439:
When they are first hatched, they eat plankton. After a few days, they become carnivorous and eat animals. Tadpoles sometimes resort to cannibalism to survive. After multiple experiments, Paul Székely, Marian Tudor, and Dan
Cogalniceanu concluded that tadpole development is influenced by hydroperiod, or the period in which an area is full of water. Since American spadefoot toads breed in shallow waters, they are under "constant stress from drying waters, increasing temperatures, reduced food densities, and crowding". This stress, or simply a lack of adequate food, can increase the likelihood of cannibalism. If they do resort to cannibalism, their bodies can transform. They "develop larger heads, sharp beaks, stronger jaw muscles, and shortened intestine". Researchers have concluded that this is an adaptive trait because it accelerates the rate of growth of the tadpoles by allowing for an increased caloric intake.
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its partners, the couple would now need to seek state approval, and "hire someone familiar with the eastern spadefoot toad to survey the tract for signs of its habitat". The
Natural Diversity Section of the State of Pennsylvania published a 2011 species action plan for the Eastern Spadefoot toad. This plan identifies the following counties for populations: Adams, Berks, Bucks, Centre, Cumberland, Franklin, Lehigh, Northampton, Northumberland, Union, and York.
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the northwestern U.S., but the plains spadefoot has also spread into Texas and northern Mexico. Couch's spadefoot, Hurter's spadefoot, and the New Mexico spadefoot are all spread across the
Southern and Southwestern U.S., with Couch's and Hurter's also reaching into Mexico. The western spadefoot is found in California, mainly southern parts of the state and extending into Baja California, Mexico.
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So far, conservation efforts have affected the prevention of the species habitat loss. In 2012, a couple learned that 32 acres of a property they planned to subdivide and break ground on could potentially be spadefoot habitat. So as per a species action plan put forth by Berks County conservancy and
429:
The toads are believed to have moved into North
America from South American countries due to a changing climate. They most likely moved into the U.S. as a single species, but split up as they spread across the continent and adapted to their new surroundings. The toads prefer marsh-like environments,
421:
Spadefoot toads stay hidden underground in a low energy state, and are awakened by low frequency sounds of thunder.> They then dig their way to the surface. After a thunderstorm, a previously silent dry area may start to sound like a marshy swamp, as the toads quickly seek mates in the short time
296:
The
American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most fossorial (or burrowing) frogs. They are round, with short legs and protruding eyes. As suggested by their name, these frogs have hard, keratinous protrusions present on their feet, which help them to dig. Like most fossorial frogs, they dig
425:
The species of spadefoot toads are found in different locations across North
America. The eastern spadefoot is the only species found east of the Mississippi River, ranging from New England to southern Florida. The Great Basin spadefoot and the plains spadefoot are both found in Western Canada and
544:
The Great Basin spadefoot toad is found in the area spanning from south-central
British Columbia, Canada to Northwestern states of the United States, such as Wyoming, Oregon, and California. Most of the Great Basin spadefoot toads are nocturnal and their diet includes invertebrates such as ants.
447:
The eastern spadefoot was placed on the endangered list of
Pennsylvania in 2005 (though also endangered in: Ohio, Connecticut, and Rhode Island), when living populations were only found in two of their known locations. One possibility for their low population size could be that breeding pools and
438:
American spadefoot toads have a unique diet. The adults' and tadpoles' diets vary. The adults' diet consists of invertebrates. They eat flies, crickets, caterpillars, moths, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms, and snails. The tadpoles' diet is related to its surroundings and food supply.
408:
Similar to other burrowing frogs, American spadefoot toads are about 2-3 inches in length with round, stocky bodies and eyes that bulge from their heads. The name "spadefoot" is derived from the keratinous bone in its hind legs that allow it to burrow within soil. The skin of the toad is grey or
458:
In 2004, the western spadefoot toad was the only member of the family
Scaphiopodidae to be classified as near threatened by the ICUN Red List. All other species, including the eastern spadefoot, were listed as least concern. Presently, all species' conservation status require reviewing.
494:
Couch's spadefoot toads are found in the southwestern regions of the United States and some regions of Mexico. They stay buried in the soil for 8–10 months a year and eat enough in one meal to last them a whole year. Couch's spadefoot toads' tadpoles transform into frogs in 7–8 days
596:
The plains spadefoot toad is found in the southern prairie provinces of Canada, central states of the United States, and northern parts of Mexico. They can grow up to 2 inches in length. They can be found in the areas with sand or gravel in soils near temporary bodies of water.
417:
Spadefoot toads are generally found in arid climates, where they spend the majority of their lives underground, generally beneath perennial ponds, creek beds, or other moisture-retaining areas. During years of sufficient rainfall, the toads surface to breed and lay eggs.
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Eastern spadefoot toads are found all along the East Coast of United States, from southern New
England to Florida. They are mostly found in areas with marshes and mixed hardwood swamps. They can grow up to 3 inches long.
386:
Despite the common name and current distribution of the family, fossil evidence indicates that it once had a much larger distribution that at least reached eastern Asia. The extinct genus †
562:
Hurter's spadefoot toads are found in the Southern U.S states of Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. These toads were once thought to be a subspecies of the eastern spadefoot toad.
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The American spadefoot toads are terrestrial when not underground. They are dully colored, usually a grey or dull green or brown, to aid in camouflage in their arid habitats.
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The western spadefoot toad can be found only in California and Baja California, Mexico. Unlike other toads, the western spadefoot only enters the water to breed.
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The New Mexico spadefoot toad is found in Mexico and the U.S. states of Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. It grows up to 2.5 inches in length.
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available before desert puddles dry up. Tadpoles rapidly mature into toads and must bury themselves before desert conditions revert to normal.
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As per conservation efforts, the awareness of citizens to the endangerment of spadefoot toads in their regions has been a success.
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but only enter the water to breed. They stay buried in the soil for most of the year as a mechanism to deal with changing weather.
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Bragg, Arthur N. (1945-01-01). "The Spadefoot Toads in Oklahoma with a Summary of Our Knowledge of the Group. II".
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293:, which are native to North America. The family is small, comprising only eleven different species.
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The American spadefoot toads were previously included in a broader circumscription of the family
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997:"North American spadefoot toads and their incredible fast-metamorphosing, polymorphic tadpoles"
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spadefoot toads in the same family. However, the American spadefoot genera were split off into
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ponds "often dry up before the tadpoles get to complete metamorphosis"(Naish, 2015)
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backwards into the ground. They differ from true toads because they have vertical
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1041:"Species Action Plan, June 2011, Natural Diversity Section of Pennsylvania Govt"
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1121:"Scaphiopodidae - American spadefoot toads | Wildlife Journal Junior"
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Santos-Barrera, Georgina; Hammerson, Geoffrey; Morey, Steven (2004).
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is the earliest known member of this family, and is only known from
844:
884:"What do Spadefoot toads eat?What do animals eat? - Find out here"
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242:
195:
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1184:
1023:"Toad puts wrench in South Middleton Township subdivision plan"
349:
The Scaphiopodidae contains two genera, both in North America:
696:"Amphibian Species of the World - Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850"
1591:
762:. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York
730:. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York
969:. Pennsylvania Fish and boat Commission. Archived from
644:"Scaphiopodidae (Cope, 1865) American Spadefoot Toads"
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745:
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760:
Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference
728:
Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference
1196:
409:brown in appearance and smooth to the touch.
8:
1086:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59045A11874606.en
943:"Eastern spadefoot toad on endangered list"
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1203:
1189:
1181:
466:
267:Distribution of Scaphiopodidae (in black)
258:
118:
31:
1084:
918:"DEEP: Eastern Spadefoot Toad Fact Sheet"
964:"Species Action plan: Eastern Spadefoot"
635:
478:
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277:Southern spadefoot toad, Florida-adult
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1107:
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811:Couch’s spadefoot (Scaphiopus couchi)
7:
888:What do animals eat? - Find out here
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
1072:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
1736:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1021:Cress, Joseph (13 October 2012).
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1291:
1161:
1151:
142:
1731:Amphibians of the United States
807:"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum"
1:
782:"Fossilworks: Scaphiopodidae"
724:"Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850"
1726:Amphibians of North America
756:"Scaphiopodidae Cope, 1865"
534:Great Basin spadefoot toad
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569:New Mexico spadefoot toad
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139:Scientific classification
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34:
552:Hurter's spadefoot toad
413:Location and environment
354:Southern spadefoot toads
338:European spadefoot toads
291:American spadefoot toads
127:Western spadefoot toad (
833:The American Naturalist
604:Western spadefoot toad
509:Eastern spadefoot toad
484:Couch's spadefoot toad
370:Western spadefoot toads
35:American spadefoot toad
622:
586:Plains spadefoot toad
528:
503:
278:
1665:Paleobiology Database
1170:at Wikimedia Commons
1079:: e.T59045A11874606.
669:"Idaho Fish and Game"
621:
527:
514:Scaphiopus holbrookii
502:
276:
1215:families by suborder
443:Conservation efforts
320:, which then united
27:Family of amphibians
1353:Amphignathodontidae
1001:Scientific American
557:Scaphiopus hurterii
623:
529:
504:
489:Scaphiopus couchii
336:restricted to the
279:
1703:
1702:
1652:Open Tree of Life
1501:Taxon identifiers
1492:
1491:
1166:Media related to
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574:Spea multiplicata
539:Spea intermontana
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16:(Redirected from
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1486:Frogs portal
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1482:
1368:Brachycephalidae
1295:
1260:Archaeobatrachia
1205:
1198:
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1165:
1156:Data related to
1155:
1140:
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1127:. Archived from
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890:. Archived from
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753:Frost, Darrel R.
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721:Frost, Darrel R.
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702:on 15 April 2006
698:. Archived from
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38:Temporal range:
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1463:Rhinodermatidae
1423:Leptodactylidae
1339:
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1177:at Tree of Life
1160:at Wikispecies
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1716:Scaphiopodidae
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1553:Scaphiopodidae
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1509:Scaphiopodidae
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1388:Craugastoridae
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1363:Arthroleptidae
1360:
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1158:Scaphiopodidae
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1048:amphibians.org
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396:sediments in
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1508:
1468:Sooglossidae
1433:Microhylidae
1418:Hyperoliidae
1358:Aromobatidae
1345:Neobatrachia
1329:
1310:Megophryidae
1150:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1124:
1090:. Retrieved
1076:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1050:. June 2011.
1047:
1035:
1027:The Sentinel
1026:
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1004:. Retrieved
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978:. Retrieved
971:the original
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946:. Retrieved
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766:27 September
764:. Retrieved
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732:. Retrieved
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700:the original
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45:58.7–0
29:
1613:iNaturalist
1533:Wikispecies
1428:Mantellidae
1408:Hemisotidae
1320:Pelodytidae
1315:Pelobatidae
1242:Superclass
1092:12 February
791:17 December
334:Pelobatidae
332:, with the
322:Palaearctic
318:Pelobatidae
42:to recent,
1710:Categories
1268:Ascaphidae
1236:Subphylum
1135:2015-10-29
995:Naish, D.
941:Wayne, L.
927:2015-10-29
922:www.ct.gov
898:2015-10-29
706:2006-05-12
681:2019-01-06
654:2006-05-12
630:References
404:Appearance
359:Scaphiopus
237:Scaphiopus
202:Suborder:
1378:Bufonidae
1244:Tetrapoda
1125:nhptv.org
861:222323915
394:Paleocene
343:Pelobates
326:Neoarctic
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
40:Paleocene
1518:Wikidata
1250:Amphibia
1238:Craniata
1232:Chordata
1226:Animalia
1224:Kingdom
816:16 April
398:Mongolia
364:Holbrook
312:Taxonomy
212:Family:
186:Amphibia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
1693:1287496
1680:4801097
1657:3620440
1453:Ranidae
1413:Hylidae
1325:Pipidae
1230:Phylum
1211:Extant
853:2457924
479:Images
463:Species
389:Prospea
382:, 1866)
366:, 1836)
301:and no
250:Prospea
229:Genera
192:Order:
182:Class:
1677:uBio:
1644:661419
1631:107611
1566:483857
1524:Q56062
1248:Class
1213:anuran
1006:29 Oct
980:29 Oct
948:29 Oct
859:
851:
299:pupils
287:family
285:are a
223:, 1865
1688:WoRMS
1670:99679
1626:IRMNG
1618:26688
1044:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
857:S2CID
849:JSTOR
672:(PDF)
470:Name
196:Anura
1639:ITIS
1605:3098
1600:GBIF
1592:7516
1561:BOLD
1094:2020
1077:2004
1008:2015
982:2015
950:2015
818:2024
793:2021
768:2019
736:2019
434:Diet
380:Cope
375:Spea
324:and
281:The
243:Spea
221:Cope
53:PreꞒ
1587:EoL
1579:FZR
1574:CoL
1548:ASW
1081:doi
841:doi
289:of
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108:N
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