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over Hertz's established cases during the war, teamed up with Evans to treat 22 new cases of their own. Chapman and Evans used Hertz's data to do their own human trials with minor tweaks and were the first to submit an article to JAMA, without consulting or acknowledging Hertz. They claimed propriety of the RAI therapy in treating Graves' disease. Hertz was informed about the
Chapman-Evans Paper submission after the Chapman–Evans paper was sent back for revisions. Roberts insists that neither Chapman nor Evans have any propriety for the development of RAI treatment stating, "I would believe nothing on this subject from Chapman, whose self interest is obvious, and who bungled, whether deliberately or not, the follow up on Hertz’s original series when Hertz joined the Navy."
224:, gave a presentation, entitled "What Physics Can Do For Biology and Medicine" in Harvard Medical School's Vanderbilt Hall. Hertz spontaneously asked President Compton, "Could iodine be made radioactive artificially?" on possible applications of physics to medicine. Compton responded in a letter to Hertz on December 15, 1936, writing, "Iodine could be made artificially radioactive" and "emits gamma rays and beta rays." On December 23, 1936, Hertz replied, “that iodine is selectively taken up by the thyroid” and “that he hopes that it will be a useful method of therapy.”
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congratulating him on his RAI work. Dr. Soley was then at
University of California Berkeley, where Ernest Lawrence had built a cyclotron. Hamilton and Soley were motivated by the animal work of Hertz and Roberts and sent Hamilton to Boston. Hamilton went to California to join Soley in the thyroid clinic. Hamilton Complained to Berkeley's Glenn Seaborg about the short half-life of I-128. In 1938,
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361:, working in an aspect of the project related to biology and medicine for furthering medical uses of atomic energy. After his return from military duty, Hertz learned that MGH's Earl Chapman (who had taken over Hertz's clinical trials) and MIT's Robley Evans, had submitted a scientific publication to the
465:
Hertz's research was seminal in the emergence of the field of nuclear medicine. His research continued with his appointments as instructor at
Harvard Medical School from 1946 to 1950 and as an attachment to the Nuclear Physics Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1939 to 1950.
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Current historians have documented the reason for two articles from the same institution appearing side by side in the
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) May 11, 1946 issue. The first by Hertz and Roberts, and the second by MGH's Earle Chapman and MIT's Robley Evans. Chapman, who took
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Dr. Joseph
Hamilton, a neurologist in a medical practice near Berkeley, became interested in the Hertz-Roberts research. Hamilton measured the differential absorption ratio of various radionuclides produced by the Berkeley cyclotron. Dr. Mayo Soley, a former colleague of Hertz at MGH, wrote to Hertz
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In 2021, the
American Chemical Society (ACS) designated the Mass General Hospital as the "Saul Hertz and the Medical Uses of Radioiodine" National Historic Chemical Landmark. ACS Landmark commemorates this seminal achievement in the history of chemical sciences and provides a record of Dr. Hertz's
543:
Remembering Dr. Saul Hertz." He stated "Mr. President, today I rise to recognize Dr Saul Hertz, a pioneer for medical uses of radioiodine, RAI... On March 31b, 1941... Hertz administered the first therapeutic use of radioiodine... Today, medical uses of RAI remain the g©old standard of targeted
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claiming priority for the development of the use of RAI to treat Graves' Disease. Morris
Fishbein, editor of JAMA, requested that Hertz and Roberts, submit their seventh article on the subject, describing their successful use of RAI in the first clinical trials. As a result, two scientific
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The original manuscript describing their rabbit study findings had Hertz and
Roberts as the coauthors as they had done the work and written the paper. Primary sources document Roberts' production of I-128 at the MIT laboratory, while Hertz and Roberts solely administered and analyzed the
547:
Beginning in 2000, Hertz's daughter
Barbara Hertz has led an effort to more thoroughly document the contributions of Hertz to medicine. This has included a website with his major publications. Barbara Hertz also co-authored with Kristin Schuller a 2010 publication in the journal
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published “Radioactive Iodine in the Study of
Thyroid Physiology" with Hertz as lead author in its May 1946 issue. This article was a five-year follow-up study of the 29 patients, and it documented the successful treatment and safety of radioactive iodine for the treatment of
492:(brain tumors). The use of the protein called NIS, that is needed for the thyroid to take up the RAI in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma, is being explored to treat breast cancer. Additionally I-131 is being utilized in the treatment of
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Hertz S, Roberts A, Salter WT. "Radioactive iodine as an indicator in thyroid physiology, IV: the metabolism of iodine in Graves’ disease. Hertz and Roberts pioneered the process of dosimetry that is the foundation of precision medicine."
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biodistribution of the radioisotope in the rabbits. Robley Evans insisted that his name be added to the author list at the time the Hertz/Roberts study paper was published. Evans had taken no part in the research or writing of the paper.
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The Society for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Engineering administers the Saul Hertz, MD, Award in honor of Saul Hertz. The award recognizes individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the field of radionuclide therapy.
239:, Director of the Radiation lab of MIT hired Arthur Roberts. As a condition of his employment, any papers forthcoming would include Robley Evans as an author. The Harvard Milton Fund sponsored the first preclinical studies of
399:. Hertz envisioned broader applications of radioisotopes in cancer treatment stating, “My new research project is in cancer of the thyroid which I believe holds the key to the larger problem of cancer in general".
331:, a form of hyperthyroidism. This clinical trial was at the Massachusetts General Hospital. This administration was the first successful treatment of humans with an artificially produced radioactive material.
320:. With a half-life of 8 days, this isotope was better suited to practical medical applications than I-128. The building of the cyclotron at MIT for producing suitable isotopes was funded for $ 30,000 by the
473:, who was successfully treated with radioiodine, wrote to Vitta Hertz, his widow, “It is comforting to know that so many people are well because of the scientific expertise of people like Dr. Hertz.”
169:. Hertz pioneered the first targeted cancer therapies. Hertz is called the father of the field of theranostics, combining diagnostic imaging with therapy in a single or paired chemical substance(s).
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of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The purpose of the collaboration was to explore possible applications of iodine radioisotopes for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases.
437:, which lowered the cost and increased radioiodine's distribution. He made extensive studies of radioactive iodine in the treatment of thyroid cancer as well as in the production of total
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on thyroid function in 48 rabbits, which Roberts produced without a cyclotron. Roberts produced the iodine-128 by means of neutron bombardment, building on previous studies by physicist
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in 1929, at a time when there were strict quotas for outsiders (particularly Jews and Catholics – there were no women). Hertz completed his internship and residency at Cleveland's
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of only 25 minutes, rendering it impractical as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Human application of the iodine radioisotopes required a more suitable radioisotope of iodine.
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In the early 21st century, there is a significant rise in the use of radioisotopes to diagnose and treat cancer, in a field of nuclear medicine referred to as theranostics.
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Hertz S, Roberts A, Means JH, Evans RD. "Radioactive iodine as an indicator in thyroid physiology, II: iodine collection by normal and hyperplastic thyroids in rabbits".
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In 2014, the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, a Smithsonian affiliate, displayed the, "Dr. Saul Hertz and the Origin of Nuclear Medicine" exhibit.
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of New York City in 1938. The construction project was completed two years later in 1940. During those two years, the experiments with rabbits continued.
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At the time of the 1937 rabbit studies, Hertz predicted the therapeutic use of radioactive iodine for treating thyroid carcinoma in a medical journal.
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In early 1941, Hertz administered to the first human patient a therapeutic dose of cyclotron-produced radioiodine (RAI), the patient suffering from
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Hertz, S. "A Plan for Analysis of the Biological Factors Involved in Experimental Carcinogenesis of the Thyroid by Means of Radioactive Isotopes".
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in 1931. Although initially a volunteer, shortly thereafter, Hertz became Chief of the Thyroid Clinic, serving in this capacity from 1931 to 1943.
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Hertz S, Roberts A 1946 "Radioactive iodine in the study of thyroid physiology. VII the use of radioactive iodine therapy in hyperthyroidism".
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where he expanded his research to use radionuclides to diagnose and treat other forms of cancer. Hertz studied the application of radioactive
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thyroid gland absorbed more of the radioactive substance than the normal gland. This proved that radioactive iodine could serve as a
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in thyroid function. The tracer procedure was critical for determining the amount of iodine the human thyroid took up so that the
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The application of radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease is the cornerstone of nuclear medicine.
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for quantifying the amount of the radioisotope of iodine present in the biological specimens produced in the experiment.
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Saul Hertz demonstrates a multiscaler used in uptake testing essential to precision medicine, with colleague Doris Darby
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345:. The follow-up study established the use of radioactive iodine therapy as a standard treatment for Graves’ disease.
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News and Public Affairs Office of MGH. "50th Anniversary of 'atomic cocktail' to treat overactive thyroid gland".
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in Poland. A.D. Hertz was a successful real estate developer. The Hertz's raised their seven sons according to
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Hertz, Barbara, Schuller, Kristin, "Saul Hertz, MD (1905–1950) A Pioneer in the Use of Radioactive Iodine",
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Subsequently, a series of 29 patients were treated in this way, and their outcomes were documented. The
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Soley M, Miller E,. "Symposium on Endocrinology: Treatment of Graves’ Disease with Radioactive iodine".
422:. There, Hertz directed the successful use of RAI in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma.
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Chapman, Earle M. (October 21, 1983). "History of the Discovery and Early Use of Radioactive Iodine".
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Hertz's experiment with Roberts involved studies of 48 rabbits. They determined in the study that the
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Saul Hertz was born on April 20, 1905, to father Aaron Daniel (A.D.) Hertz and mother Bertha Hertz in
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Fragu, Philippe, "How the field of thyroid endocrinology developed in France after World War II",
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Fragu, Philippe, "How the field of thyroid endocrinology developed in France after World War II",
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Hertz, S.; Roberts, A. (1940). "Radioactive Iodine as an Indicator in Thyroid Physiology".
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Key to Science/Sigma XI - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Scientific Society) - 1940
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Hertz worked with the government to centralize an agency to handle the distribution of
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has its origin in Hertz's work. Alpha targeted therapy is a therapy for patients with
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Hertz's initial studies were conducted with iodine-128. However, this isotope has a
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Vincent, Donald. (1949 May 24). "Hertz to Use Nuclear Fission in Cure for Cancer".
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contributions to chemistry and society that have profoundly transformed our lives.
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for use by private enterprises working on approved projects. He advocated for the
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603:"A Tribute to Dr. Saul Hertz: The Discovery of the Medical Uses of Radioiodine"
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201:, which had been established to serve Cleveland's East side Jewish population.
1063:, Vol.54 (December 1946), p.487–489, Greenwich, CT, accessed January 9th, 2019
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to produce iodine-131 in the government’s atomic piles (nuclear reactors) at
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and the influences of hormones on cancer as displayed by isotope studies.
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Bander, Martin (1987). "Remembering the Early Days of Nuclear Medicine".
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with Phi Beta Kappa honors in 1924. He received his medical degree from
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are being used to diagnose and treat neuroendocrine tumors. The use of
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Henry Pickering Wolcott Fellow - Harvard Medical School - 1935 - 1937
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of radioactive iodine could be established for therapeutic purposes.
189:. Saul Hertz attended public school and went on to graduate from the
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pioneered use of radioisotopes in diagnostic and therapeutic medicine
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Fahey, Frederic H.; Grant, Frederick D.; Thrall, James H. (2017).
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patients. These are all modern applications of nuclear medicine.
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publications appeared side by side in the May 1946, issue of the
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Hertz joined the Thyroid Clinic and Metabolism Laboratories at
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Hertz established the Radioactive Isotope Research Institute in
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Dalton Scholar - Massachusetts General Hospital - 1931 - 1933
1449:"Saul Hertz and the 80th Anniversary of Radioiodine Therapy"
181:. His parents were Jewish immigrants from what is currently
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The Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology
1225:"Dr. Arthur Roberts to Dr. John Stanbury, April 3, 1991"
161:, M.D. (April 20, 1905 – July 28, 1950) was an American
865:"Saul Hertz, MD, and the birth of radionuclide therapy"
770:"Saul Hertz, MD, and the birth of radionuclide therapy"
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entered into the congressional record on May 11, 2021 "
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Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
919:"Clash of the Titans: The Saga of Radioiodine Therapy"
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Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine & Biology
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on her father's major contributions to human health.
1349:. Society for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
653:"University of Michigan Notables: Saul Hertz, 1920"
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863:Fahey, F. H.; Grant, F. D.; Thrall, J. H. (2017).
824:"The early years of nuclear medicine: A Retelling"
1271:Thyroid Cancer: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
1412:"Greenwich Woman Helping Father Get Recognition"
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1178:"Research ethics dilemmas in thyroid disease"
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700:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. xvi–xx.
503:Hertz died on July 28, 1950, at age 45 of a
383:Nuclear fission products in cancer treatment
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445:. In 1949, Hertz established the first
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441:in the treatment of certain cases of
222:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
205:Early studies with radioactive iodine
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1507:American nuclear medicine physicians
1250:. International Atomic Energy Agency
1164:Bulletin of the History of Medicine,
1125:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
672:"Thank you, Dad, for a cancer cure"
389:atomic energy for peaceful purposes
363:Journal of American Medicine (JAMA)
1008:The American Journal of Physiology
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1079:World Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1048:Journal of Clinical Investigation
607:World Journal of Nuclear Medicine
357:. He served as an adjunct to the
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1034:Medical Clinics of North America
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985:10.1001/jama.1983.03340150084036
355:United States Navy Medical Corps
165:who devised the medical uses of
1410:Chamoff, Lisa (June 16, 2012).
1273:. Books on Demand. p. 11.
670:Hertz, Barbara (20 June 2021).
601:Hertz, Barbara (Jan–Mar 2019).
280:Therapy with radioactive iodine
1269:Ahmadzadehfar, Hojjat (2016).
1138:American Journal of Physiology
917:Bagley, Derek (January 2016).
451:Massachusetts Women's Hospital
211:Massachusetts General Hospital
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1522:Harvard Medical School alumni
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1447:Hertz, Barbara (April 2021).
435:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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374:Stolen intellectual property
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1176:Rosenthal, M. Sara (2018).
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461:Later career and influence
353:In 1943, Hertz joined the
308:had artificially prepared
1512:Physicians from Cleveland
1314:"Honoring Dr. Saul Hertz"
882:10.1186/s40658-017-0182-7
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250:. Roberts also devised a
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1244:"Atoms for Peace Speech"
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431:Atomic Energy Commission
408:nuclear fission products
395:commenced following the
220:, then president of the
173:Early life and education
1343:"Saul Hertz, MD, Award"
1073:Hertz, Barbara (2019).
227:In 1937, Hertz began a
151:http://saulhertzmd.com/
1434:"NM Science Resources"
1383:"What is Theranostics"
822:Obaldo, Jerry (2021).
696:Hay, Ian, ed. (2008).
391:was heightened as the
322:Mary Markle Foundation
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252:Geiger-MĂĽller detector
216:On November 12, 1936,
195:Harvard Medical School
191:University of Michigan
87:Harvard Medical School
83:University of Michigan
1484:at Wikimedia Commons
544:precision oncology."
404:Boston, Massachusetts
349:World War II interval
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1127:, 1948 77,2:393–414.
535:Connecticut Senator
427:radioactive isotopes
420:Beth Israel Hospital
410:to the treatment of
199:Mount Sinai Hospital
135:Beth Israel Hospital
47:Cleveland, Ohio, USA
231:with the physicist
187:Orthodox traditions
1166:1948 77,2:393–414.
733:2010 16,4;713–715.
731:Endocrine Practice
579:Radioactive iodine
550:Endocrine Practice
537:Richard Blumenthal
527:Enduring memorials
449:department at the
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263:radioactive tracer
167:radioactive iodine
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1371:1991, Jan 31;1–3.
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707:978-1-4051-4584-8
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1369:MGH Hotline
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480:(Y-90) and
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1491:Categories
1482:Saul Hertz
1458:14 January
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585:References
478:Yttrium-90
455:phosphorus
393:Atomic Age
312:using the
244:iodine-128
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110:Profession
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