265:). These chapters then organized local primary schools, evening courses for adults, libraries and reading rooms, kindergartens. By 1907, the society already had 32 local chapters and 25 primary schools. In 1909, Saulė maintained 32 libraries with 8,754 books; during the year, they served about 3,800 readers. In 1910, Saulė had 45 primary schools: four two-year schools, 18 one-year schools, and 24 people's schools (these were primitive schools that did not need a qualified teacher). After complains from the
563:
637:
444:
pedagogy. Students could practice teaching at a primary school that was attached to the courses in 1908. The classes were taught in
Russian (except for religion and Lithuanian language and history). Tuition cost 40 to 60 rubles per year, with additional 15 rubles per month for dormitory, which was a relatively large sum at the time. Students joined Lithuanian choirs directed by
554:. Both men and women were admitted. Initially, the courses were taught in Russian, but Lithuanian was introduced for the 1911–1912 school year. The curriculum included arithmetic, bookkeeping, commercial correspondence, trade, calligraphy. The education lasted one year. The tuition was 100 rubles per year. During World War I, the courses were also evacuated to Voronezh.
62:. Saulė Society was able to organize more middle and secondary schools during the German occupation during World War I. In 1919, Saulė maintained ten gymnasiums and progymasiums that had about 1,600 students. The role of the society diminished after Lithuania regained independence and a number of its schools were nationalized. The society was fully liquidated after the
353:
Schools maintained by Saulė supported and promoted the ideology of the Roman
Catholic Church and the Lithuanian national identity. Tsarist authorities investigated the society several times and noted that it did not promote unity with the Russian people. For example, the society kept some protocols
398:
From 1908 to 1914, 545 people attended the courses and 106 graduated. Graduates were not licensed by the
Tsarist authorities and had troubles finding employment in government schools. Thus, many graduates had to seek employment at Saulė or other private schools. By 1918, the number of graduates
160:, the society's program was quickly revised to emphasize that it is a Catholic organization open only to Catholics. This caused issues with the Tsarist authorities in 1910 when they closed Saulė and ten other Lithuanian societies because they were deemed to be religious. Konstantinas Olšauskas,
49:
The society organized local primary schools, evening courses for adults, libraries and reading rooms, kindergartens. From 1907 to 1914, the society established about 62 primary schools and adult courses. It also organized teachers' courses that grew into Saulė Teachers' Seminary and bookkeeping
443:
It was the first pedagogical school in
Lithuania that admitted women. The education lasted three years. Pre-war curriculum included religion, languages (Russian, Lithuanian, French, Latin), math (arithmetic, algebra, geometry), nature, hygiene, history, geography, penmanship, drawing, singing,
350:, though Saulė had five girls' only schools in 1913. The curriculum included lessons on Lithuanian and Russian languages, religion, arithmetic, penmanship, and drawing and called for 30 hours of instruction per week (almost double the hours of a government school).
382:
admitted
Lithuanian students, there was a lack of Lithuanian-speaking teachers. Saulė organized courses for teachers (they were officially approved in October 1907). In 1910, Tsarist authorities attempted to close the school because they found out that its alumni
418:
In 1918, the courses returned to
Lithuania and were reorganized as the Saulė Teachers' Seminary. Starting in 1923, the seminary admitted only girls. To combat teacher shortages in independent Lithuania, Saulė also organized two-year teachers' courses in
582:
communities and collect donations for the construction of the headquarters of the Saulė Society. They toured 55 Lithuanian
American communities for three months and collected about $ 19,000 (equivalent to $ 621,000 in 2023) or 34,000
360:
114:
542:
In the early 20th century, Lithuanians started a number of credit and trade cooperatives, but they lacked educated workers. Therefore, Saulė Society established bookkeeping courses in 1907. The courses were directed by priest
648:
In independent
Lithuania, the need for private schools diminished and Saulė struggled to raise funds. The government provided up 65% of Catholic school funding. Many school of Saulė Society were nationalized after the
153:) per year) and annually elected a 7-member board. Saulė's primary funding came from various donations, mostly collected by priests and churches. Its budget grew from 6,451 rubles in 1908 to 23,507 rubles in 1913.
271:
1492:
276:, 24 people's schools were closed in 1910. In 1913, Saulė had 63 chapters with 3,372 members. From 1907 to 1914, the society established about 62 primary schools and adult courses.
657:
to power. It was an intentional effort by the authoritarian regime of
Smetona to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church and, by extension, of his main political opponent the
1487:
594:
The building had modern conveniences: central heating, local water supply and sewage, electricity, telephone. The building was enlarged in 1925 based on a project by architect
408:
55:
354:
and documents in
Lithuanian and some schools did not display portraits of the Tsar in a prominent location. They recommended to liquidate the society, but Kovno Governor
587:. More donations were collected in Lithuania and construction started in spring 1912. The three-storey brick building at a cost of 155,000 rubles was completed in
1482:
1299:
279:
During World War I, some schools of Saulė were evacuated to Russia. During the German occupation, the society was able to organize Lithuanian gymnasiums in
257:. Chapters needed at least 10 members and were frequently organized by local priests. In a few places, the schools were sponsored by local nobles (e.g. in
1497:
1477:
482:
1502:
889:
753:
677:
63:
1372:
658:
620:
The building housed several educational institutions: teachers' seminary, the first music school in Lithuania (established in 1919, director
34:) was a Catholic educational society active in Lithuania from 1906 to 1940. It organized and maintained Lithuanian-language schools in the
529:
461:
157:
1348:
650:
624:), the first girls' progymnasium (established in 1923), two primary schools, and a kindergarten. The building also had a chapel of
1359:
379:
412:
59:
295:
628:. The top floor was used as a dormitory, while the basement housed a kitchen, canteen, laundry, and other utility rooms.
524:
144:
575:
570:
Saulė did not have its own premises in Kaunas and rented a house for 4,000 rubles per year. In spring 1911, priest
571:
139:
120:
266:
595:
884:
512:
280:
1443:
129:
544:
285:
165:
124:
102:
600:
501:
490:
467:
610:
549:
478:
86:
506:
579:
355:
347:
291:
109:
90:
23:
516:
486:
384:
135:
43:
98:
495:
1455:
1430:
1368:
1344:
1310:
606:
562:
254:
94:
35:
472:
1418:
1323:
520:
449:
392:
74:
665:
641:
591:
in 1914. It was the first building in Lithuania built using funds raised from the public.
338:. In 1919, Saulė maintained ten gymnasiums and progymasiums that had about 1,600 students.
323:
89:, all non-government schools were closed, and government schools prohibited the use of the
654:
636:
621:
445:
93:. When the restrictions were lifted in 1904, Lithuanians organized societies Saulė in the
477:
was the director of the teachers' courses until 1926. Lecturers at the courses included
588:
584:
262:
169:
78:
39:
1397:
1378:
1471:
625:
614:
453:
388:
258:
150:
82:
1300:"Tautinis ir pilietinis ugdymas Kauno mergaičių mokytojų seminarijose 1918–1936 m."
432:
335:
399:
increased to about 200. During World War I, the courses were first evacuated to
319:
331:
311:
1459:
1434:
1314:
420:
307:
669:
303:
302:
for the schools. Later, Saulė established gymnasiums and progymnasiums in
893:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 14 April 2022
757:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 14 April 2022
748:
404:
315:
299:
161:
51:
457:
424:
400:
673:
119:
approved the statute of Saulė Society. Its founders included priests
664:
In 1940, the society was left with only three schools: gymnasium in
1341:
Lietuvių švietimo draugijos XX amžiaus pradžioje (1906–1915 metais)
635:
561:
428:
327:
435:. In 1928, the seminary had 150 students. It was closed in 1936.
253:
Saulė Society established local chapters in cities and towns of
1361:
Prelatas Konstantinas Olšauskas: visuomenės veikėjo tragedija
694:
692:
1404:(in Lithuanian). KTU Architektūros ir statybos institutas
937:
935:
298:
in 1915. Olšauskas was able to obtain 100,000 marks from
149:. The society collected a membership fee (no less than 5
1230:
1228:
1226:
1177:
1175:
1154:
1027:
1025:
1012:
1010:
922:
920:
1066:
1064:
1444:"Naujas Lietuvių švietimo draugijos "Rytas" šimtmetis"
346:
The schools charged a small tuition. They were mainly
16:
Catholic educational society in Lithuania (1906–1940)
1398:""Saulės" gimnazija Kaune (Išlikęs, k.k.v.r. 10710)"
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1419:"Juozas Vokietaitis – lietuviškos mokyklos kūrėjas"
409:Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers
56:Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers
456:. In interwar Lithuania, students were active in
1493:Educational institutions disestablished in 1940
885:"„Saulės" draugijos bibliotekos ir skaityklos"
1343:(in Lithuanian). A. Varno personalinė įmonė.
676:. The society was fully liquidated after the
8:
1488:Educational institutions established in 1906
1402:Architektūros ir urbanistikos tyrimų centras
1142:
50:courses. Several schools were evacuated to
698:
189:
172:and were able to reinstate Saulė Society.
515:. Notable alumni of the courses included
105:to fund and operate Lithuanian schools.
1281:
1269:
1234:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1016:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
926:
911:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
710:
688:
1322:Jonkaitytė-Gratkauskienė, Ona (1935).
1082:
1070:
743:
741:
739:
678:Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940
64:Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940
1257:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
659:Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
7:
617:were incorporated into the façade.
1483:1940 disestablishments in Lithuania
1442:Virvičienė, Aušra (30 March 2013).
1417:Tamakauskas, Zigmas (5 July 2006).
1324:"Gyvenimo knygos lapus besklaidant"
462:Union for the Liberation of Vilnius
28:Lietuvių švietimo draugija "Saulė"
14:
1498:Lithuanian educational societies
1478:1906 establishments in Lithuania
890:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
754:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
525:Adelė Nezabitauskaitė-Galaunienė
158:Mečislovas Leonardas Paliulionis
108:On 25 June 1906, Kovno Governor
605:. At the same time, reliefs of
452:. They were also active in the
387:delivered a speech criticizing
87:Lithuanian press was prohibited
1367:(in Lithuanian). Edukologija.
483:Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė
413:a number of Lithuanian schools
60:a number of Lithuanian schools
1:
1503:Organizations based in Kaunas
1155:Jonkaitytė-Gratkauskienė 1935
391:at a teacher's conference in
566:Saulė headquarters in Kaunas
380:Veiveriai Teachers' Seminary
140:Tomas Ferdinandas Žilinskas
1519:
1298:Balkus, Mindaugas (2014).
267:Vilna Educational District
1303:Kauno istorijos metraštis
651:December 1926 coup d'état
156:Due to efforts of bishop
123:(long-term chairman) and
672:, and primary school in
596:Edmundas Alfonsas Frykas
653:that brought President
576:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
290:(due to the efforts of
168:visited Prime Minister
101:(light, beacon) in the
1358:Pukienė, Vida (2013).
1339:Pukienė, Vida (1994).
645:
572:Konstantinas Olšauskas
567:
558:Headquarters in Kaunas
545:Kazimieras Prapuolenis
368:
191:Saulė primary schools
166:Aleksander Meysztowicz
121:Konstantinas Olšauskas
27:
1396:Rinkšelis, Žilvinas.
639:
565:
513:Magdalena Galdikienė
125:Povilas Januševičius
1058:, pp. 151–152.
640:Saulė Gymnasium in
580:Lithuanian American
538:Bookkeeping courses
502:Stasys Matijošaitis
491:Juozas Damijonaitis
292:Saliamonas Banaitis
192:
103:Suwałki Governorate
91:Lithuanian language
850:, pp. 22, 28.
838:, pp. 30, 52.
668:, progymnasium in
646:
611:Motiejus Valančius
568:
468:Juozas Vokietaitis
190:
44:interwar Lithuania
1450:(in Lithuanian).
1425:(in Lithuanian).
1374:978-9955-20-884-6
1330:(in Lithuanian).
1305:(in Lithuanian).
1121:, pp. 68–69.
980:, pp. 45–47.
914:, pp. 40–41.
862:, pp. 50–51.
607:Simonas Daukantas
479:Juozas Balčikonis
369:Teachers' courses
255:Kovno Governorate
251:
250:
95:Kovno Governorate
73:After the failed
36:Kovno Governorate
1510:
1463:
1438:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1377:. Archived from
1366:
1354:
1335:
1318:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1143:Tamakauskas 2006
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
930:
924:
915:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
745:
714:
708:
702:
701:, pp. 7, 9.
696:
632:Disestablishment
604:
553:
533:
510:
499:
476:
393:Saint Petersburg
365:defended Saulė.
364:
289:
275:
193:
148:
133:
118:
75:Uprising of 1863
30:; "saulė" means
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1441:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1321:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1241:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
933:
925:
918:
910:
906:
896:
894:
883:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
770:
760:
758:
747:
746:
717:
709:
705:
699:Virvičienė 2013
697:
690:
686:
655:Antanas Smetona
634:
622:Juozas Naujalis
598:
560:
547:
540:
527:
504:
493:
470:
464:, girl scouts.
446:Juozas Naujalis
441:
378:Since only the
376:
371:
358:
344:
283:
269:
188:
183:
178:
142:
127:
112:
81:enacted strict
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1439:
1414:
1393:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1319:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1284:, p. 158.
1274:
1272:, p. 152.
1262:
1239:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1021:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
944:, p. 151.
931:
916:
904:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
715:
703:
687:
685:
682:
633:
630:
559:
556:
539:
536:
534:, and others.
440:
437:
375:
372:
370:
367:
348:co-educational
343:
340:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
187:
186:School network
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
170:Pyotr Stolypin
85:policies: the
79:Tsarist regime
70:
67:
40:Russian Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1384:on 2018-08-11
1380:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1350:9986-491-11-8
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:, p. 63.
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:, p. 35.
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:, p. 89.
1207:
1202:
1199:
1196:, p. 75.
1195:
1190:
1187:
1184:, p. 74.
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:, p. 52.
1168:
1163:
1160:
1157:, p. 38.
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:, p. 72.
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:, p. 68.
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:, p. 67.
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:, p. 80.
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:, p. 89.
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 70.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:, p. 71.
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:, p. 65.
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:, p. 64.
1003:
998:
995:
992:, p. 57.
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
971:
968:, p. 52.
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 51.
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
929:, p. 41.
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
892:
891:
886:
880:
877:
874:, p. 79.
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
826:, p. 56.
825:
820:
817:
814:, p. 50.
813:
808:
805:
802:, p. 34.
801:
796:
793:
790:, p. 33.
789:
784:
781:
778:, p. 22.
777:
772:
769:
756:
755:
750:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
716:
713:, p. 11.
712:
707:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:built in 1925
643:
638:
631:
629:
627:
626:Saint Casimir
623:
618:
616:
615:Vincas Grybas
612:
608:
602:
597:
592:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
564:
557:
555:
551:
546:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
521:Kazys Šimonis
518:
517:Matas Šalčius
514:
508:
503:
497:
492:
488:
487:Rokas Šliūpas
484:
480:
474:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:Daina Society
451:
450:Stasys Šimkus
447:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
394:
390:
389:Russification
386:
385:Matas Šalčius
381:
373:
366:
362:
357:
356:Petr Verevkin
351:
349:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
282:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
201:
198:
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