBN
630:ISBN
605:ISBN
529:and
507:and
479:and
428:and
122:iron
116:and
448:In
352:T.
344:T.
877::
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