516:(72,964 animals exported between 2000 and 2010). During the same period, total worldwide declared exports of skins and products of the species totalled 37,506. However, substantial undeclared trade in the species occurs from Sudan, Nigeria, and elsewhere. Within several West African nations, roadside diners and food stands specialize in “monitor stew”, a hot simmered dish of local vegetables and savannah monitor; it is unclear whether the cooked lizards are hunted or bred specifically for human consumption, or at what rate they are being killed for this purpose.
369:
45:
31:
448:
94:
397:
69:
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occurring over a relatively small area. An average of 30,574 live specimens were imported into the US each year, between 2000 and 2009; total imports of live specimens into the US between 2000 and 2010 was 325,480 animals. During the same period, 1,037 skins, shoes, and products of the species were imported into the US. Trade in live animals comes mainly from
404:
Their diet is much more restricted than that of other
African monitor lizards, consisting mainly of snails, crabs, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, orthopterans, mantids, hymenopterans, lepidopterans, beetles and other invertebrates, as well as frogs. Information about the diet of savannah monitors
503:
is listed as least concern by IUCN. The species is hunted for its leather and meat, and for the international pet trade. The trade in wild collected savannah monitors is not of a global conservation concern, due to the vast range of the species; in addition to the collection for the pet trade often
455:
The savannah monitor is the most common monitor lizard species available in the pet trade, accounting for almost half (48.0552%) of the entire international trade in live monitor lizards. Despite its prevalence in global pet trade, successful captive reproduction is very rare, and a high mortality
425:
have teeth that are quite blunt to help them crack and eat snails. The jaw has evolved to put maximum leverage at the back of the jaw to crush snail shells. Adults will also eat carrion if they come across it. Wild savannah monitors are also known to occasionally eat lizard eggs (such as those of
364:
Savannah monitors are stoutly built, with relatively short limbs and toes, and skulls and dentition adapted to feed on hard-shelled prey. They are robust creatures, with powerful limbs for digging, powerful jaws and blunt, peglike teeth. Maximum size is rarely more than 100 cm. The skin
456:
rate is associated with the species. Adult specimens frequently become unwanted pets and are reported as being the most common monitor lizards by animal rescue agencies. The skins are traded within the international leather trade and originate mainly from Chad, Mali and Sudan.
365:
coloration pattern varies according to the local habitat substrate. The body scales are large, usually less than 100 scales around midbody, a partly laterally compressed tail with a double dorsal ridge and nostrils equidistant from the eyes and the tip of the snout.
438:
Females dig a deep hole in the substrate, in which up to 40 or more eggs are laid, which hatch after about 156–160 days. Hatchlings start feeding a few days after the yolk sac has been absorbed, which may take 12 days or more after hatching.
745:, Vol. 10, pp. 75-96 (2000) Preliminary Data on the Diet of Juvenile Varanus exanthematicus (SAURIA: VARANIDAE) In the Coastal Plain of Ghana. Daniel Bennett. Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen.
383:, which can grow to lengths of 5–6 ft. While similar in overall appearance, this species possesses significant morphological and ecological differences and is recognized as a very distinct species.
2068:
913:
2139:
960:
925:
1972:
415:
millipedes were the most common prey of adults; in Ghana, small crickets formed the bulk of the diet of animals less than 2 months old; orthopterans (especially
2011:
2114:
482:
is primarily a ground-dwelling species that shelters in burrows, although it is sometimes found in bushes or low trees. In the coastal plain of Ghana,
1946:
912:
Monitoring the Trade: Using the CITES Database to
Examine the Global Trade in Live Monitor Lizards (Varanus spp.) ANGELO P. PERNETTA. BIAWAK. 2009.
1985:
746:
421:), scorpions and amphibians were the most common prey of animals 6–7 months old. Many adults also consume large quantities of snails. Full grown
914:
https://www.academia.edu/7931146/Monitoring_the_Trade_Using_the_CITES_Database_to_Examine_the_Global_Trade_in_Live_Monitor_Lizards_Varanus_spp
624:
1449:
1128:
1074:) in Africa and in your home". The Iowa Herpetological Society, June: 2-4 (Reprinted in International Reptile Breeders Association (IRBA),
2134:
1323:
1064:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182359/http://www.mampam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=172&Itemid=87
807:
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866:
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2016:
1912:
1422:
1031:"The density and abundance of juvenile Varanus exanthematicus (Sauria: Varanidae) in the coastal plain of Ghana"
537:
Bennett, D.; Sweet, S.; Wilms, T.; Wagner, P.; Segniagbeto, G.; Niagate, B.; Branch, W.R.; Rödel, M.-O. (2021).
1632:
1212:
1121:
747:
https://web.archive.org/web/20131127140535/http://library.mampam.com/bennett2000dietofvaranusexanthematicus.pdf
880:
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686:"Exceptionally rapid tooth development and ontogenetic changes in the feeding apparatus of the Komodo dragon"
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58:
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88:
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2003:
1413:
1042:
715:
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2024:
1704:
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346:
720:
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73:
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in the wild has been recorded in
Senegal and Ghana. It feeds almost exclusively on
262:
1091:
702:
2081:
1959:
1879:
1800:
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1772:
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and south almost to the Congo River and Rift Valley, where they are replaced by
1182:
1137:
1001:
1870:
711:
1779:
1723:
1715:
1195:
1047:
1030:
406:
335:
155:
105:
894:
Coiro, Jarret (August 2007). "Captive
Breeding of Varanus exanthematicus".
729:
2029:
1864:
1477:
1167:
1161:
1155:
924:
Mampam
Conservation. Facts and Fiction about Savannah Monitors. Bennett.
258:
145:
125:
1951:
1821:
638:
465:
275:
238:
135:
961:"Mampam Conservation - Savannah Monitors Lizards are Not Captive Bred"
1964:
1907:
1733:
1665:
1149:
486:
juveniles are often associated with the burrows of the giant cricket
427:
379:
The savannah monitor is often confused with the white-throat monitor
331:
328:
246:
115:
1841:
2076:
823:
Bennett, Daniel (2000). "Preliminary data on the diet of juvenile
513:
505:
469:
446:
395:
367:
1002:"Savannah monitors in the wild (are we keeping them correctly?)"
937:
Bennett, Daniel (2000). "Observations of Bosc's monitor lizard (
509:
1938:
1845:
1663:
1180:
1110:
1059:
Varanus exanthematicus. Glossop, England: Viper Press. 84 pp.
532:
530:
528:
400:
Graph showing bite force of the savannah monitor while feeding
1106:
661:
The
Savannah Monitor, the Truth about Varanus exanthematicus
619:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
313:
772:
Cisse, M (1972). "L'alimentaire des
Varanides au Senegal".
295:
316:
307:
615:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
1099:
Modern captive and known ecological information about
512:(188,110 animals exported between 2000 and 2010), and
464:
Its range extends throughout sub-Saharan Africa from
310:
304:
298:
1678:
1854:
1750:
1714:
1677:
1625:
1276:
1252:
1194:
451:
Captive savannah monitor, wearing a reptile harness
319:
301:
508:(235,903 animals exported between 2000 and 2010),
562:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T178346A16967669.en
257:first described the species. It belongs to the
327:, meaning an eruption or blister of the skin.
1122:
1057:The Savannah Monitor Lizard: the truth about
802:. Indiana University Press. pp. 95–103.
8:
2140:Taxa named by Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc
1055:Bennett, Daniel; Thakoordyal, Ravi (2003).
847:"Varanus exanthematicus (Savannah Monitor)"
789:
787:
590:. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1. p. 25.
1842:
1674:
1660:
1191:
1177:
1129:
1115:
1107:
943:Bulletin of Chicago Herpetological Society
684:Maho, Tea; Reisz, Robert R. (2024-02-07).
659:Bennett, Daniel; Ravi Thakoordyal (2003).
654:
652:
376:Teeth are replaced around every 109 days.
67:
43:
29:
20:
1046:
719:
701:
560:
601:Simpson, JA; Weiner, ESC, eds. (1989).
524:
794:Bennett, Daniel (2004). "Chapter 5.2:
581:
579:
774:Bulletin l'Institute Fond. Afr. Noire
7:
1450:Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor
1324:Black-spotted ridge-tailed monitor (
341:originally described this lizard as
2115:IUCN Red List least concern species
867:"What Can My Savannah Monitor Eat?"
605:. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
548:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
352:The species was formerly known as
253:in Europe, since French scientist
14:
617:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
827:in the coastal plain of Ghana".
291:
92:
663:. UK: Viper Press. p. 84.
345:in reference to the large oval
1070:(1993). "The Savanna Monitor (
1:
1000:Kaufman, Dav (11 June 2022).
800:Varanoid Lizards of the World
798:". In Pianka, Eric R. (ed.).
339:Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc
1550:Short-tailed pygmy monitor (
1092:Photo of a Savannah monitor.
703:10.1371/journal.pone.0295002
2161:
2135:Reptiles described in 1792
1432:Mitchell's water monitor (
1222:Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (
1213:Guatemalan beaded lizard (
409:and molluscs. In Senegal,
249:. The species is known as
1673:
1659:
1190:
1176:
1144:
603:Oxford English Dictionary
349:on the back of its neck.
206:
199:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1604:Yellow-spotted monitor (
1469:Peach-throated monitor (
1423:Merten's water monitor (
1387:Kimberely rock monitor (
1264:Earless monitor lizard (
1029:Bennett, Daniel (2000).
881:"Varanus Exanthematicus"
759:"Varanus Exanthematicus"
1523:Rennel Island monitor (
1231:Mexican beaded lizard (
1204:Chiapan beaded lizard (
1048:10.1163/156853800507499
1913:varanus-exanthematicus
1900:Varanus_exanthematicus
1886:Varanus exanthematicus
1856:Varanus exanthematicus
1559:Spiny-tailed monitor (
1369:Emerald tree monitor (
1306:Black-headed monitor (
1101:Varanus exanthematicus
1072:Varanus exanthematicus
979:"CITES Trade Database"
939:Varanus exanthematicus
829:Herpetological Journal
825:Varanus exanthematicus
796:Varanus exanthematicus
743:Herpetological Journal
555:: e.T178346A16967669.
541:Varanus exanthematicus
452:
401:
373:
354:Lacerta exanthematicus
234:Varanus exanthematicus
210:Varanus exanthematicus
192:V. exanthematicus
2051:Paleobiology Database
1532:Rosenberg's monitor (
1487:Pygmy mulga monitor (
1333:Blue-tailed monitor (
1288:Asian water monitor (
588:Lacerta exanthematica
450:
430:and their own kind).
399:
381:(Varanus albigularis)
371:
343:Lacerta exanthematica
1297:Black tree monitor (
852:Animal Diversity Web
282:is derived from the
237:) is a medium-sized
1741:Varanus amnhophilis
1568:Turquoise monitor (
1541:Roughneck monitor (
1360:Dumeril's monitor (
1342:Crocodile monitor (
869:. 22 November 2021.
639:"Savannah Monitors"
59:Conservation status
38:Adult in captivity
2130:Reptiles of Uganda
1638:Cretaceous lizards
1626:Related categories
1586:Savannah monitor (
1414:Mangrove monitor (
1081:(2): 10–12, 1994).
627:. ("Bosc", p. 32).
453:
402:
374:
2125:Lizards of Africa
2102:
2101:
2038:Open Tree of Life
1848:Taxon identifiers
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1588:V. exanthematicus
1514:Pilbara monitor (
1460:Peacock monitor (
1215:H. charlesbogerti
1035:Amphibia-Reptilia
637:Kaplan, Melissa.
625:978-1-4214-0135-5
501:V. exanthematicus
484:V. exanthematicus
480:V. exanthematicus
423:V. exanthematicus
225:
224:
82:
24:Savannah monitor
16:Species of lizard
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2145:Reptiles as pets
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1843:
1680:
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1661:
1595:Yellow monitor (
1570:V. caerulivirens
1496:Quince monitor (
1378:Gray's monitor (
1351:Desert monitor (
1315:Bengal monitor (
1192:
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963:. Archived from
957:
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941:) in the wild".
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52:Wild individual
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1726:Varanus priscus
1710:
1705:Paranecrosaurus
1682:Palaeovaranidae
1669:
1647:
1633:Monitor lizards
1621:
1613:Yemen monitor (
1396:Komodo dragon (
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1552:V. brevicauda
1547:
1538:
1534:V. rosenbergi
1529:
1525:V. juxtindicus
1520:
1511:
1507:V. albigularis
1505:Rock monitor (
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1462:V. auffenbergi
1457:
1447:
1441:Nile monitor (
1438:
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1405:Lace monitor (
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1398:V. komodoensis
1393:
1384:
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1317:V. bengalensis
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1240:Gila monster (
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1224:H. exasperatum
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1065:978-0952663294
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1041:(3): 301–306.
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1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:Palaeovaranus
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1615:V. yemenensis
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1597:V. flavescens
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1577:Sand goanna (
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:V. acanthurus
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:V. rudicollis
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
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1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1344:V. salvadorii
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1309:
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1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1283:
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1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1266:L. borneensis
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:
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1243:
1238:
1236:
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1229:
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1199:
1197:
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1179:
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1159:
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1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
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830:
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816:
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809:0-253-34366-6
805:
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731:
727:
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670:0-9526632-9-5
666:
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618:
612:
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586:Bosc, Louis.
582:
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576:
563:
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531:
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201:Binomial name
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127:
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117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1855:
1820:
1813:
1808:Palaeosaniwa
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:Morohasaurus
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1759:Arcanosaurus
1757:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1480:V. giganteus
1479:
1471:V. jobiensis
1470:
1461:
1453:
1443:V. niloticus
1442:
1434:V. mitchelli
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1380:V. olivaceus
1379:
1370:
1362:V. dumerilii
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1242:H. suspectum
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1100:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1038:
1034:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
983:. Retrieved
973:
965:the original
955:
946:
942:
938:
932:
920:
908:
899:
895:
889:
875:
861:
850:
841:
832:
828:
824:
818:
799:
795:
777:
773:
767:
753:
742:
738:
693:
689:
679:
660:
642:
632:
616:
611:
602:
596:
587:
566:. Retrieved
552:
546:
540:
500:
499:
489:Brachytrupes
487:
483:
479:
473:
463:
454:
443:In captivity
437:
434:Reproduction
422:
418:Brachytrupes
416:
411:
403:
380:
378:
375:
363:
353:
351:
342:
287:
279:
273:
263:Polydaedalus
261:
250:
233:
232:
228:
226:
209:
207:
191:
190:
179:Polydaedalus
178:
166:
18:
1960:iNaturalist
1880:Wikispecies
1801:Telmasaurus
1773:Cherminotus
1766:Aiolosaurus
1724:Megalania (
1606:V. panoptes
1489:V. gilleni
1454:V. bitatawa
1425:V. mertensi
1389:V. glauerti
1371:V. prasinus
1335:V. doreanus
1299:V. beccarii
1290:V. salvator
1255:Lanthanotus
1233:H. horridum
1206:H. alvarezi
1096:Savmon.org
902:(1): 29–33.
568:13 November
360:Description
2109:Categories
1579:V. gouldii
1498:V. melinus
1478:Perentie (
1416:V. indicus
1353:V. griseus
1326:V. baritji
1308:V. tristis
1138:Varanoidea
949:: 177–180.
780:: 503–515.
520:References
407:arthropods
255:Louis Bosc
245:native to
174:Subgenus:
1815:Saniwides
1780:Gobiderma
1716:Varanidae
1407:V. varius
1148:Kingdom:
712:1932-6203
387:Behaviour
336:zoologist
270:Etymology
186:Species:
156:Varanidae
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2077:Species+
1978:10783340
1865:Wikidata
1698:Eosaniwa
1516:V. bushi
1168:Squamata
1162:Reptilia
1156:Chordata
1154:Phylum:
1150:Animalia
835:: 75–76.
730:38324523
721:10849390
690:PLOS ONE
468:east to
332:botanist
288:exanthem
276:specific
259:subgenus
152:Family:
146:Squamata
136:Reptilia
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2120:Varanus
1952:2470729
1871:Q135677
1822:Estesia
1279:Varanus
1185:species
1166:Order:
1160:Class:
1076:Monitor
1011:3 March
1006:YouTube
985:5 April
981:. CITES
496:Threats
466:Senegal
428:agamids
239:species
220:, 1792)
167:Varanus
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2092:208788
2089:uBio:
2056:135849
2043:713773
2030:104373
2004:178346
1991:716511
1939:790191
1908:ARKive
1751:Others
1734:Saniwa
1666:Fossil
1183:Extant
1063:
896:Biawak
806:
728:
718:
710:
667:
623:
347:scales
329:French
247:Africa
1973:IRMNG
1965:39456
1926:7FGDT
514:Benin
506:Ghana
470:Sudan
460:Range
412:Julus
372:Skull
286:word
284:Greek
278:name
2082:7376
2017:8557
2012:NCBI
1999:IUCN
1986:ITIS
1947:GBIF
1794:Ovoo
1668:taxa
1061:ISBN
1013:2023
987:2012
804:ISBN
726:PMID
708:ISSN
665:ISBN
621:ISBN
570:2021
553:2021
510:Togo
392:Diet
334:and
274:The
227:The
218:Bosc
1934:EoL
1921:CoL
1895:ADW
1043:doi
716:PMC
698:doi
557:doi
241:of
2111::
2079::
2066::
2064:RD
2053::
2040::
2027::
2014::
2001::
1988::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1910::
1897::
1882::
1867::
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320:m
317:ɪ
314:θ
311:n
308:æ
305:s
302:ˈ
299:k
296:ɛ
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