860:
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792:
216:
544:
841:
826:
332:
30:
157:
404:
745:) was to mark every full mile along the post road. It is about 3.75 metres high and resembles the large distance milepost in shape. They are however more slender and have no section showing the coat of arms. The information was inscribed on two sides so that travellers in both directions could read them. On the road side was the so-called serial number (
638:
597:
As the order dated 19 September 1721 incorporated a comprehensive memorandum of 24 items and was accompanied by a list of the benefits of the regulation, it appears that problems had been anticipated from the outset. For example, as advantages of the national survey, the memorandum called pointed out
593:
In the course of this dispute, many places strove to erect one milepost column only. ZĂĽrner knew the location of many small towns and villages very precisely. During the course of his project, he proceeded to support the towns in their requests and advocated the elector's consent. In many cases their
375:
in each city. As a result, a
Leipzig or a Dresden distance is quoted. During such a journey, the assistant to the surveyor had to drive a numbered wooden stake into the ground every quarter of a mile and dig a hole next to it. The excavated material was then used to help fix the wooden post securely.
310:
Because the distances stated at that time were frequently based on imprecise estimates, ZĂĽrner had to survey the distances afresh or verify existing data. To achieve that he designed a survey vehicle in the shape of an electoral Saxon baggage coach. Each revolution of the rear wheel of the coach with
565:
In order to enforce the implementation of his instructions, the elector had resort to harsh measures and threatened negligence, tardiness or damage to the mileposts with disciplinary action in an order of 24 July 1722; and in another edict of 7 September 1724, fines of 20 talers were imposed against
203:
or "arm columns") were commonplace on the roads of Saxony. These consisted of a wooden post, at the upper end of which were direction indicators in the shape of human arms and hands. Because the wood rotted rapidly as a result of its constant exposure to moisture, many of these fingerposts collapsed
602:
would be verifiable and the prices could no longer be fixed arbitrarily, that there would be fewer complaints from travellers about high fees that had hitherto taken up the time of courts and higher authorities, and that journey times and delivery times would be precisely defined by the survey.
554:
Both the costs and the responsibility for erecting the mileposts had to be borne by the authorities of the respective towns and villages. As a result, the measures did not gain universal approval throughout the land. Because the means of the towns varied considerably depending on their size and
709:). The columns have an average height of 8 ells (4.53 metres) and rest on a pedestal half an ell high. The individual elements were held together by means of iron pegs cast in lead. On the shaft of the column the names of the destinations were inscribed at ZĂĽrner's direction in a
765:) because the league corresponded to half a mile, had a lower pedestal surmounted by a shaft that tapered from top to bottom. A roof-shaped, chamfered finial formed the uppermost element. Its total height is about 3 metres. It bore the same inscriptions as the full mile stone. The
323:
in the coach by means of a chain. ZĂĽrner's assistants used a measuring cart in the shape of a wheelbarrow for those tracks unsuitable for a coach, which likewise measured the distances by the turning of a wheel and which was carried as the so-called "fifth wheel on the wagon"
246:, which attracted the attention of Augustus the Strong. After further cartographic work, the prince elector gave him the task on 12 April 1713 of: "recording districts, including the lordships, manor estates, towns, villages and the like, on geographic maps" (original: "
555:
industrial structure, the financial impact on them was very variable. Regardless of their size, they often had a similar number of town gates and therefore a comparable number of milestone columns to put up. Frequently there were three to five gates. In 1722, the
732:
The mileposts originally erected in front of the town gates usually had the distances marked on two sides and the names of the destination towns on the other two sides. Later columns, erected in the market squares, had the distances marked on all four sides.
379:
In several cases the surveys were also conducted outside the territory of the electorate. Anywhere Saxon land was interrupted by other territories, roads used by the Saxon post office were surveyed, with the permission of the territorial owner.
192:(building supervisor) Heinrich Niedhart with this task. The Electoral Saxon forestry superintendents were instructed to provide the wood, and the administrators of the electoral Saxon districts were to ensure that the posts were erected.
120:
to indicate the official distances. This was intended to be the basis for the creation of a unified calculation of postal charges. Because the territory of the
Electorate of Saxony was larger than that of the present-day German state of
432:, to erect stone columns as mileposts. On 1 November 1721, this order was extended to the entire state. On the same day the state authorities in charge issued the general ordinance for the "Establishment of Stone Postal Columns" (
465:
The material used for the mileposts in Saxony varies widely. They were usually made from the prevailing building stone of the local area, which is also reflected in the building materials used in Saxony's architecture in general.
454:
Originally about 300 distance mileposts and around 1,200 other roadside mileposts were erected. About 200 of them have at least partly survived or have been faithfully reconstructed. Replicas were increasingly made after 1990.
534:
type". The different weathering properties of these diverse types of stone proves to be a challenge for the conservation of these monuments in many cases. This is also the reason why numerous mileposts no longer exist.
628:
Due to persistent opposition the Saxon
Landtage was finally able to issue a decree on 12 April 1728 that - contrary to the Elector's wishes - the mileposts need only be erected on main and postal roads.
594:
requests were granted. On the national roads, therefore, only wooden mileposts were erected or existing ones repaired. After 1727 the practice of erecting one column per town was carried out in many cases.
355:
was therefore introduced on 17 March 1722, whereby 1 mile = 2 leagues = 2,000 Dresden rods = 9.062 kilometres. To indicate distances on the mileposts, ZĂĽrner used the league
882:), led by Albert Christian Weinlig and Julius Ambrosius HĂĽlĂźe. These two men envisaged a transition phase from the old units. Almost simultaneously, similar efforts were being made at the level of the
207:
The establishment of postal mileposts in electoral Saxony was not an isolated phenomenon. Similar posts or stones with distances marked on them were erected along the roads in a number of countries.
77:, this corresponds to a distance of about 566 m. The design of the mileposts varied according to the distance at which they were placed. They were hewn from natural stone into the shape of an
1251:. Herausgegeben von der Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V. Dresden/Grillenburg (Stadt Tharandt). 3. überarbeitete Auflage, Schütze-Engler-Weber Verlags GbR, Dresden, 2007,
443:) was to be erected immediately in front of the gates of a town. Similarly there were to be quarter-mile, half-mile and whole-mile stones at the corresponding intervals. In the Saxon part of the
562:
asked the prince elector to cancel the expensive project that had invoked the opposition of many town councils and landowners. Many towns tried to ignore the edict or delay its implementation.
436:) and the instruction that the costs of erecting them were to be borne by the landowner of the locations affected. For Upper Lusatia, a separate instruction followed on 24 November 1721.
1088:
625:
Because mileposts were occasionally damaged or even knocked down, an order was issued in 1724 that such crimes would be punished by imprisonment and other "hard and exemplary punishments".
439:
ZĂĽrner, who had been tasked by
Augustus the Strong on 14 December 1721, worked out himself the details of which mileposts were to be erected. ZĂĽrner set forth that a large distance column (
781:) rests on a low pedestal and consists of a rectangular column or stele. Its total height is about 1.7 metres. There are no inscriptions on these mileposts other than the monogram "AR", a
749:) with which all roadside columns and mileposts were numbered in sequence. Because a number was assigned every quarter of a mile, each full-milepost had a serial number divisible by four.
806:
791:
725:
on all four sides, which was the emblem of the state's postal sovereignty. The arms of the
Electorate of Saxony with a gilded crown and the Polish royal crown with the
645:
To what extent
Augustus the Strong was personally involved in the development of the designs for the mileposts is not clear. Their final appearance, which was based on
622:
refused to entertain ZĂĽrner in this matter. Not until 31 March 1724 did the estates of Upper
Lusatia declare themselves ready to carry out the instructions.
887:
1287:
This map shows two of the Saxon post mileposts erected by ZĂĽrner: a half-mile post (fallen over, with the monogramme "AR") and a standing quarter-mile post.
769:-like design of this column is a reason why only a few stones of this type have survived until today. The serial number is even, but not divisible by four.
930:
713:
font and based on the distance tables that had been worked out for each town. Several routes crossed state borders, and this was indicated by the letters
902:), noting that, from 1840, 1 mile = 7.5 km. Upon the full introduction of the metric system around 1900, some of these were converted to kilometer,
145:
109:
on the post mileposts. A league in Saxony at that time (1722 to 1840) was meant to be an hour's journey, equivalent to half a mile or 4.531 kilometres.
1085:
1131:
No. 18, Gesetz, die EinfĂĽhrung eines allgemeinen
Landesgewichts und einige Bestimmungen ĂĽber das MaaĂź- und Gewichtswesen im Allgemeinen betreffend
1320:
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every official guilty of missing deadlines and in each individual case of neglect. Especially on the roads of
Central Saxony, in the towns of
1256:
1245:
Herausgegeben von der
Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V. 2. Auflage, Sächs. Druck- und Verlagshaus, Dresden, 1996.
840:
248:
Aemter samt denen darinnen befindlichen Herrschaften, Rittergütern, Städten, Dörfern und dergleichen mehr in mappas geographicas bringen
1163:. Herausgegeben von der Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V.. transpress Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin, 1989,
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410:: view of Dresden (detail); the moats and bridge between the Wilschem Gate and the template post milepost (without coat of arms) by
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the gaps were particularly noticeable and were, in a decree of 7 September, subject to public reprimand by the prince elector.
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933:(in German). Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e.V. und 1. Sächsischer Postkutschenverein e.V. Archived from
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that gave distances expressed as journey times to the nearest eighth of an hour. With one hour being the equivalent of one
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1156:. Herausgegeben von der Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V. Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin, 1988.
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symbol, the year of manufacture and, on the narrow side facing the road, the serial number which was an odd number.
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survey of Electoral Saxony. In addition to the heartland, it covered the electoral Saxon parts of the counties of
105:), Paul Vermehren, brought about their inception based on official distance surveys, whose results were given in
934:
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29:
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224:
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map published which was the result of an extension to the contract that followed a few weeks later. This "
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Map of the Ă„mter of Wurzen, Eilenburg & DĂĽben (Schenck, Amsterdam 18th century, no mention of ZĂĽrner)
1120:
Chemnitz 1912 (Abhandlungen und Berichte der Technischen Staatslehranstalten in Chemnitz, Heft 2), p. 83.
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only on 29 June 1723. The survey work on the most important roads in the state was completed by 1733.
883:
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886:. A new survey was carried out in 1858, and between 1859 and 1865 a new system of milestones – the
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1–88 (1964–2011), Herausgegeben von der Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V.
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Another argument was that the roads would be more easily recognisable in the winter and at night.
548:
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307:, first published in 1718, and its subsequent editions, remained in use until the 19th century.
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and his successor along all important postal and trading routes and in almost all towns in the
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351:) of various length even within the Electorate. To achieve standardization, the Electoral
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328:) in a case on the surveying coach. Both methods enabled a very accurate survey of roads.
50:
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Another problem was the lack of standard units of measurement. At that time there were
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there tried to impede ZĂĽrner's activity. ZĂĽrner was able to begin surveying Upper and
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The locations and images of surviving or replaced Saxon mileposts may be seen in the
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is considered the historic transport link with the most surviving postal mileposts.
292:
The resulting cartographic material remained largely secret for several decades for
611:
339:, whose area of interest coincided largely with that of Electoral Saxony in 1814/15
231:
335:
Known locations of postal mileposts on a map of the Kingdom of Saxony before the
847:
721:
or "border") or a horizontal line. Part of the inscription on all columns was a
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Saxonia Monumentis Viarum Illustrata. - Wege-Weisern, Armen- und Meilen-Säulen
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Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt für das Königreich Saxony, 1858, 12 March 1858
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cast iron posts were erected instead of the usual stone columns, and in the
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90:
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On 19 September 1721, an Electoral order was issued to the districts (
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Albert Christian Weinlig. Ein Lebensbild nach Familienpapieren und Akten.
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Autorenkollektiv der Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen:
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was used for most of the stones. Other frequently used materials were
678:
571:
138:
122:
1216:. Verlag des Landesvereines Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Dresden, 1930.
858:
636:
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The landowner was responsible for looking after the survey stake.
330:
214:
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86:
82:
28:
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were made as part of the work of the Standardization Commission (
766:
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Coat of arms and inscription block of the distance milespost in
487:
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180:
with wooden, roadside posts at regular intervals. This prompted
1086:
vgl. Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V.
586:, as well as the routes from these towns to Leipzig and thence
1176:
Die kursächsischen Postmeilensäulen beim 200jährigen Bestehen.
172:
Ludwig Wilhelm, proposed a systematic survey of the road from
101:(lit.: "column") was derived. The Saxon head postal director (
204:
a few years after they had been erected and became unusable.
606:
Opposition to the postal mileposts was especially strong in
600:"delivery men, relay services, postal items and other goods"
319:), i.e. 4.531 metres, was transmitted to a mechanical
223:) for road surveying in the Eastern Ore Mountain Museum at
125:, these mileposts are nowadays also found in the states of
1279:
Forschungsgruppe Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen e. V.
230:
The basis for the introduction of Saxon mileposts was the
1232:
Vorhandene kursächsische Postmeilensäulen und Reststücke.
1214:
Die kursächsischen Postmeilensäulen Augusts des Starken…
1199:
Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz.
1180:
Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz.
112:
Saxon postal mileposts were set up during the reign of
653:
prototypes, was linked to the senior state architect (
486:
in eastern Saxony. In the Chemnitz area, Hilbersdorf
1221:
Zur Geschichte der Postsäulenstellung in Kursachsen.
1201:Band 12, Heft 4–6, Dresden 1923, pp. 97–109,
1182:Band 11, Heft 4–6, Dresden, 1922, pp. 69–95,
296:reasons. The prince elector only had an improved
729:coat of arms were shown on the superstructure.
697:), the shaft, a block sowing the coat of arms (
184:Augustus the Strong, on 18 June 1695, to order
1154:Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen – Bibliographie
890:were made in the shape of station milestones (
498:was used as a milepost material In the upper
8:
168:In 1695, the head of the Saxon post office,
97:the rather inaccurate German description of
689:(or cap). The column consists of the base (
970:Steinbruchindustrie und Steinbruchgeologie
797:Distance milepost on the market square at
186:"that certain mileposts are to be erected"
922:
787:
371:, the counter being set to zero at the
162:"Chur-Sächßische Hölzerne Armen Säulen"
1161:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1105:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1074:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1061:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1048:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1035:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1022:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
1009:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
996:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
983:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
957:Lexikon Kursächsische Postmeilensäulen
863:Royal Saxon station stone in Altenberg
383:Surveying was especially difficult in
363:The survey journeys usually began in
219:Working replica of a surveying cart (
7:
1195:Die kursächsischen Postmeilensäulen.
894:), full mile, half mile, junction (
641:View of the types of milepost, 1747
199:withs distance markings (so-called
33:One of the two postal mileposts in
434:Setzung der steinernen Post-Säulen
25:
1238:. Heft 6, 1971, pp. 261–271.
1227:. Heft 6, 1971, pp. 241–250.
673:) comprised seven elements. The
146:Gallery of Saxon postal mileposts
839:
824:
814:Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road
805:
790:
761:), also called the league post (
460:Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road
451:there were no mileposts at all.
195:Furthermore, before 1700 wooden
458:Today the Saxon section of the
360:), which equalled a half mile.
311:a circumference of one Dresden
242:. ZĂĽrner had prepared a map of
898:) and border crossing stones (
669:The large distance mileposts (
37:, in front of the Lower Gate (
1:
1321:Monumental columns in Germany
506:mileposts were made of local
55:kursächsische Postmeilensäule
1243:Postsäulen und Meilensteine.
870:for the introduction of the
269:estates, the estates of the
1249:Postsäulen und Meilensteine
302:Chur-Sächsische Post-Charte
1347:
659:Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann
412:Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann
387:because landowners of the
89:. Their prototype was the
59:sächsische Postmeilensäule
985:. 1989, pp. 99, 100, 121.
931:"Historie der Postsäulen"
910:) and roadkeeper stones (
470:from several quarries in
1316:Heritage sites in Saxony
1301:Culture of Saxony-Anhalt
1236:Sächsische Heimatblätter
1225:Sächsische Heimatblätter
1145:Carl Christian Schramm:
972:. 1st ed., Berlin, 1899.
880:Normalaichungscommission
777:The quarter mile stone (
514:Granite, granite of the
160:Wooden Saxon mileposts (
1230:Hans-Heinrich Stölzel:
727:royal Polish-Lithuanian
399:Erection of the columns
93:. From its German name
41:) in the municipal park
1212:Gustav Adolf Kuhfahl:
1193:Gustav Adolf Kuhfahl:
1174:Gustav Adolf Kuhfahl:
888:Royal Saxon milestones
864:
812:Full-mile post on the
642:
551:
482:in Central Saxony and
415:
340:
227:
211:State survey by ZĂĽrner
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54:
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846:Quarter-milestone in
757:The half mile stone (
741:The full mile stone (
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334:
253:). This entailed the
236:Adam Friedrich ZĂĽrner
218:
159:
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18:Saxon postal milepost
1311:Culture of Thuringia
1277:Research group: the
959:. 1989, pp. 115–117.
900:GrenzĂĽbergangssteine
884:German Confederation
655:Oberlandesbaumeister
598:that the payment of
474:and the area of the
389:estates of the realm
326:fĂĽnftes Rad am Wagen
234:work of the pastor,
118:Electorate of Saxony
95:römische Meilensäule
71:Electorate of Saxony
1149:. Wittenberg, 1727.
912:Straßenwärtersteine
799:Neustadt in Sachsen
701:), and the finial (
445:County of Henneberg
285:as well as the two
1159:Autorenkollektiv:
1152:Eberhard Stimmel:
1103:Autorenkollektiv:
1091:2016-01-07 at the
1072:Autorenkollektiv:
1059:Autorenkollektiv:
1046:Autorenkollektiv:
1037:. 1989, pp. 95–96.
1033:Autorenkollektiv:
1020:Autorenkollektiv:
1007:Autorenkollektiv:
998:. 1989, pp. 96–97.
994:Autorenkollektiv:
981:Autorenkollektiv:
955:Autorenkollektiv:
937:on 5 February 2017
865:
831:Half-mile post in
779:Viertelmeilenstein
773:Quarter mile stone
677:was formed by the
665:Distance mileposts
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449:County of Mansfeld
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341:
228:
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43:
1326:Culture of Poland
1306:Culture of Saxony
1257:978-3-936203-09-7
1241:Siegfried RĂĽhle:
876:Kingdom of Saxony
532:Fichtel Mountains
480:Rochlitz porphyry
472:Saxon Switzerland
408:Bernardo Bellotto
225:Lauenstein Castle
188:. He charged the
114:August the Strong
16:(Redirected from
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484:Lusatian granite
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103:Oberpostdirektor
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610:. In 1723, the
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634:
631:
540:
537:
468:Elbe sandstone
424:) of Dresden,
400:
397:
275:Saxe-Merseburg
212:
209:
182:prince elector
153:
150:
91:Roman milepost
69:in the former
47:Saxon milepost
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1343:
1332:
1329:
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1324:
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1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:3-344-00264-3
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:Paul Domsch:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
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1049:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
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988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
968:O. Herrmann:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
936:
932:
926:
923:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
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893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
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872:metric system
869:
861:
854:
849:
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837:
834:
827:
822:
819:
815:
808:
803:
800:
793:
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780:
772:
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728:
724:
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688:
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672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
639:
632:
630:
626:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:town councils
609:
608:Upper Lusatia
604:
601:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:
560:
550:
549:BerggieĂźhĂĽbel
545:
538:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Schwarzenberg
517:
516:Greifensteine
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Ore Mountains
497:
493:
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485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
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452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
413:
409:
405:
398:
396:
394:
393:Lower Lusatia
390:
386:
385:Upper Lusatia
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
354:
350:
346:
338:
333:
329:
327:
322:
318:
317:Dresdner Rute
314:
308:
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299:
295:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
222:
217:
210:
208:
205:
202:
201:Arm(en)säulen
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
158:
151:
149:
147:
142:
140:
136:
135:Saxony-Anhalt
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:, an ancient
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
982:
977:
969:
964:
956:
951:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
925:
911:
907:
906:, boundary (
899:
895:
891:
879:
868:Preparations
866:
778:
776:
763:Stundensäule
762:
758:
756:
747:Reihennummer
746:
742:
740:
731:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
671:Distanzsäule
670:
668:
654:
644:
627:
624:
605:
599:
596:
592:
564:
558:
553:
528:Bad Brambach
490:quarried at
464:
457:
453:
441:Distanzsäule
440:
438:
433:
419:
417:
382:
378:
362:
357:
348:
342:
325:
316:
309:
301:
291:
273:branches of
247:
232:cartographic
229:
220:
206:
200:
194:
189:
185:
169:
167:
161:
143:
111:
102:
98:
94:
62:
58:
46:
44:
38:
26:
848:Bad Lausick
699:WappenstĂĽck
526:Granite or
492:Hilbersdorf
255:topographic
197:fingerposts
152:Forerunners
131:Brandenburg
1295:Categories
941:5 February
918:References
855:Successors
539:Opposition
430:GroĂźenhain
414:, ca. 1750
283:Saxe-Zeitz
244:GroĂźenhain
190:Kondukteur
1331:Surveying
1264:Rundbrief
1207:0941-1151
1188:0941-1151
908:Flurgrenz
818:Breitenau
783:post horn
723:post horn
695:SchaftfuĂź
651:classical
524:Kirchberg
522:Granite,
512:Wiesenbad
373:posthouse
358:Wegstunde
271:Albertine
267:Schönburg
259:Henneberg
221:Messkarre
127:Thuringia
63:Postsäule
1089:Archived
904:chaussee
896:Abzweig-
675:pedestal
584:Waldheim
580:Rochlitz
504:Vogtland
502:and the
294:military
287:Lusatias
263:Mansfeld
67:milepost
65:) was a
39:Untertor
35:Geithain
874:in the
711:Fraktur
703:Aufsatz
687:cornice
647:baroque
620:Görlitz
616:Bautzen
576:Oschatz
568:Colditz
559:Landtag
508:granite
369:Dresden
365:Leipzig
321:counter
238:, from
178:Dresden
174:Leipzig
107:leagues
79:obelisk
1255:
1205:
1186:
1167:
719:Grenze
707:Spitze
679:plinth
633:Design
572:Grimma
557:Saxon
518:area,
426:MeiĂźen
349:Meilen
298:postal
265:, the
240:Skassa
139:Poland
123:Saxony
75:league
51:German
816:near
717:(for
588:Zeitz
496:Flöha
421:Ă„mter
345:miles
99:Säule
87:stele
85:or a
83:herma
1253:ISBN
1234:In:
1223:In:
1203:ISSN
1197:In:
1184:ISSN
1178:In:
1165:ISBN
943:2017
767:herm
685:and
683:dado
649:and
618:and
582:and
494:and
428:and
281:and
261:and
133:and
914:).
705:or
693:or
657:),
614:of
367:or
313:rod
176:to
61:or
1297::
715:gr
681:,
661:.
578:,
574:,
570:,
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277:,
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141:.
129:,
53::
45:A
1259:.
1209:.
1190:.
1171:.
1133:.
945:.
356:(
347:(
324:(
315:(
305:"
251:"
164:)
49:(
20:)
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