409:
and utilize it from bottom up. As desiccation occurs on the top of the dung pad, the middle and lower regions may still be suitable for the dung beetle. Also, smaller species are able to survive in such conditions as they require less dung. Larger beetles require larger amounts of dung which may not be available due to the fast desiccation of the dung pads in these conditions. Soil hardness and dryness negatively affect the tunnelers. Species able to tolerate open pasture conditions were extremely abundant. The reduction in the number of dung beetles affected the efficiency of their ecological roles and it was found that dung removal and burial declined. Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization. These benefits lead to improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in pasture quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Therefore, their role in the ecosystem is essential.
986:
784:
752:
768:
1002:
671:
552:
535:
476:
655:
736:
460:
405:
In areas with little vegetation, limited vertebrate fauna may be present limiting the types of dung present. Also, with little vegetation the canopy of the forest may be limiting. This causes the dung pads to be exposed to sunlight, higher temperature and wind action. These factors contribute to dung pad desiccation which decreases the period of suitable dung availability. Dung beetles of different groups may respond to changes in vegetation in different ways.
135:
687:
105:
1493:
396:
form of brood balls and the females lay the egg inside the dung. When the larva hatches it feeds on the surrounding dung and forms a pupa undergoing several instars. After this stage the pupa hatches and the newly formed adult evades the tunnel and searches for a fresh dung supply for feeding. After approximately 2 weeks the new adult beetle will be able to reproduce.
1505:
404:
Dung beetle communities are dependent on vegetation and presence of mammalian dung resource. In an area with a lot of vegetation, the dung pads are preserved longer for dung beetle utilization. Vegetation provides conditions suitable for vertebrate trafficking allowing more dung presence in the area.
395:
Pheromones are thought to aid in dung beetle reproduction. Dung beetles copulate after which both parents dig a tunnel to lay the eggs. This tunnel may have different branches leading to varying egg chambers or may not be branched depending on species. Both parents take dung inside the tunnels in the
339:
based on their method of dung processing namely rollers (telecoprids), dwellers (endocoprids) and tunnelers (paracoprids). Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization; improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in
Pasture
408:
A decline in dung beetle diversity associated with the conversion of native forests to open pastures is known to occur. However, some species are able to utilize dung in open pasture conditions. Tunneler species are able to utilize dung in less optimal condition because they tunnel beneath the dung
386:
Dung beetles are classified into groups based on their method of processing the dung. Rollers are beetles that construct balls of dung from the main food source. They roll away this ball from the position of the original food source and use the dung for feeding or for reproduction. Tunnelers are
387:
beetles that dig tunnels beneath the food source creating nests. They relocate food into their nest for reproduction and feeding. Lastly, dwellers are beetles that live and reproduce inside the food source rarely creating nests.
985:
378:. They also have a space between their middle legs to allow for manipulation of the dung. Dung beetles can be large beetles of a few inches in size to small beetles which are only a few millimeters in size
1199:
Louzada, J; Lima, A; Matavelli, R; Zambaldi, L; Barlow, J (2010). "Community structure of dung beetles in
Amazonian savannas: role of fire disturbance, vegetation and landscape structure".
783:
1398:"A cybertaxonomic revision of the new dung beetle tribe Parachoriini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and its phylogenetic assessment using molecular and morphological data"
751:
767:
1097:"A review and phylogeny of Scarabaeine dung beetle fossils (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), with the description of two Canthochilum species from Dominican amber"
1439:"Innovative Bayesian and Parsimony Phylogeny of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) Enhanced by Ontology-Based Partitioning of Morphological Characters"
1286:
1677:
1236:"Dung Beetle Community and Functions along a Habitat-Disturbance Gradient in the Amazon: A Rapid Assessment of Ecological Functions Associated to Biodiversity"
424:. These can be grouped by their distribution, though the present classification is expected to require major revision based on recent phylogenetic analyses.
1001:
1149:
Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y.; Davies, A.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.; Lawrence, J.; Lyal, C.; Newton, A.; Reid, C.; Schmitt, M.; Ślipiński, A.; Smith, A. (2011).
670:
534:
1746:
1664:
551:
335:. However, some may feed on decomposing matter including carrion, decaying fruits and fungi. Dung beetles can be placed into three structural
654:
340:
quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Well-known members include the genera
735:
475:
1497:
1669:
459:
134:
1576:
367:
1630:
1682:
1643:
686:
211:
742:
1314:"). How Habitat Change and Rainfall Affect Dung Beetle Diversity in Caatinga, a Brazilian Semi-Arid Ecosystem"
1509:
1361:
Horgan, F (2008). "Dung beetle assemblages in forests and pastures of El
Salvador: a functional comparison".
992:
790:
1529:
758:
677:
466:
1741:
1713:
1008:
1692:
709:
558:
541:
113:
774:
661:
482:
249:
259:
1378:
1216:
960:
693:
294:
234:
129:
1022:
254:
1718:
1567:
1700:
1612:
1470:
1419:
1343:
1267:
1178:
1128:
1072:
864:
348:
1095:
Tarasov, Sergei; Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.; Krell, Frank-Thorsten; Dimitrov, Dimitar (2016).
440:
1705:
1460:
1450:
1409:
1370:
1333:
1325:
1257:
1247:
1208:
1168:
1158:
1118:
1108:
913:
886:
421:
354:
336:
220:
1515:
1638:
1625:
1465:
1438:
1338:
1313:
1262:
1235:
1173:
1150:
1123:
1096:
522:
366:
Adult dung beetles have modified mouth parts which are adapted to feeding on dung. The
799:
Predominantly Old World (New World presence likely represents rather recent dispersal)
1735:
1029:
879:
811:
62:
1581:
1220:
104:
1617:
1382:
903:
850:
804:
702:
568:
418:
310:
274:
264:
244:
196:
1455:
1252:
1651:
1561:
1050:
1036:
921:
857:
843:
831:
821:
723:
716:
639:
632:
612:
605:
515:
508:
332:
328:
284:
37:
1552:
1492:
1414:
1397:
1374:
1212:
1065:
928:
595:
575:
447:
342:
82:
47:
1058:
1043:
839:
433:
313:
279:
229:
166:
146:
87:
31:
1474:
1423:
1347:
1271:
1182:
1163:
1132:
1504:
1329:
331:
in other subfamilies and families). Most of the beetles of this subfamily
1599:
1546:
622:
375:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1591:
1113:
943:
893:
585:
491:
371:
320:
269:
239:
118:
92:
67:
1656:
1604:
1312:
Liberal, C; Farias, A; Meiado, M; Filgueiras, B; Iannuzzi, L (2011).
970:
934:
498:
186:
176:
156:
1523:
1516:
Subfamily
Scarabaeinae: photographs of representatives of the tribes
950:
1527:
1234:
Braga, R; Korasaki, V; Andresen, E; Louzada, J (2013).
1144:
1142:
882:- four genera (sometimes placed in the Scarabaeini):
1536:
1437:Tarasov, Sergei; Génier, François (17 March 2015).
494:(incl. Dichotomiini) - about 20 genera including:
571:(= Canthonini) - about 120 genera including:
8:
1194:
1192:
1151:"Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)"
807:(incl. Eurysternini) - 16 genera including:
370:is expanded and covers the mouth parts. The
1524:
103:
20:
1464:
1454:
1413:
1337:
1291:Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles
1261:
1251:
1172:
1162:
1122:
1112:
842:- three genera (sometimes placed in the
1087:
981:
731:
650:
530:
455:
417:The subfamily is split into about 12
7:
1693:ec4c5b98-05a7-40e1-a5c6-3a41841acf03
1644:dff68920-7b95-431f-9b3c-23830316c6f2
374:, which cover the wings, expose the
14:
428:Tribes with a global distribution
1503:
1491:
1000:
984:
782:
766:
750:
734:
685:
669:
653:
644:Deschodt Davis and Scholtz, 2011
550:
533:
474:
458:
133:
1747:Extant Eocene first appearances
1:
1363:Biodiversity and Conservation
705:- about 40 genera including:
436:- about 20 genera including:
1456:10.1371/journal.pone.0116671
1253:10.1371/journal.pone.0057786
1763:
743:Hyalonthophagus alcyonides
1415:10.11646/zootaxa.4329.2.1
1375:10.1007/s10531-008-9408-2
1318:Journal of Insect Science
1213:10.1007/s10980-010-9448-3
300:
293:
226:
219:
130:Scientific classification
128:
111:
102:
23:
617:Frolov and Scholtz, 2003
333:feed exclusively on dung
1061:- 12 genera including:
1396:Tarasov, S.I. (2017).
1164:10.3897/zookeys.88.807
1714:Paleobiology Database
1330:10.1673/031.011.11401
993:Cheironitis scabrosus
791:Proagoderus imperator
1639:Fauna Europaea (new)
1512:at Wikimedia Commons
323:collectively called
16:Subfamily of beetles
946:- selected genera:
924:- selected genera:
775:Onthophagus gazella
759:Onthophagus binodis
678:Canthon smaragdulus
662:Anachalcos convexus
467:Sarophorus costatus
1293:. UNL State Museum
1114:10.7717/peerj.1988
1009:Chironitis indicus
694:Circellium bacchus
590:Hoffmannsegg, 1817
1729:
1728:
1701:Open Tree of Life
1530:Taxon identifiers
1508:Media related to
1369:(12): 2961–2978.
1201:Landscape Ecology
976:
966:
956:
909:
899:
827:
817:
645:
628:
618:
601:
591:
581:
504:
325:true dung beetles
307:
306:
215:
1754:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1525:
1507:
1496:Data related to
1495:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1092:
1004:
988:
974:
964:
954:
914:Paragymnopleurus
907:
897:
887:Allogymnopleurus
825:
815:
786:
770:
754:
738:
689:
673:
657:
643:
626:
616:
599:
589:
579:
554:
537:
502:
478:
462:
327:(there are also
210:
138:
137:
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1532:
1521:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1449:(3): e0116671.
1436:
1435:
1431:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1025:- four genera:
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
989:
975:Fabricius, 1798
965:Lansberge, 1875
876:
801:
794:
787:
778:
771:
762:
755:
746:
739:
710:Hyalonthophagus
697:
690:
681:
674:
665:
658:
600:Latreille, 1825
563:
559:Copris elphenor
555:
546:
542:Copris elphenor
538:
486:
479:
470:
463:
430:
415:
402:
393:
384:
364:
355:Phanaeus vindex
209:
132:
124:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1626:Fauna Europaea
1622:
1609:
1596:
1586:
1573:
1558:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1500:at Wikispecies
1487:
1486:External links
1484:
1481:
1480:
1429:
1408:(2): 101–149.
1388:
1353:
1304:
1287:"Scarabaeinae"
1277:
1226:
1207:(4): 631–641.
1188:
1138:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1018:
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1013:
1006:
999:
997:
990:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
967:
957:
941:
940:
939:
938:is a subgenus)
919:
918:
917:
910:
900:
898:Janssens, 1940
890:
875:
872:
871:
870:
869:
868:
861:
854:
837:
836:
835:
828:
826:Serville, 1825
818:
816:Janssens, 1953
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
781:
779:
772:
765:
763:
756:
749:
747:
740:
733:
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713:
699:
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684:
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619:
609:
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592:
582:
565:
564:
556:
549:
547:
539:
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529:
528:
527:
526:
523:Metacatharsius
519:
512:
505:
503:Geoffroy, 1762
488:
487:
480:
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471:
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126:
125:
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114:Copris lunaris
109:
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86:
81:
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71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
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1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
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1614:
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1601:
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1502:
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1467:
1462:
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1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1285:Gill, Bruce.
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:(2): e57786.
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1157:(88): 1–972.
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:Anomiopsoides
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
987:
982:
973:
972:
968:
963:
962:
958:
955:Mulsant, 1842
953:
952:
948:
947:
945:
942:
937:
936:
931:
930:
926:
925:
923:
920:
916:
915:
911:
908:Illiger, 1803
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
889:
888:
884:
883:
881:
880:Gymnopleurini
878:
877:
873:
867:
866:
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
847:
845:
841:
838:
834:
833:
829:
824:
823:
819:
814:
813:
812:Euoniticellus
809:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
793:
792:
785:
780:
777:
776:
769:
764:
761:
760:
753:
748:
745:
744:
737:
732:
726:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:
712:
711:
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
688:
683:
680:
679:
672:
667:
664:
663:
656:
651:
642:
641:
637:
635:
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630:
625:
624:
620:
615:
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610:
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603:
598:
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587:
583:
578:
577:
573:
572:
570:
567:
566:
561:
560:
553:
548:
544:
543:
536:
531:
525:
524:
520:
518:
517:
513:
511:
510:
506:
501:
500:
496:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
484:
483:Pedaria nigra
477:
472:
469:
468:
461:
456:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
438:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
425:
423:
420:
412:
410:
406:
399:
397:
390:
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
344:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
311:scarab beetle
303:
299:
296:
292:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Endroedyolini
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
222:
218:
213:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
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22:
19:
1742:Scarabaeinae
1582:Scarabaeinae
1568:Scarabaeinae
1538:Scarabaeinae
1537:
1520:
1510:Scarabaeinae
1498:Scarabaeinae
1446:
1442:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1324:(114): 114.
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1295:. Retrieved
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1007:
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904:Gymnopleurus
902:
892:
885:
863:
856:
851:Nesosisyphus
849:
830:
820:
810:
805:Oniticellini
789:
773:
757:
741:
722:
715:
708:
703:Onthophagini
692:
676:
660:
638:
631:
627:Reiche, 1841
621:
611:
604:
594:
584:
574:
569:Deltochilini
557:
540:
521:
514:
507:
497:
481:
465:
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416:
407:
403:
394:
391:Reproduction
385:
365:
353:
347:
341:
329:dung beetles
324:
319:consists of
317:Scarabaeinae
316:
308:
301:
275:Onthophagini
265:Oniticellini
260:Odontolomini
245:Deltochilini
207:Scarabaeinae
206:
197:Scarabaeidae
112:
24:Scarabaeinae
18:
1652:iNaturalist
1562:Wikispecies
1051:Glyphoderus
1037:Ennearabdus
961:Cheironitis
922:Scarabaeini
858:Neosisyphus
844:Scarabaeini
832:Eurysternus
822:Oniticellus
724:Proagoderus
717:Onthophagus
640:Versicorpus
633:Parachorius
613:Dicranocara
606:Deltochilum
516:Heliocopris
509:Dichotomius
362:Description
285:Scarabaeini
235:Byrrhidiini
203:Subfamily:
1736:Categories
1297:10 October
1082:References
1066:Oxysternon
1023:Eucraniini
929:Scarabaeus
596:Circellium
580:Hope, 1837
576:Anachalcos
448:Sarophorus
343:Scarabaeus
287:; see text
255:Eucraniini
187:Coleoptera
167:Arthropoda
30:53–0
1107:: e1988.
1059:Phanaeini
1044:Eucranium
1017:New World
874:Old World
840:Sisyphini
434:Ateuchini
314:subfamily
302:Coprinae
280:Phanaeini
230:Ateuchini
212:Latreille
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
1600:BugGuide
1589:BioLib:
1553:Q2412715
1547:Wikidata
1475:25781019
1443:PLOS ONE
1424:29242487
1348:22224924
1272:23460906
1240:PLOS ONE
1221:23269300
1183:21594053
1133:27547512
1073:Phanaeus
865:Sisyphus
623:Epirinus
413:Taxonomy
376:pygidium
349:Sisyphus
295:Synonyms
193:Family:
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1466:4363793
1402:Zootaxa
1383:6996933
1339:3281362
1263:3583983
1174:3088472
1155:ZooKeys
1124:4986599
944:Onitini
894:Garreta
586:Canthon
492:Coprini
441:Pedaria
400:Ecology
368:clypeus
321:species
270:Onitini
240:Coprini
183:Order:
177:Insecta
173:Class:
119:Coprini
1706:765934
1690:NZOR:
1670:678500
1657:125819
1631:191928
1473:
1463:
1422:
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1346:
1336:
1270:
1260:
1219:
1181:
1171:
1131:
1121:
971:Onitis
935:Kheper
545:female
499:Copris
422:tribes
419:extant
382:Guilds
372:elytra
352:, and
337:guilds
221:Tribes
214:, 1802
1719:70043
1683:41142
1618:628NR
1379:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1101:PeerJ
951:Bubas
1678:NCBI
1665:ITIS
1605:2950
1592:7897
1471:PMID
1420:PMID
1406:4329
1344:PMID
1299:2017
1268:PMID
1179:PMID
1129:PMID
562:male
346:and
309:The
38:PreꞒ
1613:CoL
1577:AFD
1461:PMC
1451:doi
1410:doi
1371:doi
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1258:PMC
1248:doi
1209:doi
1169:PMC
1159:doi
1119:PMC
1109:doi
846:):
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88:Pg
32:Ma
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1111::
1105:4
932:(
123:♀
117:(
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:Ꞓ
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