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Immunity can possibly be acquired naturally against SBV. It is possible that the seasonality of the infection cycle would not entail a second epidemic circulation next year, due to the shortness of the viraemic period (about 4 to 6 days post exposure, longer in affected foetuses). Vaccination is a
487:
The disease was confirmed as present in the UK on 22 January 2012, on being formally identified in four sheep farms in
Norfolk, Suffolk and East Sussex. By 27 February 2012, the disease was reported in other counties in the south of England including the Isle of Wight, Wiltshire, West Berkshire,
432:
Congenital malformations in newborn sheep, goats and calves are the most obvious symptoms. In many cases, the dam (female parent) apparently has not presented signs of illness. These cases have occurred from
December 2011, especially in sheep. The major malformations observed were:
465:
Blood samples from live animals with suspicious symptoms are taken for analysis. Dead or aborted foetuses suspected of having the virus are sampled by taking a piece of the brain or spleen for analysis. The samples are tested with the
1121:
386:(A) Phylogenetic relationship between Schmallenberg virus and orthobunyaviruses of the Simbu, Bunyamwera, and California serogroups. (B) Detection of Schmallenberg virus genome in the blood of experimentally infected calves.
886:
470:
for
Schmallenberg virus that has been developed by the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute in Germany. A commercial kit is now available from AdiaVet which targets the L region of the tripartite ssRNA genome of the virus.
842:
890:
1128:
374:(RNP) complexes. The N protein is the most abundant protein in virus particles and infected cells and, therefore, the main target in many serological and molecular diagnostics.
307:(German Research Institute for Animal Health). A risk assessment in December 2011 did not consider it likely to be a threat to human health, as other comparable viruses are not
488:
Gloucestershire, Hampshire and
Cornwall. It is likely that it was carried to Eastern England by midges from mainland Europe, a possibility previously identified as a risk by
1051:
Bréard, Emmanuel; Lara, Estelle; Comtet, Loïc; Viarouge, Cyril; Doceul, Virginie; Desprat, Alexandra; Vitour, Damien; Pozzi, Nathalie; Cay, Ann
Brigitte (15 January 2013).
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489:
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729:
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information: Epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe, 2013
1016:
Bilk, S.; Schulze, C.; Fischer, M.; Beer, M.; Hlinak, A.; Hoffmann, B. (14 September 2012). "Organ distribution of
Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns".
543:
1355:
1229:
272:, Germany, from where the first definitive sample was derived. It was first reported in October 2011. After Germany, it has also been detected in the
1053:"Validation of a Commercially Available Indirect Elisa Using a Nucleocapside Recombinant Protein for Detection of Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies"
808:
1267:
1262:
300:
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Ariza, A.; Tanner, S. J.; Walter, C. T.; Dent, K. C.; Shepherd, D. A.; Wu, W.; Matthews, S. V.; Hiscox, J. A.; Green, T. J. (1 June 2013).
804:
1149:
1255:
Organ and cell tropism and molecular characteristics of
Schmallenberg virus infection in ruminants and mouse models; Dissertation (PDF)
1199:
1281:
1226:"Schmallenberg Virus Restrictions for Imported Bovine Germplasm from the European Union (EU), or Countries Following EU Legislation"
921:
652:
961:"Nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and RNA polymerization"
1393:
859:
Risk assessment: New
Orthobunyavirus isolated from infected cattle and small livestock ─ potential implications for human health
782:
370:, a second nonstructural protein (NSs). The genomic RNA segments are encapsidated by copies of the N protein in the form of
61:
874:
704:
756:
672:
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summer and autumn of 2011, with animals subsequently giving birth from late 2011. Schmallenberg virus falls in the Simbu
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and Mexico have all suspended imports of live cattle and sheep, along with embryos and semen from affected countries.
363:
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212:
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Dongyou Liu: Molecular
Detection of Animal Viral Pathogens, Schmallenberg virus, S. 563, CRC Press, 2016,
269:
1162:
Schmallenberg virus RdRp gene for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, segment L, genomic RNA, isolate BH80/11-4
1272:
700:
382:
354:
split into three parts—Small (S), Medium (M) and Large (L). The L RNA segment encodes an RNA-dependent
1064:
366:(NSm), while the S RNA segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N) and, in an alternative overlapping
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319:. In March 2012, scientists of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut first succeeded in producing an
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1122:"Programa nacional de vigilancia epidemiolĂłgica frente al virus de Schmallenberg"
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spp.), which are likely to have been most active in causing the infection in the
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possible option for controlling the disease as a vaccine exists for the similar
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421:) are active, during the summer and autumn of 2011, mainly affecting cattle.
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OIE: Technical Factsheet and recommendations—Schmallenberg virus, 2013 (PDF)
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Goller KV, Höper D, Schirrmeier H, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M (October 2012).
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of orthobunyaviruses. It is considered to be most closely related to the
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NSDA: Schmallenberg virus—Standard Operating Procedures, 2014 (PDF)
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726:"Schmallenberg virus confirmed in a bovine foetus in County Cork"
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703:[Schmallenberg virus also in Switzerland] (in German).
347:
912:
Alexander., Plyusnin; M., Elliott, Richard (1 January 2011).
405:
These disease signs have occurred during the period when the
779:"Schmallenberg virus påvist i danske husdyr for første gang"
601:"Schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of Shamonda virus"
339:
The genetic structure of Schmallenberg virus is typical for
390:
The virus causes two different profiles of Schmallenberg:
280:, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Ireland,
335:
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) virion and genome organization.
1174:"Schmallenberg livestock virus hits 74 farms in England"
483:
Distribution of Schmallenberg virus by country in Europe
1129:
Ministerio de Agricultura AlimentaciĂłn y Medio Ambiente
301:
Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health
544:"New animal virus takes northern Europe by surprise"
1304:
1200:"Turkish cattle demand key amid Schmallenberg bans"
849:, updated 10 January 2012, accessed 16 January 2012
358:(L protein), the M RNA segment encodes two surface
914:Bunyaviridae : molecular and cellular biology
863:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
840:Schmallenberg virus: new Orthobunyavirus in cattle
673:"Schmallenberg virus confirmed on farms in the UK"
887:"FLI: First visualization of Schmallenberg virus"
730:Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine
1150:SBV - Schmallenberg Virus PCR Detectction Kit
805:"Nytt virus hos får och nötkreatur i Sverige"
753:"Schmallenberg virus found in deformed lambs"
537:
535:
533:
531:
519:collected in EU countries after 1 June 2011.
8:
944:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
865:, 22 December 2011, accessed 17 January 2012
575:"Schmallenberg virus 'may spread across UK'"
428:and birth defects in sheep, cattle and goats
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1230:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
515:United States banned the import of bovine
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31:
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875:SMC(UK) Fact Sheet on Schmallenberg virus
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343:viruses, which are a family of enveloped
701:"Schmallenbergvirus auch in der Schweiz"
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401:and reduced production of milk in cows
671:Damian Carrington (23 January 2012).
542:Kai Kupferschmidt (13 January 2012).
295:The virus has been recognised by the
7:
1277:, EFSA Journal 2014;12(5):3681 (PDF)
1116:
1114:
284:, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Norway,
809:Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt
757:Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira
803:Erika Chenais (27 November 2012).
323:image of the Schmallenberg virus.
235:. It appears to be transmitted by
25:
777:Mette Buck Jensen (7 June 2012).
1275:Schmallenberg virus—State of Art
705:Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
60:
751:Ulla Rikula (15 January 2013).
573:Richard Black (7 August 2012).
699:Regula Kennel (20 July 2012).
345:negative-sense single stranded
1:
783:Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
200:Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus
173:Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus
36:Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus
1078:10.1371/journal.pone.0053446
1030:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.035
475:Cases in the United Kingdom
305:Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut
1410:
916:. Caister Academic Press.
264:The virus is named after
187:
180:
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50:
41:
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213:congenital malformations
207:, abbreviated SBV, is a
1394:Sheep and goat diseases
1253:Kerstin Caroline Hahn:
1018:Veterinary Microbiology
845:28 January 2012 at the
1257:, Hannover 2015, DVG,
965:Nucleic Acids Research
617:10.3201/eid1810.120835
484:
387:
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270:North Rhine-Westphalia
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364:nonstructural protein
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57:Virus classification
51:Schmallenberg virus
1306:Schmallenberg virus
1232:. 12 September 2013
1069:2013PLoSO...853446B
397:of short duration,
321:electron microscope
297:European Commission
276:, Belgium, France,
247:Northern Hemisphere
205:Schmallenberg virus
190:Schmallenberg virus
18:Schmallenberg virus
1180:. 27 February 2012
977:10.1093/nar/gkt268
554:on 15 January 2012
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388:
362:(Gc and Gn) and a
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1384:Orthobunyaviruses
1371:
1370:
1298:Taxon identifiers
1263:978-3-86345-259-9
1131:. 2 February 2012
971:(11): 5912–5926.
893:on 6 January 2013
732:. 30 October 2012
611:(10): 1644–1646.
372:ribonucleoprotein
327:Molecular biology
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148:Peribunyaviridae
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27:Species of virus
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891:the original
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678:The Guardian
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136:Bunyavirales
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70:(unranked):
35:
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496:Import bans
426:Stillbirths
274:Netherlands
217:stillbirths
1378:Categories
1236:5 December
1210:5 December
1184:5 December
1135:8 February
814:5 December
788:5 December
762:5 December
736:5 December
710:5 December
684:23 January
558:16 January
523:References
506:Kazakhstan
451:cerebellum
447:hypoplasia
278:Luxembourg
242:Culicoides
1160:Genbank:
1087:1932-6203
985:0305-1048
940:cite book
932:711044654
517:germplasm
461:Diagnosis
435:scoliosis
415:sandflies
411:mosquitos
399:diarrhoea
261:viruses.
255:Sathuperi
251:serogroup
167:Species:
95:Kingdom:
88:Riboviria
1315:Wikidata
1178:BBC News
1105:23335964
1057:PLOS ONE
1038:22516190
1003:23595147
897:18 March
843:Archived
635:23017842
584:7 August
579:BBC News
500:Russia,
309:zoonotic
303:and the
182:Synonyms
143:Family:
107:Phylum:
1361:1133363
1321:Q267036
1096:3546048
1065:Bibcode
994:3675483
626:3471646
548:Science
502:Ukraine
449:of the
290:Estonia
282:Finland
259:Douglas
155:Genus:
131:Order:
119:Class:
1348:118800
1273:EFSA:
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468:RT-PCR
455:thymus
419:midges
352:genome
286:Poland
237:midges
233:alpaca
221:cattle
1335:79WPJ
1125:(PDF)
510:Egypt
490:Defra
395:Fever
268:, in
229:goats
225:sheep
209:virus
81:Realm
74:Virus
1356:NCBI
1259:ISBN
1238:2013
1212:2013
1186:2013
1137:2012
1101:PMID
1083:ISSN
1034:PMID
999:PMID
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