981:
557:. To decrease confusion over traffic priority (increasing safety around school bus stops), federal and state regulations were amended, requiring for many states/provinces to add amber warning lamps inboard of the red warning lamps. Similar to a yellow traffic light, the amber lights are activated before stopping (at 100–300 feet (30.5–91.4 m) distance), indicating to drivers that a school bus is about to stop and unload/load students. Adopted by a number of states during the mid-1970s, amber warning lights became nearly universal equipment on new school buses by the end of the 1980s. To supplement the additional warning lights and to help prevent drivers from passing a stopped school bus, a stop arm was added to nearly all school buses; connected to the wiring of the warning lights, the deployable stop arm extended during a bus stop with its own set of red flashing lights.
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spaced a maximum of 24 inches apart, using the concept of compartmentalization as a passive restraint. While the UCLA researchers found the compartmentalized seats to be the safest design, they found active restraints (such as seatbelts) to be next in terms of importance of passenger safety. In 1977, FMVSS 222 mandated a change to compartmentalized seats, though the height requirement was lowered to 24 inches. According to the NTSB, the main disadvantage of passive-restraint seats is its lack of protection in side-impact collisions (with larger vehicles) and rollover situations. Though by design, students are protected front to back by compartmentalization, it allows the potential for ejection in other crash situations (however rare).
996:, school buses are the safest type of road vehicle. Between 2013 and 2022, there were 976 fatal school bus accidents, resulting in 1,082 deaths and approximately 132,000 injuries. On average, five fatalities involve school-age children on a school bus each year; statistically, a school bus is over 70 times safer than riding to school by car. Many fatalities related to school buses are passengers of other vehicles and pedestrians (only 5% are bus occupants). Since the initial development of consistent school bus standards in 1939, many of the ensuing changes to school buses over the past eight decades have been safety related, particularly in response to more stringent regulations adopted by state and federal governments.
5536:
1986:
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1592:. Activation was typically through a mechanical switch attached to the door control. However, on some buses (such as Gillig's Transit Coach models and the Kenworth-Pacific School Coach) activation of the roof warning lamp system was through the use of a pressure-sensitive switch on a manually controlled stop paddle lever located to the left of the driver's seat below the window. Whenever the pressure was relieved by extending the stop paddle, the electric current was activated to the relay. In the 1950s, plastic lenses were developed for the warning lenses, though the warning lights (with colorless glass lenses) used sealed-beam lamps into the mid-2000s, when light-emitting diodes
1896:
1695:. FMVSS 131 stipulates that the stop signal arm be installed on the left side of the bus, and placed so that when it is extended, the arm is perpendicular to the side of the bus, with the top edge of the sign parallel to and within 6 inches (15 cm) of a horizontal plane tangent to the bottom edge of the first passenger window frame behind the driver's window, and that the vertical center of the stop signal arm must be no more than 9 inches (23 cm) from the side of the bus. One stop signal arm is required; a second may also be installed. The second stop arm, when it is present, is usually mounted near the rear of the bus, and is not permitted to bear a
748:; automatic transmissions came into wider use, preventing the risk of stalling (in hazardous places such as intersections or railroad crossings). Initially introduced during the late 1960s, crossview mirrors came into universal use, improving the view of the blind spots in front of the bus while loading or unloading. To supplement the rear emergency door in an evacuation, manufacturers introduced additional emergency exits during the 1980s, including roof-mounted escape hatches and outward-opening exit windows. Side-mounted exit doors (originally introduced on rear-engine buses), became offered on front-engine and conventional-body buses as a supplemental exit.
1033:
224:
2010:
1652:'s Transport Development Centre compared the effectiveness of the all-red system to the amber-red system and found that drivers are 21% more likely to safely pass a school bus when presented with amber advance signals instead of red signals. Transport Canada states that amber advance signals are proven to be slightly superior to red signals and recommends that all-red warning signals be replaced by the eight-lamp system in the shortest period possible. After the issue had received media attention, a petition has been signed to make the switch from the all-red to amber advance lights on Ontario school busses. The
1789:. Initially produced as conversions of gasoline engines (as both require spark ignition), propane fell out of favor in the 1980s as fuel prices stabilized, coupled with the expanded use of diesel engines. In the late 2000s, propane-fueled powertrains reentered production as emissions regulations began to negatively affect the performance of diesel engines. In 2009, Blue Bird Corporation introduced a version of the Blue Bird Vision powered by a LPG-fuel engine. As of 2018, three manufacturers offer a propane-fuel full-size school bus (Blue Bird, IC, and Thomas), along with Ford and General Motors Type A chassis.
2068:
1370:) would interfere with the compartmentalization passive safety system. This had become "the most widely cited study" in North America, according to U.S. regulators, and was frequently quoted for decades by school boards and bus manufacturers across the continent as a reason not to install seat belts. Transport Canada has stuck to its stance against installing seat belts on school buses, despite numerous newer studies and actual accidents showing that compartmentalization could not protect against side impacts, rollovers, and being rear-ended; which would have been avoided by implementing
943:. In 2008, Starcraft Bus entered the segment, producing school buses on cutaway chassis (a 2011 prototype using a Hino chassis was never produced). In 2009, Blue Bird and Girardin entered into a joint venture, named Micro Bird; Girardin develops and produces the Blue Bird small-bus product line in Canada. The 2011 founding of Lion Bus marked the return of bus production to Canada (with the first Canadian-brand full-size buses sold in the United States). During the 2010s, Collins retired the Mid Bus and Corbeil brands (in 2013 and 2016, respectively).
2162:
2092:
2236:
546:
1306:
with the design of the seat and the material in the space between the seats themselves, showed that there was no need for safety belts on a school bus. A bus is larger and heavier than a normal size passenger vehicle and could distribute the force of the crash evenly. Combined with the space between the seats as well as the design prevented serious injuries from happening. This attribute, does not carry over to a small bus due to its lesser size; buses with a GVWR under 10,000 pounds are required to have safety belts.
1058:
2056:
2080:
1998:
959:, first introduced in the late 1990s, came into wider use. Electronics took on a new role in school bus operation. To increase child safety and security, alarm systems have been developed to prevent children from being left on unattended school buses overnight. To track drivers who illegally pass school buses loading and unloading students, in the 2010s, some school buses began to adopt exterior cameras synchronized with the deployment of the exterior stop arms. Onboard
836:
212:
1600:
119:
1169:
1131:
919:
844:
133:
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lights, stop arm) nor is it painted school bus yellow. Within the educational system, the design is primarily used for extracurricular activities requiring bus transportation; in the private sector, the MFSAB is intended as a replacement for 15-passenger vans (no longer legal for child transport in either the public or private sector). Many examples are derived from Type A buses (with derivatives of full-size school buses also offered).
717:
852:
independently. While the aspect of customer choice was largely ended (as a result of corporate ownership and supply agreements), decreased complexity paved the way for new product innovations previously thought impossible. During the 2010s, while diesel engines have remained the primary source of power, manufacturers expanded the availability of alternative-fuel vehicles, including CNG, propane, gasoline, and electric-power buses.
51:
328:
266:
1577:
340:
1350:
NHTSA recognized new technology that allows using seatbelts for either three small (elementary-age) children or two larger children (high-school age) per seat. In
October 2013, the National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services (NASDPTS) most recently stated at their annual transportation conference (NAPT) that they now fully support three-point lap-shoulder seat belts on school buses.
2201:
725:
254:) produced its first "school car" A purpose-built design, the school car was constructed with perimeter-mounted wooden bench seats and a roof (the sides remained open). As a horse-drawn wagon, the school car was fitted with a rear entrance door (intended to avoid startling the horses while loading or unloading passengers); over a century later, the design remains in use (as an emergency exit).
1177:
1759:
2189:
733:
Coupled with the recession economy of the early 1980s, the decline in demand for school bus production left several manufacturers in financial ruin. To better secure their future, during the 1990s, school bus manufacturers underwent a period of transition, with several ownership changes leading to joint ventures and alignments between body manufacturers and chassis suppliers.
2177:
5786:
2263:
1314:
443:
1742:). Since the early to mid-2000s, emissions standards for diesel engines have been upgraded considerably; a school bus meeting 2017 emissions standards is 60 times cleaner than a school bus from 2002 (and approximately 3,600 times cleaner than a counterpart from 1990). To comply with upgraded standards and regulations, diesel engines have been redesigned to use
1310:
recommended that new buses being built need to have both a lap and shoulder harness in place. They have also recommended that 42 states add seat belts as a requirement. There are some states that have already added the lap belt. This study made the NTSB recommend adding shoulder harnesses to those states that already have a lap belt in place.
868:), with the body designed alongside its chassis (allowing the use of the production Freightliner dashboard). A trait of both the Vision and C2 (over their predecessors) is improved loading-zone visibility; both vehicles adopted highly sloped hoods and extra glass around the entry door. In 2005, IC introduced a redesigned CE-series to fit the
451:
1074:
for this purpose can either be a regular yellow school bus or a dedicated unit for this purpose. Dedicated activity buses, while not painted yellow, are fitted with the similar interiors as well as the same traffic control devices for dropping off students (at other schools); conversely, it cannot be used in regular route service.
1297:; Canada does not require their installation (at the provincial level). Of the states that equip buses with two-point lap seat belts (Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey and New York), only New Jersey requires seat belt usage by riders. In other states, it is up to the district or operator whether to require riders to use them or not.
1208:
rear-engine school buses, the door is replaced by an exit window mounted above the engine compartment (supplemented by a side-mounted exit door). Additional exits may be located in the roof (roof hatches), window exits, and/or side emergency exit doors. All are opened by the use of quick-release latches which activate an alarm.
879:. A business and technical feasibility proved the benefits, and in 2006, 20 districts awarded a contract facilitated by Advanced Energy to IC Bus to produce the buses. Although the buses produced significant benefits, the buses were slowly discontinued when the hybrid system manufacture Enova faded into financial challenges.
1215:. Buses that are owned or used by Kentucky school districts require, in addition to the main entry door, a rear exit door (or window, for rear-engine buses), a left-side exit door, four exit windows (two on each side), and two roof-mounted exit hatches. The current Kentucky standards were enacted after 27 people died in the
1466:(CDL). Full-size school buses are generally considered Class B vehicles; most van-based school buses are considered Class C vehicles. In addition to a standard P (passenger) endorsement, school bus drivers must acquire a separate S (school bus) endorsement; along with a written and driving test, the endorsement requires a
2139:(the term also applies to their owners and enthusiasts). Constructed and customized by their owners; while some examples have primitive accommodations, others rival the features of production RVs. Exteriors vary widely, including only the removal of school bus lettering, conservative designs, or the bus equivalent of an
1828:. Intended as a means to minimize engine idling while loading/unloading passengers and increasing diesel fuel economy, hybrid school buses failed to gain widespread acceptance. A key factor in their market failure was their high price (nearly twice the price of a standard diesel school bus) and hybrid system complexity.
1801:
902:, the design began to be phased out in favor of higher-capacity Type A buses. In 2006, IC introduced the BE200 as its first small school bus; a fully cowled Type B, the BE200 shared much of its body with the CE (on a lower-profile chassis). In 2010, IC introduced the AE-series, a cutaway-cab school bus (derived from the
894:, Lion produces conventional-style school buses, its design features several firsts for school bus production. Along with a 102-inch body width, to resist corrosion, Lion uses composite body panels in place of steel. In 2015, Lion introduced the eLion, the first mass-produced school bus with a fully electric powertrain.
584:), the most visible change was to passenger seating. In place of the metal-back passenger seats seen since the 1930s, the regulations introduced taller seats with thick padding on both the front and back, acting as a protective barrier. Further improvement has resulted from continuing efforts by the U.S.
1908:, often equipped with wheelchair lifts. When school bus derivatives are used, church bus livery is dictated by federal regulations, which require the removal of "School Bus" lettering and the disabling/removal of stop arms/warning lights. In some states, School Bus Yellow must be painted over entirely.
2250:
Outside the United States and Canada, the usage and design of buses for student transport varies worldwide. In Europe, Asia, and
Australia, buses utilized for student transport may be derived from standard transit buses. Alongside differences in body, chassis, and seating design, school buses outside
1972:
derived from school bus bodies for a number of purposes. Along with buses with high-capacity seating serving as officer transports (in large-scale deployments), other vehicles derived from buses may have little seating, serving as temporary mobile command centers; these vehicles are built from school
1903:
Churches throughout the United States use buses to transport their congregants, both to church services and events. A wide variety of buses are owned by churches, depending on needs and affordability. Larger buses may often be derived from school buses (newly purchased or second-hand). Other churches
1881:
Outside of student transport itself, the design of a school bus is adapted for use for a variety of applications. Along with newly produced vehicles, conversions of retired school buses see a large range of uses. Qualities desired from school buses involve sturdy construction (as school buses have an
1796:
In a reversal from the 1990s, gasoline-fuel engines made a return to full-size school buses during the 2010s, with Blue Bird introducing a gasoline-fuel Vision for 2016. As of current production, Blue Bird and IC offer gasoline-fuel full-size buses; gasoline engines are standard equipment in Ford and
1007:
As a consequence of their size, school buses have a number of blind spots around the outside of the vehicle which can endanger passengers disembarking a bus or pedestrians standing or walking nearby. To address this safety challenge, a key point of school bus design is focused on exterior visibility,
798:
introducing small buses in 1981 and a reorganized
Superior producing full-size buses from 1982 to 1985. At the end of 1989, Carpenter would file for bankruptcy, emerging from it in 1990. In 1991, Crown Coach would close its doors forever; Gillig produced its last school bus in 1993. Following several
387:
The custom-built nature of school buses created an inherent obstacle to their profitable mass production on a large scale. Although school bus design had moved away from the wagon-style kid hacks of the generation before, there was not yet a recognized set of industry-wide standards for school buses.
1839:
During 2017 and 2018, several body manufacturers introduced prototypes of electric school buses, with electric versions of the Blue Bird All
American, Blue Bird Vision, Micro Bird G5 (on Ford E450 chassis), IC CE-Series, and the Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2 previewing production vehicles. During 2018, Blue
1702:
The
Canadian standard, defined in Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 131, is substantially identical to the U.S. standard. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the use of stop signal arms is banned under traffic bylaws in multiple cities, citing that they provide a false sense of safety to students by
1349:
In 2011, FMVSS 222 was revised to improve occupant protection in small (Type A) school buses. Along with requiring 3-point restraints (in place of lap belts), the revision created design standards for their use in full-size school buses. While previously reducing seating capacity by up to one-third,
1329:
researchers played a role in the future of school bus interior design. Using the metal-backed seats then in use as a means of comparison, several new seat designs were researched in crash testing. In its conclusion, the UCLA researchers found that the safest design was a 28-inch high padded seatback
1048:
design with step entry. In the United States and Canada, bus bodies are restricted to a maximum width of 102 in (2.59 m) and a maximum length of 45 ft (13.7 m). Seating capacity is affected by both body length and operator specifications, with the largest designs seating up to 90
2025:
As of 2016, the average age of a school bus in the United States is 9.3 years. School buses can be retired from service due to a number of factors, including vehicle age or mileage, mechanical condition, emissions compliance, or any combination of these factors. In some states and provinces, school
755:
While conventional-style buses remained the most widely produced full-size school bus, interest in forward visibility, higher seating capacity, and shorter turning radius led to a major expansion of market share of the transit-style configuration, coinciding with several design introductions in the
572:
From 1939 to 1973, school bus production was largely self-regulated. In 1973, the first federal regulations governing school buses went into effect, as FMVSS 217 was required for school buses; the regulation governed specifications of rear emergency exit doors/windows. Following the focus on school
399:
that forever changed the design and production of school buses. Funded by a $ 5,000 grant, Dr. Cyr invited transportation officials, representatives from body and chassis manufacturers, and paint companies. To reduce the complexity of school bus production and increase safety, a set of 44 standards
347:
During the 1930s, school buses saw advances in their design and production that remain in use to this day. To better adapt automotive chassis design, school bus entry doors were moved from the rear to the front curbside, becoming a door operated by the driver (to ease loading passengers and improve
1345:
In 1987, New York became the first state to require seatbelts on full-size school buses (raising the seat height to 28 inches); the requirement did not mandate their use. In 1992, New Jersey followed suit, becoming the first state to require their use, remaining the only state to do so. Outside of
1305:
According to the
National Highway Transportation Association (NHTSA), studies completed previously on school buses showed that due to their size and heaviness, school buses did not require that safety belts be in place. Information gathered in previous studies showed that a size of a bus, combined
1148:
on school buses. Marking the length, width, height, and in some cases, identifying the bus as a school bus, reflective tape makes the vehicle easier to see in low light, also marking all emergency exits (so rescue personnel can quickly find them in darkness). Other requirements include reflective
1091:
To specifically identify them as such, purpose-built school buses are painted a specific shade of yellow, designed to optimize their visibility for other drivers. In addition to "School Bus" signage in the front and rear above the window line, school buses are labeled with the name of the operator
1073:
An "activity bus" is a school bus used for providing transportation for students. In place of home to school route service, an activity bus is primarily used for the purpose for transportation related to extracurricular activities. Depending on individual state/provincial regulations, the bus used
780:
chassis was phased out. By 2005 the United States government banned the use of 15-passenger vans for student transport, leading to the introduction of Multi-Function School
Activity Buses (MFSAB). To better protect passengers, MFSABs share the body structure and compartmentalized seating layout of
732:
For school bus manufacturers, the 1980s marked a period of struggle, following a combination of factors. As the decade began, the end of the baby-boom generation had finished high school; with a decrease in student population growth, school bus manufacturing was left with a degree of overcapacity.
400:
were agreed upon and adopted by the attendees (such as interior and exterior dimensions and the forward-facing seating configuration). To allow for large-scale production of school buses among body manufacturers, adoption of these standards allowed for greater consistency among body manufacturers.
1567:
Since at least the mid-1970s, all U.S. states and
Canadian provinces and territories have some sort of school bus traffic stop law; although each jurisdiction requires traffic to stop for a school bus loading and unloading passengers, different jurisdictions have different requirements of when to
1207:
For the purposes of evacuation, school buses are equipped with a minimum of at least one emergency exit (in addition to the main entry door). The rear-mounted emergency exit door is a design feature adopted from horse-drawn wagons (the entrance was rear-mounted to avoid disturbing the horses); in
855:
At the beginning of the 2000s, manufacturers introduced a new generation of conventional-style school buses, coinciding with the redesign of several medium-duty truck lines. While Ford and
General Motors shifted bus production to cutaway chassis, Freightliner and International released new cowled
751:
Alongside safety, body and chassis manufacturers sought to advance fuel economy of school buses. During the 1980s, diesel engines came into wide use in conventional and small school buses, gradually replacing gasoline-fueled engines. In 1987, International became the first chassis manufacturer to
743:
In contrast to the 1970s focus on structural integrity, design advances during the 1980s and 1990s focused around the driver. In 1979 and 1980, International
Harvester and Ford each introduced a new-generation bus chassis, with General Motors following suit in 1984. To increase driver visibility,
484:
During the 1950s and 1960s, manufacturers also began to develop designs for small school buses, optimized for urban routes with crowded, narrow streets along with rural routes too isolated for a full-size bus. For this role, manufacturers initially began the use of yellow-painted utility vehicles
288:
Following the first decade of the 20th century, several developments would affect the design of the school bus and student transport. As vehicles evolved from horse-drawn to "horseless" propulsion on a wider basis, the wagon bodies of kid hacks and school cars were adapted to truck frames. While
1438:
Every year in the United States and Canada, school buses provide an estimated 8 billion student trips from home and school. Each school day in 2015, nearly 484,000 school buses transported 26.9 million children to and from school and school-related activities; over half of the United States K–12
807:
phasing out the Ward brand name in 1993. In 1992, Blue Bird would change hands for the first of several times. In 1998, Carpenter was acquired by Spartan Motors and Thomas Built Buses was sold to Freightliner; the latter was the final major school bus manufacturer operating under family control.
789:
In 1980, school buses were manufactured by six body manufacturers (Blue Bird, Carpenter, Superior, Thomas, Ward, Wayne) and three chassis manufacturers (Ford, General Motors, and International Harvester); in California, two manufacturers (Crown and Gillig) manufactured transit-style school buses
775:
launched the MB-II, combining a single rear-wheel van chassis with a full cutaway bus body. Following the 1992 redesign of the Ford E-Series and the 1997 launch of Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana cutaway chassis, manufacturers followed suit, developing bodies to optimize loading-zone visibility. As
2124:
In retirement, not all school buses live on as transport vehicles. In contrast, the purchasers of school buses use the large body and chassis to use as either a working vehicle, or as a basis to build a rolling home. To build a utility vehicle for farms, owners often remove much of the roof and
1619:
were gradually added to school buses; these were amber in color and mounted inboard of the red warning lights. Intended to signal an upcoming stop to drivers, as the entry door was opened at the stop, they were wired to be overridden by the red lights and the stop sign. Although red & amber
806:
During the 1990s, as body manufacturers secured their future, family-owned businesses were replaced by subsidiaries as manufacturers underwent mergers, joint ventures, and acquisitions with major chassis suppliers. In 1991, Navistar began its acquisition of AmTran (fully acquiring it in 1995),
1792:
Compressed natural gas was first introduced for school buses in the early 1990s (with Blue Bird building its first CNG bus in 1991 and Thomas building its first in 1993). As of 2018, CNG is offered by two full-size bus manufacturers (Blue Bird, Thomas) along with Ford and General Motors Type A
1077:
A Multi-Function School Activity Bus (MFSAB) is a bus intended for use in both the private sector and the educational system. While sharing a body structure with a school bus, an MFSAB is not designed for use in route service, as it is not fitted with traffic control devices (i.e., red warning
1040:
There are four types of school buses produced by manufacturers in North America. The smallest school buses are designated Type A (short bus); a larger format (bodied on bare front-engine chassis) are designated Type B buses. Large school buses include Type C (bodied on cowled medium-duty truck
826:
in 1986, the company released updated bus chassis for 1989; in 1996, it produced its first rear-engine bus chassis since 1973. In late 1996, Freightliner produced its first bus chassis, expanding to four manufacturers for the first time since the exit of Dodge in 1977. Ford and General Motors
1493:
Coinciding with their seating configuration, school buses have a higher seating capacity than buses of a similar length; a typical full-size school bus can carry from 66 to 90 . In contrast to a transit bus, school buses are equipped with a single entry door at the front of the bus. Several
1309:
However, recent accidents involving school buses that have caused serious (if not fatal) injuries have caused the National Transportation Safety Board to conduct new tests to check the legitimacy of this continued practice. After completing these tests due to bus accidents in 2016, they have
1198:
of students killed outside of the school bus are not struck by other vehicles, but by their own bus. To combat this problem, school buses are specified with sophisticated and comprehensive mirror systems. In redesigns of school bus bodies, driver visibility and overall sightlines have become
1143:
While its yellow exterior makes it more conspicuous than other vehicles, a school bus can remain hard to see in some low-visibility conditions, including sunrise or sunset, poor weather (all seasons), and in rural areas. To further improve their visibility (to other vehicles), many state and
1588:, consisting of a pair of sealed beam lights. Instead of colorless glass lenses (similar to car headlamps), the warning lamps utilized red lenses. A motorized rotary switch applied power alternately to the red lights mounted at the left and right of the front and rear of the bus, creating a
1126:
Outside the United States and Canada, the association of yellow with school buses has led to its use on school-use buses around the world (although not necessarily required by government specification). Some areas establishing school transport services have conducted evaluations of American
643:, and for emergency exits to facilitate passenger exit in emergencies. It also requires that each school bus have an interlock system to prevent the engine starting if an emergency door is locked, and an alarm that sounds if an emergency door is not fully closed while the engine is running.
403:
While many of the standards of the 1939 conference have been modified or updated, one part of its legacy remains a key part of every school bus in North America today: the adoption of a standard paint color for all school buses. While technically named "National School Bus Glossy Yellow",
469:
During the 1950s, as student populations began to grow, larger school buses began to enter production. To increase seating capacity (extra rows of seats), manufacturers began to produce bodies on heavier-duty truck chassis; transit-style school buses also grew in size. In 1954, the first
851:
The beginning of the 21st century would introduce extensive changes to the production of school buses. Though vehicle assembly saw few direct changes, manufacturer consolidation and industry contraction effectively ended the practice of customers selecting body and chassis manufacturers
1647:
warning signals is subject to driver misinterpretation. The Association claims that many motorists only have a vague understanding of Ontario's school bus stopping laws and that few drivers know that it is legal to pass a school bus with its inner (advance) warning lights actuated.
1429:
manufactured full-size and small school buses (1985–2007) and Girardin produced small buses. In 2011, Lion Bus (today, Lion Electric Company/La Compagnie Électrique Lion) was founded as a Quebec-based manufacturer of full-size buses, shifting development to fully-electric vehicles.
429:, demand for school busing increased outside of rural areas; in suburbs and larger urban areas, community design often made walking to school impractical beyond a certain distance from home (particularly as students progressed into high school). In all but the most isolated areas,
1510:
are safety devices that extend outward from the front bumper when the bus door is open for loading or unloading. By design, these force passengers to walk forward several feet forward of the bus (into the view of the driver) before they can cross the road in front of the bus.
2048:
regulations require that its identification as a school bus be removed. To do so, all school bus lettering must be removed or covered while the exterior must be painted a color different than school bus yellow; the stop arm(s) and warning lamps must be removed or disabled.
1666:
During the early 1950s, states began to specify a mechanical stop signal arm which the driver would deploy from the left side of the bus to warn traffic of a stop in progress. The portion of the stop arm protruding in front of traffic was initially a trapezoidal shape with
1015:
In the United States and Canada, numerous federal and state regulations require school buses to be manufactured as a purpose-built vehicle distinct from other buses. In contrast to buses in use for public transit, dedicated school buses used for student transport are all
433:
from the turn of the century had become phased out in favor of multi-grade schools introduced in urban areas. In another change, school districts shifted bus operation from buses operated by single individuals to district-owned fleets (operated by district employees).
1552:
Children (especially younger ones) have normally not yet developed the mental capacity to fully comprehend the hazards and consequences of street-crossing, and under U.S. tort laws, a child cannot legally be held accountable for negligence. For the same reason, adult
814:
commenced production in Canada and the United States in 1985. Following the second (and final) closure of Superior in 1986, New Bus Company acquired the rights to its body design, producing buses from 1988 to 1989. In 1991, TAM-USA was a joint venture to produce the
1254:; three children were killed. The bus driver claimed to have stopped and looked for approaching trains before proceeding across the tracks, as is required by law, but the onboard camera recorded that the bus had in fact not stopped and had the AM/FM radio playing.
1069:
In both public and private education systems, other types of school buses are used for purposes of student transport outside of regular route service. Along with their usage, these buses are distinguished from regular yellow school buses by their exterior design.
1184:
When driving and when loading/unloading students, a key priority for a school bus driver is maintaining proper sightlines around their vehicle; the blind spots formed by the school bus can be a significant risk to bus drivers and traffic as well as pedestrians.
689:
This established occupant protection requirements for school bus passenger seating and restraining barriers, to reduce deaths and injuries from the impact of school bus occupants against structures within the vehicle during crashes and sudden driving maneuvers.
4358:
2221:" for both their crowded accommodation and the (occasional) transportation of livestock alongside passengers. To attract passengers (and fares), yellow buses are often repainted with flamboyant exterior color schemes and modified with chrome exterior trim.
421:
During WWII school bus manufacturers converted to military production, manufacturing buses and license-built trucks for the military. Following the war, school bus operation would see a number of changes, following developments within education systems.
1346:
North America, Great Britain mandated seatbelts in 1995 for minibuses used in student transportation. In 2004, California became the first state to require 3-point seatbelts (on small buses; large buses, 2005), with Texas becoming the second in 2010.
374:
As the 1930s progressed, flat-front school buses began to follow motorcoach design in styling as well as engineering, gradually adopting the term "transit-style" for their appearance. In 1940, the first mid-engined transit school bus was produced by
980:
967:
and location tracking, allowing for internal management of costs and also to alert waiting parents and students of the real-time location of their bus. Seatbelts in school buses underwent a redesign, with lap-type seatbelts phased out in favor of
897:
Small school buses have undergone few fundamental changes to their designs during the 2000s, though the Type B configuration has largely been retired from production. Following the 1998 sale of the General Motors P-chassis to Navistar subsidiary
939:). Following the bankruptcy of Corbeil, the company was acquired at the end of 2007 by Collins, reorganizing it as a subsidiary (alongside Mid Bus) and shifting production to its Kansas facilities. The same year, U.S. Bus was reorganized as
2026:
bus retirement is called for at specific age or mileage intervals, regardless of mechanical condition. In recent years, budget concerns in many publicly funded school districts have necessitated that school buses be kept in service longer.
1951:, among other uses. Both types of vehicles spend long periods of time parked in the same place; to reduce fuel consumption, they often power interior equipment and climate control with an on-board generator in place of the chassis engine.
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are used on school buses, including center-hinged (jack-knife) and outward-opening. Prior to the 2000s, doors operated manually by the driver were the most common, with air or electric-assist becoming nearly universal in current vehicles.
1257:
In the 2010s, exterior-mounted cameras synchronized with the stop arms have come into use. The cameras photograph vehicles that illegally pass the bus when its stop arm and warning lights are in use (thus committing a moving violation).
537:, a school bus body with single-piece body side and roof stampings. While single-piece stampings seen in the Lifeguard had their own manufacturing challenges, school buses of today use relatively few side panels to minimize body joints.
3427:"Review of Bus Safety Issues - School Bus Passenger Protection - Review of Bus Safety Issues - Abstract & Index - Road & Motor Vehicle Safety Publications - Road and Motor Vehicle Safety - Road Transportation - Transport Canada"
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or other loose clothing could be caught if the driver was unaware and pulled away with the student caught in the door. To minimize this risk, school bus manufacturers have redesigned handrails and equipment in the stepwell area. In its
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During the 1960s, as with standard passenger cars, concerns began to arise for passenger protection in catastrophic traffic collisions. At the time, the weak point of the body structure was the body joints; where panels and pieces were
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was introduced in 1977, requiring passive restraints and more stringent structural integrity standards; as part of the legislation, seatbelts were exempted from school buses with a gross vehicle weight (GVWR) exceeding 10,000 pounds.
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stop. Outside of North America, the school bus stopping traffic to unload and load children is not provided for. Instead of being given traffic priority, fellow drivers are encouraged to drive with extra caution around school buses.
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Following the introduction of the steel-paneled 1927 Luce bus, school bus manufacturing began to transition towards all-steel construction. In 1930, both Superior and Wayne introduced all-steel school buses; the latter introduced
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During the 20th century, Canada was home to satellite facilities of several U.S. firms (Blue Bird, Thomas, Wayne), exporting production across North America, with other production imported from the United States. Domestically,
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gradually exited out of cowled-chassis production with Ford producing its last chassis after 1998; General Motors exited the segment after 2003. Both Ford and GM continue production today, concentrating on cutaway-van chassis.
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transitioning into purpose-built designs, a number of features from wagons were retained, including wood construction, perimeter bench seating, and rear entry doors. Weather protection remained minimal; some designs adopted a
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school buses, steel was used to panel and frame the bus body; wood was relegated to a secondary material. While fitted with a roof, the primary weather protection of the Luce bus design included roll-up canvas side curtains.
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student population is transported by school bus. Outside North America, purpose-built vehicles for student transport are less common. Depending on location, students ride to school on transit buses (on school-only routes),
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using proprietary chassis (sold primarily across the West Coast). From 1980 to 2001, all eight bus manufacturers would undergo periods of struggle and ownership changes. In 1980, Ward filed for bankruptcy, reorganizing as
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187:
In North America, school buses are purpose-built vehicles distinguished from other types of buses by design characteristics mandated by federal and state/provincial regulations. In addition to their distinct paint color
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was either in elementary or high school, leading to a significant increase in student populations across North America; this would be a factor that would directly influence school bus production for over three decades.
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cabover truck), later producing the 2014 SSTe, a derivative of the Ford E-450. The first full-size electric school bus was the Lion Bus eLion, introduced in 2015; as of 2018, over 150 examples have been produced.
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Retired school buses from Canada and the United States are sometimes exported to Africa, Central America, South America, or elsewhere. Used as public transportation between communities, these buses are nicknamed
505:; along with yellow paint, these vehicles were fitted with red warning lights. While more maneuverable, automotive-based school buses did not offer the reinforced passenger compartment of a full-size school bus.
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School bus routes are designed with multiple bus stops, allowing for the loading (unloading) of several students at a time; the stop at school is the only time that the bus loads (unloads) passengers at once.
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cutaway chassis was introduced (alongside the long-running E350/450); initially sold with a Micro Bird body, the Transit has been offered through several manufacturers. In 2018, the first bus derived from the
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in dawn and dusk, and it contrasted well with black lettering. While not universally used worldwide, yellow has become the shade most commonly associated with school buses both in North America and abroad.
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General Motors Type A chassis. As an alternative, gasoline-fuel engines offer simpler emissions equipment (over diesel engines) and a widely available fuel infrastructure (a drawback of LPG/CNG vehicles).
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This established performance requirements for school bus rollover protection, to reduce deaths and injuries from failure of a school bus body structure to withstand forces encountered in rollover crashes.
2009:
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to establish production standards for school buses, including a standard exterior color. The color which became known as "school bus yellow" was selected because black lettering on that specific hue was
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into their design. When making student dropoffs or pickups, traffic law gives school buses priority over other vehicles; in order to stop traffic, they are equipped with flashing lights and a stop sign.
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The number of emergency exits in a school bus is dependent on its seating capacity and also varies by individual state/provincial requirements. The most currently installed is eight on school buses in
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yellow-style school buses; to better suit local climate conditions, other governments have established their own color requirements, favoring other high-visibility colors (such as white or orange).
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During the 1970s, school buses would undergo a number of design upgrades related to safety. While many changes were related to protecting passengers, others were intended to minimize the chances of
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for parts and recycling (a requirement in some states), better-running examples are put up for sale as surplus vehicles. Second-hand school buses are sold to such entities as churches, resorts or
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in the semi-darkness of early morning and late afternoon. Officially, school bus yellow was designated "National School Bus Chrome"; following the removal of lead from the pigment, it was renamed "
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are no longer in use). Outside of North America, buses utilized for student transport are derived from vehicles used elsewhere in transit systems, including coaches, minibuses, and transit buses.
1008:
improving the design of bus windows, mirrors, and the windshield to optimize visibility for the driver. In the case of a collision, the body structure of a school bus is designed with an integral
674:
This established requirements for the strength of the body panel joints in school bus bodies, to reduce deaths and injuries resulting from structural collapse of school bus bodies during crashes.
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In the 2010s, school bus electrification shifted from hybrids to fully electric vehicles, with several vehicles entering production. Trans Tech introduced the 2011 eTrans prototype (based on the
4227:"Thomas school bus history, Perley A. Thomas Car Works, Thomas Built Buses, Thomas Built Buses div. of Freightliner, Thomas Built Buses div. of Daimler Trucks, High Point, N.C. - CoachBuilt.com"
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allowed bus manufacturers to mate a van cab with a purpose-built bus body, using the same construction as a full-size school bus. Within the same length as a passenger van, buses such as the
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By the mid-1940s, most U.S. states introduced traffic laws requiring motorists to stop for school buses while children were loading or unloading. The justifications for this protocol were:
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During the 2000s, school bus safety adopted a number of evolutionary advances. To further improve visibility for other drivers, manufacturers began to replace incandescent lights with
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school buses. Not intended (nor allowed) for uses requiring traffic priority, they are not fitted with school bus warning lights or stop arms (nor are they painted school bus yellow).
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1985:
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As the use of school buses transports students on a much larger scale than by car (on average, the same as 36 separate automobiles), their use reduces pollution in the same manner as
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247:" was a term referring to certain types of horse-drawn carriages. Essentially re-purposed farm wagons, kid hacks were open to the elements, with little to no weather protection.
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While primarily used to monitor and record passenger behavior, video cameras have also been used in the investigation of accidents involving school buses. On March 28, 2000, a
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Following the 2001 closure of Carpenter, the manufacturing segment has seen a much lower degree of contraction (with the exception of the 2005 failure of startup manufacturer
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conventional; in line with its transit-style buses, the Vision utilized a proprietary chassis (rather than a design from a medium-duty truck). In 2004, Thomas introduced the
740:. While CDLs were issued by individual states, the federal CDL requirement ensured that drivers of all large vehicles (such as school buses) had a consistent training level.
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Bird, Thomas, and IC introduced prototypes of full-size school buses intended for production; Blue Bird intends to offer electric-power versions of its entire product line.
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To comply with federal and state requirements, school buses are equipped with a number of safety devices to prevent accidents and injuries and for the purposes of security.
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updates in line with chassis redesigns shifted the bus driver upward, outward, and forward. To decrease driver distraction, interior controls were redesigned with improved
4286:
2041:; collectors and museums have an interest in older and rarer models. Additionally, restored school buses appear alongside other period vehicles in television and film.
1979:
are high-security vehicles used to transport prisoners; a school bus bodyshell is fitted with a specially designed interior and exterior with secure windows and doors.
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in 1981. The same year, Superior was liquidated by its parent company, closing its doors. Under its company management, Superior was split into two manufacturers, with
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applied on April 1, 1977, bringing significant change to the design, engineering, and construction of school buses and a substantial improvement in safety performance.
61:
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important considerations. In comparison to school buses from the 1980s, school buses from the 2000s have much larger windscreens and fewer and/or smaller blind spots.
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Van chassis-based school buses are much more ubiquitous in Canada, particularly in urban centres, where regular public transportation often moves students to class. (
3349:
705:
This specified requirements for the integrity of motor vehicle fuel systems, to reduce the likelihood of fuel spillage and resultant fires during and after crashes.
2635:"Blue Bird, School Bus, History, Blue Bird Body Co., Blue Bird Corp., Wanderlodge, Buddy Luce, Albert L. Luce, Cardinal Mfg., Fort Valley, Georgia - CoachBuilt.com"
2452:"Blue Bird, School Bus, History, Blue Bird Body Co., Blue Bird Corp., Wanderlodge, Buddy Luce, Albert L. Luce, Cardinal Mfg., Fort Valley, Georgia - CoachBuilt.com"
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chassis) and Type D (bodied on bare "forward control" or "pusher" chassis). Type C buses are the most common design, while Type D buses are the largest vehicles.
989:
585:
2662:"Ward Body Works, Ward School Bus Mfg., IC Bus, Ward School Bus history, David H. Ward, Dave Ward, AmTran, Navistar, IC Corp., Conway, Arkansas - CoachBuilt.com"
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pointing that fasteners had a direct effect on joint quality (and that body manufacturers were using relatively few rivets and fasteners). In its own research,
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2037:; others are exported to Central America, South America, or elsewhere. Other examples of retired school buses are preserved and restored by collectors and
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It is impractical in many cases to avoid children crossing the traveled portions of roadways after leaving a school bus or to have an adult accompany them.
595:
As manufacturers sought to develop safer school buses, small school buses underwent a transition away from automotive-based vehicles. The introduction of
30:
This article is about buses specifically designed and manufactured for carrying students to and from school in North America. For other school buses, see
4359:"March 3, 2014 - All-Electric School Bus Expected to Save California School District Over $ 10,000 a Year in Fuel and Maintenance Costs - Trans Tech Bus"
819:
252 A 121. Assembled in Slovenia with final assembly in California, the TAM vehicle was to be the first American-market school bus imported from Europe.
2713:
1817:; charging can be achieved before and after the bus is transporting students (when the bus is parked). In the early 1990s, several prototype models of
2155:, intended for use on cross-country counterculture road trips. Both versions of Further are painted with a variety of psychedelic colors and designs.
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257:
In 1869, Massachusetts became the first state to add transportation to public education; by 1900, 16 other states would transport students to school.
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The Ontario School Bus Association has challenged the effectiveness of Ontario's all-red 8-light warning system, citing that the use of red for both
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In 2018, 44,381 school buses were sold in North America (compared to 31,194 in 2010). Approximately 70% of production is of Type C configuration.
470:
diesel-engined school bus was introduced, with the first tandem-axle school bus in 1955 (a Crown Supercoach, expanding seating to 91 passengers).
2607:
1012:; as a school bus carries a large number of student passengers, a school bus is designed with several emergency exits to facilitate fast egress.
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have been developed to counter the emissions drawbacks that diesel and gasoline-fueled school buses pose to the public health and environment.
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In 1986, with the signing of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act, school bus drivers across the United States became required to acquire a
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sides, creating a large flatbed or open-bed truck for hauling hay. Other farms use unconverted, re-painted, school buses to transport their
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In contrast to cars and other light-duty passenger vehicles, school buses are not typically equipped with active restraint systems, such as
533:
discovered that the body joints were the weak points themselves. In 1973, to reduce the risk of body panel separation, Wayne introduced the
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993:
4287:"IC Corporation Works with Enova Systems to Supply First Hybrid School Buses That Can Attain Up To 40 Percent Increase in Fuel Efficiency"
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as a passive restraint system during the late 2000s and 2010s, seatbelt design transitioned, with 3-point restraints replacing lap belts.
4412:
1954:
Bookmobiles feature interior shelving for books and library equipment; bloodmobiles feature mobile phlebotomy stations and blood storage
1231:
Since the 1990s, video cameras have become common equipment installed inside school buses. As recording technology has transitioned from
875:
Between 2004 and 2008, Advanced Energy, an NC based non-profit created by the NC Utilities Commission begun an effort to move to plug-in
1707:
in front of the bus rather than safely crossing at an intersection. These bans have been the subject of public debate in cities such as
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systems were adopted by many states and provinces during the 1970s and 1980s, the all-red systems remain in use by some locales such as
4209:
1997:
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4064:
2850:"Enova Systems Announces Plug-In Hybrid School Bus Testing Shows 70 Percent Improved Fuel Economy and Significantly Reduced Emissions"
2533:
1727:. Through their usage of internal-combustion engines, school buses are not an emissions-free form of transportation (in comparison to
1271:
1541:
When loading and unloading students, school buses have the ability to stop traffic, using a system of warning lights and stop arms-a
1270:; whether seat belts should be a requirement has been a topic of controversy. Since the 1970s, school buses have used the concept of
1152:
The equivalent requirement in Canada is almost identical; the only difference is that red cannot be used as a retroreflective color.
915:
cutaway chassis was introduced; Collins Bus introduced the Collins Low Floor, the first low-floor school bus (of any configuration).
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3918:
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Yellow was adopted as the standard color for North American school buses in 1939. In April of that year, rural education specialist
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was founded, marking the first entry into the segment in over 20 years by a full-size bus manufacturer. Using a chassis supplied by
486:
223:
189:
95:
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Although diesel fuel is most commonly used in large school buses (and even in many smaller ones), alternative fuel systems such as
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Dr Kristin Poland of NTSB, quoted at a hearing into a fatal 2012 bus crash at Chesterfield, Missouri, in "Buses safer than cars",
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While school bus operations vary widely by location, in the United States and Canada, school bus services operate independent of
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While diesel offers fuel efficiency and safety advantages over gasoline, diesel exhaust fumes have become a concern (related to
239:. For those students who lived beyond practical walking distance from school, transportation was facilitated in the form of the
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for students) take their names and some of the principle of public transport in a group to travel to school for students under
592:, as well as by the bus industry and various safety advocates. As of 2020 production, all of these standards remain in effect.
4262:
184:; the most iconic examples are the yellow school buses of the United States which are also found in other parts of the world.
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865:
822:
In comparison to body manufacturers, chassis suppliers saw a smaller degree of transition. As International Harvester became
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1911:
In church use, transporting adults and/or children, traffic law does not give church buses traffic priority in most states (
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In the past, handrails in the entry way posed a potential risk for to students; as passengers exited a bus, items such as
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to the roof of the bus. Some states (for example, Illinois) require strobe lights as part of their local specifications.
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The size of a school bus generally limits visibility for both the children and motorists during loading and unloading.
816:
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View behind school bus driver's compartment, showing multiple mirrors (rearview, convex, and crossview) and sun visor
639:
This established requirements for bus window retention and release to reduce the likelihood of passenger ejection in
192:), school buses are fitted with exterior warning lights (to give them traffic priority) and multiple safety devices.
77:
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In the United States and Canada, school buses are currently produced by nine different manufacturers. Four of them—
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To inhibit pedestrians from walking into the blind spot created by the hood (or lower bodywork, on Type D buses),
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Ever since the adoption of yellow as a standard color in 1939, school buses deliberately integrate the concept of
300:
constructed its first school bus; today, its successor company Navistar still produces school bus cowled chassis.
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5468:
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Vision field of a school bus crossview mirror, which allows bus driver to observe blind spots close to vehicle.
363:
would have their own influence on school bus design. In an effort to gain extra seating capacity and visibility,
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As school bus design paralleled the design of light to medium-duty commercial trucks of the time, the advent of
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Collision of CSXT Freight Train and Murray County School District School Bus at Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing
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study, a crash test of a school bus colliding head-on that suggested that seat belts (at the time, which were
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offered additional seating capacity, wheelchair lifts, and the same body construction as larger school buses.
560:
In the 1970s, school busing expanded further, under controversial reasons; a number of larger cities began to
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The warning lamps initially used for school buses consisted of four red warning lights. With the adoption of
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The "Gator Bus", a 1960s Wayne/Chevrolet school bus repurposed as a sign for an alligator park in Louisiana
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3877:"Comparison of Two Advance Signalling Systems Used on Canadian School Buses: Amber Lights and Red Lights".
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were developed as conversions of existing school buses; these were built primarily for research purposes.
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To aid visibility of the bus in inclement weather, school districts and school bus operators add flashing
1243:
1239:, school buses have adopted multiple-camera systems, providing surveillance from multiple vantage points.
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In the second half of the 19th century, many rural areas of the United States and Canada were served by
181:
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31:
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When a school bus is retired from school use, it can see a wide variety of usage. While a majority are
580:
While many changes related to the 1977 safety standards were made under the body structure (to improve
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together, joints could break apart in major accidents, with the bus body causing harm to passengers.
4313:"Hybrids Might be the Way of the Future but Remain Slow in Coming to School Transportation Industry"
3063:
1421:)—produce both small and large buses. IC Bus and Lion Electric produce full-size buses exclusively.
771:
During the 1990s, small school buses shifted further away from their van-conversion roots. In 1991,
481:
option to transport wheelchair-using passengers. In modified form, the design remains in use today.
5729:
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all-steel body and frame), a large seating capacity, and wheelchair lift capability, among others.
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forward visibility). The rear entry door of the kid hacks were re-purposed (as an emergency exit).
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4413:"Blue Bird Introduces All-New Electric School Bus Solutions | News | Press Releases | blue-bird"
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No. 131 regulates the specifications of the stop arm as a double-faced regulation octagonal red
211:
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1785:
The use of propane as a fuel for school buses began in the 1970s, largely as a response to the
1735:). As of 2017, over 95% of school buses in North America are powered by diesel-fueled engines.
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at least 45 cm (17.7 in) across, with white border and uppercase legend. It must be
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39:
35:
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2926:"FAQs/Q: The school bus looks like it's hardly changed in decades. Where's the modernization"
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chassis; to improve visibility, the windshield was redesigned (eliminating the center post).
776:
manufacturers universally adopted cutaway bodies for single rear-wheel buses, the use of the
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Illinois Administrative Code Title 92 (Transportation), Sec. 442.615g. Retrieved 2010-04-16
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Around 1946,the first system of traffic warning signal lights on school buses was used in
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899:
716:
581:
534:
526:
478:
430:
236:
165:
132:
73:
1219:, in which a former school bus that was converted into a church bus was hit head on by a
1321:. Part of the premise behind compartmentalization is close spacing of each set of seats.
327:
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5268:
3650:"Seatbelts on school buses could have prevented thousands of injuries, numerous deaths"
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2015:
St. John's County (FL) Command Center bus (1980s Blue Bird All American), curbside view
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265:
3919:"Amber-red system of flashing lights on school buses in Ontario could help save lives"
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A 1939 school bus seen in a museum display. Its orange color predates the adoption of
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3142:"National School Transportation Specifications and Procedures (2005 Revised Edition)"
2875:"Spartan Chassis Executes Agreement With Lion Bus Inc. for Type C School Bus Chassis"
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being the only states where a church bus can stop traffic with flashing red lights).
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In 1967 and 1972, as part of an effort to improve crash protection in school buses,
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564:. Out of necessity, the additional usage created further demand for bus production.
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built its own cabover school bus design from the ground up. Introduced in 1932, the
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5500:
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4263:"IC Bus Unveils Gasoline-Powered Type C School Bus – Management – School Bus Fleet"
3595:"NASDPTS Alters Its Support of Three-Point Lap/Shoulder Seat Belts on School Buses"
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493:. As another alternative, manufacturers began use of passenger vans, such as the
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U.S. DOT, NHTSA, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for School Buses (FMVSS)
3648:
Cashore, Harvey; Ivany, Kimberly; McKeown, Bob; Malik, Saman (14 October 2018).
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1948:
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During the 2000s, school bus electrification shifted towards the development of
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364:
307:
273:
177:
173:
3289:
Colorado Code of Regulations 301-25, Section 2251-R-54.02. Retrieved 2010-04-16
2370:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
2251:
North America differ primarily in their signage, livery, and traffic priority.
1176:
5739:
5616:
5560:
5515:
5475:
5338:
5188:
5140:
5057:
4959:
4755:
4646:
3334:
National Transportation Safety Board (December 11, 2001). Retrieved 2023-05-22
2258:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1758:
1724:
1704:
1629:
1515:
1406:
1286:
1278:
940:
923:
745:
522:
498:
462:
228:
2752:
2561:
1687:
and/or equipped with alternately flashing red lights. As an alternative, the
1527:
described a simple test procedure for identifying unsafe stepwell handrails.
5734:
5611:
5505:
5223:
5183:
5123:
5104:
5094:
4523:
3198:"Are there other vehicles that can be used for school transportation? Vans?"
3173:"Why do some school buses look different than others, for example in color?"
2148:
2126:
1924:
1680:
1633:
1603:
Ontario school bus equipped with an all-red eight-lamp warning light system.
1599:
1542:
1495:
1371:
1367:
1267:
1009:
290:
17:
3955:
Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Section 571.131. Retrieved 2010-4-15.
3842:
Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 347 (EQUIPMENT OF VEHICLES) Retrieved 2016-09-18
3301:
Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Section 571.217. Retrieved 2010-04-15
3110:"National School Transportation Specifications and Procedures 2015 Edition"
2534:"The Gillig Transit Coach And Pacific Schoolcoach Online Museum (archived)"
2324:"National School Transportation Specifications and Procedures 2015 Edition"
339:
3579:
2564:. Columbia University press release (August 3, 1995). Retrieved 2010-04-07
1813:
In theory, urban and suburban routes prove advantageous for the use of an
1313:
856:
chassis in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In 2003, Blue Bird introduced the
442:
5263:
5238:
5155:
4930:
3966:"Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard – Technical Standards Document 131"
2821:
2294:
1940:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1853:
1585:
1451:
1212:
1144:
provincial governments (for example, Colorado) require the use of yellow
969:
883:
371:
seated up to 76 passengers, the highest-capacity school bus of the time.
360:
240:
216:
206:
3039:"After Deadly New Jersey Crash, Scrutinizing the Safety of School Buses"
2562:"Frank W. Cyr, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus,' Dies at the Age of 95"
303:
In 1919, the usage of school buses became funded in all 48 U.S. states.
5724:
5490:
5485:
5243:
5027:
4799:
4737:
3789:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
3280:
Colorado Minimum Standards Governing School Bus Transportation Vehicles
2244:
2140:
1912:
1905:
1775:
1728:
1545:
that is deployed from the bus to stop traffic when the door is opened.
1486:
2000s IC CE at bus stop with 8-way warning lights, dual stop arms, and
1282:
799:
ownership changes, Wayne Corporation was liquidated in 1992; successor
795:
631:
Standard No. 217 – Bus Emergency Exits and Window Retention and Release
3854:"Switching from Red-Only to Amber-Red Warning Lights on School Busses"
3405:
5348:
5228:
5193:
5084:
5069:
4789:
4707:
4604:
2240:
791:
426:
172:
to and from school or school-related activities, but not including a
161:
2774:"HYBRID ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PRELIMINARY BUSINESS FEASIBILITY REPORT"
752:
offer diesel engines exclusively, with Ford following suit in 1990.
681:
Standard No. 222 – School Bus Passenger Seating and Crash Protection
450:
1580:
School bus with door open, red warning lights and deployed stop arm
1374:
that would have kept occupants from being thrown from their seats.
955:
for running lights, turn signals, brake lights, and warning lamps.
5015:
4156:. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
2234:
2114:
Retired school bus (Blue Bird TC/2000) in use as a rafting shuttle
2045:
2044:
When a school bus is sold for usage outside of student transport,
1894:
1799:
1757:
1575:
1481:
1312:
1294:
1175:
1167:
1129:
1092:(school district or bus contractor) and an identification number.
1056:
917:
842:
834:
723:
715:
544:
515:
449:
441:
338:
326:
264:
222:
210:
4493:
4147:"Press Release no. 213: IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC"
3803:"Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Volume 6, Section 571.108"
1691:
legend itself may also flash; this is commonly achieved with red
1277:
As of 2015, seatbelts are a requirement in at least five states:
27:
Bus operated by a school or school district for student transport
3936:
Illinois school bus safety standards: Lamps, Reflectors, Signals
3525:
3201:
3176:
1800:
1326:
5383:
4963:
4540:
4527:
2097:
1980s Crown Supercoach restored, painted to match the bus from
1462:
School bus drivers in the United States are required to hold a
454:
1961 International Harvester B-163 with a Thomas Car Works body
5410:
4388:"Lion Logs Largest Electric School Bus Order In North America"
2361:
Highway Safety Program Guidelines: Pupil Transportation Safety
1943:, school bus bodyshells (both new and second-hand) see use as
1767:
1699:
or any other legend on the side facing forward when deployed.
1557:
often are deployed in walking zones between homes and schools.
1232:
477:, at the end of the 1950s, manufacturers developed a curbside
157:
44:
34:. For information about school transportation in general, see
3402:"Connecticut considers installing seat belts on school buses"
2291:, American children's book, television, and video game series
1149:"School Bus" lettering (or the use of a front-lighted sign).
60:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
4501:
4442:"LIS § 46.2–917.1. School buses hired to transport children"
4178:"FAQs/Q: Is it healthy for my child to ride the school bus?"
3312:"Protecting Children from Their Own Buses by Mark D. Fisher"
2772:
Pritchard, Ewan; Zickefoose, P.; Dulaney, Ken (2019-10-03).
1134:
Reflective tape on school buses (brightened by camera flash)
3140:
The Fourteenth National Congress on School Transportation.
1973:
bus bodyshells and fitted with agency-specified equipment.
984:
Current oversight over design and operation of school buses
3774:
School Bus Fleet (September 1, 2007). Retrieved 2010-04-19
1656:
has not yet provided any plan or timeline for the change.
2987:"U.S. School Bus Crash Statistics [Updated 2024]"
803:
was closed in 1995. In 2001, Carpenter closed its doors.
5379:
4515:
School Bus Driver Steers Students Toward Love Of Reading
4506:– news magazine for student transportation professionals
4498:– news magazine for student transportation professionals
3512:
3510:
2975:, Bus and Coach Association of New Zealand, August 2013.
575:
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards for School Buses,
4252:
Thomas Built Buses (pdf brochure). Retrieved 2010-04-16
4154:
WHO: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3346:"NAPT Advocates Scientific Approach to Seat Belt Issue"
1417:(the latter, through its Micro Bird joint venture with
1409:, and Van Con — specialize exclusively in small buses.
697:
Standard No. 301 – Fuel System Integrity – School Buses
562:
bus students in an effort to racially integrate schools
69:
2523:. Crown Coach Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-04-28
990:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
3752:"National Center for Education Statistics|Fast Facts"
3249:"Sydney Metropolitan Bus Service Contract-Schedule 8"
4202:
4200:
4198:
3299:
Bus emergency exits and window retention and release
1454:
and schedules, coordinated with school class times.
573:
bus structural integrity, NHTSA introduced the four
5750:
5672:
5574:
5543:
5426:
5171:
4998:
4923:
4902:
4878:
4840:
4765:
4690:
4672:
4659:
4623:
4582:
4575:
2808:Pritchard, Ewan; Johnson, Richard R. (2005-11-01).
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2147:, a 1939 (and later, 1947) school bus converted by
756:late 1980s. Following the 1986 introduction of the
4015:"Petition started to change city school bus bylaw"
2810:"Hybrid Electric School Bus Technical Feasibility"
2073:1946 Chevrolet school bus restored and customized
1339:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 222
666:Standard No. 221 – School Bus Body Joint Strength
650:Standard No. 220 – School Bus Rollover Protection
446:Restored 1950s Reo school bus with an Oneida body
4338:"Trans Tech goes green with electric school bus"
2601:"WA School Bus Specifications 20 September 2013"
2575:"School Bus Safety Community Advisory Committee"
1611:in January 1968, four additional lights, termed
4464:
4462:
4089:"Individual, Local and Global Community Impact"
4065:"Regina won't end ban on school bus stop signs"
2739:"It's a plug-in hybrid – and it's a school bus"
1750:becoming a primary emissions control strategy.
160:owned, leased, contracted to, or operated by a
4207:Blue Bird's Alternative Fuel Product Offerings
3991:"School bus signals spark provincewide debate"
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2239:A school bus along the Skärgårdsvägen road in
1673:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
586:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
5395:
4975:
4552:
4180:. American School Bus Council. Archived from
4158:World Health Organization (WHO). 12 June 2012
4091:. American School Bus Council. Archived from
3729:. American School Bus Council. Archived from
3090:. School Transportation News. 15 October 2009
2928:. American School Bus Council. Archived from
2496:"Crown Coach: California's Specialty Builder"
613:1973-1977 NHTSA regulations for school buses
58:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
4708:American Transportation Corporation (AmTran)
3948:
3946:
3944:
3797:
3795:
3348:. School Transportation News. Archived from
2489:
2487:
1949:mobile blood donation centers (bloodmobiles)
810:Alongside the 1981 introduction of Mid Bus,
408:was adopted for use since it was considered
4315:. Stnonline.com. 2011-03-04. Archived from
3863:– via Ontario School Bus Association.
3037:Schweber, Nate; Rojas, Rick (18 May 2018).
1654:Ministry of Ontario of Transportation (MTO)
994:National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
5402:
5388:
5380:
4982:
4968:
4960:
4669:
4579:
4559:
4545:
4537:
4524:
4216:Blue Bird Corporation. Retrieved 2010-4-16
2952:"School Bus GPS Tracking – Busfinder from"
2834:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2473:
2471:
2061:1942 Gillig/Chevrolet in use as a tour bus
1804:Lion Electric Lion C (electric school bus)
250:In 1892, Indiana-based Wayne Works (later
138:Interior (showing passenger compartment) (
5249:General Motors Diesel Division (GM Coach)
4040:"Bus stop arms research crossing borders"
2714:"School Bus Central | 1982 Superior Ford"
2277:Desegregation busing in the United States
1301:Passive restraints (compartmentalization)
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
5334:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
4118:"The Smart School Transportation Choice"
3064:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards"
2689:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards"
2206:Both versions of Further (1939 at right)
2135:are retired school buses converted into
1991:NYPD Medical Operations bus (Thomas EFX)
1598:
1031:
979:
728:1990s Blue Bird TC/2000 RE in California
609:
427:rise of suburban growth in North America
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2310:
2157:
2051:
1981:
1217:Carrolton bus collision on May 14, 1988
293:stretched above the passenger seating.
3968:. Tc.gc.ca. 2011-04-04. Archived from
3953:School bus pedestrian safety standards
3822:
3811:
3558:"The History of Seat Belt Development"
3453:Transport Canada. Retrieved 2010-04-19
2827:
2790:
2779:
2557:
2555:
2481:. Coachbuild.com. Retrieved 2010-04-29
2415:"The History of School Transportation"
2392:. Coachbuilt.com. Retrieved 2010-04-26
2003:NYPD Command Post bus (Blue Bird A3RE)
4112:
4110:
3872:
3870:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
2683:
2681:
2656:
2654:
2629:
2627:
2521:"Crown Coach Corporation (1932–1991)"
1677:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
847:Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2 (Kentucky Spec)
720:1980s Ford B700 in the United Kingdom
397:Teachers College, Columbia University
7:
3894:"Petition for new school bus lights"
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2167:1990s school bus conversion at 2013
1188:In the United States, approximately
395:organized a week-long conference at
4821:1992; became Wayne Wheeled Vehicles
4772:Coach and Equipment Manufacturing (
2519:Sandi Brockway (January 11, 2007).
1826:diesel-electric hybrid school buses
1390:For a more comprehensive list, see
1110:organized a national conference at
1061:Multi-Function School Activity Bus
886:(renamed Lion Electric Company) of
5369:Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company
5033:Environmental Performance Vehicles
3917:Bruce, Steve (February 12, 2020).
3593:Arroyo, Silvia (24 October 2013).
2329:. pp. 342–343. Archived from
25:
3703:"School Bus Fleet, Factbook 2016"
3404:. The Hour Online. Archived from
3400:Susan Haigh (February 17, 2010).
3344:Janna Morrison (August 8, 2008).
2901:"Blue Bird, Girardin Join Forces"
1121:National School Bus Glossy Yellow
768:would prove far more successful.
738:commercial driver's license (CDL)
190:National School Bus Glossy Yellow
5784:
5534:
4951:List of school bus manufacturers
4638:(renamed Micro Bird by Girardin)
4470:"School Bus Fleet Factbook 2016"
3840:Wisconsin Legislature 347.25 (2)
3675:"SCHOOL BUS SALES REPORT — 2018"
3224:"UK may get yellow school buses"
2985:Firm, Brumley Law (2024-08-29).
2282:List of school bus manufacturers
2261:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2160:
2107:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1899:Church bus in Memphis, Tennessee
1392:List of school bus manufacturers
391:In 1939, rural education expert
131:
117:
49:
5556:Bombardier Guided Light Transit
4893:1972; became Thomas Built Buses
4665:or last school bus manufacture)
2816:. Vol. 1. Warrendale, PA.
1968:Larger police agencies may own
1632:, as well as on buses built in
1443:, or a variety of other buses.
1250:freight train at an unsignaled
931:Manufacturing segment stability
383:Developing production standards
310:produced a bus body for a 1927
306:In 1927, Ford dealership owner
272:, the first bus constructed by
182:school buses are used worldwide
5274:Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil
4718:Les Enterprises Michel Corbeil
3625:"Unbuckled: School Bus Safety"
1939:In terms of vehicles used for
314:. The forerunner of the first
1:
5551:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
5304:North American Bus Industries
4910:Hackney Brothers Body Company
3892:Taschner, Eric (2019-11-01).
3582:. School Transportation News.
2744:The Christian Science Monitor
2413:Gray, Ryan (August 1, 2007).
2143:. An example of a Skoolie is
1748:selective catalytic reduction
1334:Active restraints (seatbelts)
963:have taken on a dual role of
924:Blue Bird Micro Bird T-Series
4570:manufacturers, North America
3787:School Bus Handrail Handbook
3578:Ryan Gray (August 7, 2009).
3429:. 2009-10-10. Archived from
3222:Rob Watson (June 13, 2000).
3147:. p. 40. Archived from
3115:. p. 59. Archived from
2716:. 2011-01-05. Archived from
2194:Further (1947 version), rear
2021:Uses of retired school buses
1572:Warning lights and stop arms
1537:School bus traffic stop laws
1521:School Bus Handrail Handbook
1362:has been critical of a 1984
521:After subjecting a bus to a
231:truck with a school bus body
180:. Various configurations of
5294:Millennium Transit Services
5254:GM Truck and Coach Division
4663:(including date of closure
4519:Wisconsin Public Television
3580:"School Bus Seat Belts FAQ"
1977:Prisoner transport vehicles
1844:Walking and cycling 'buses'
1472:sex offender registry check
1464:commercial driver's license
568:Industry safety regulations
495:Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van
111:Typical American school bus
72:, discuss the issue on the
5852:
4889:Perley A. Thomas Car Works
4503:School Transportation News
3707:digital.schoolbusfleet.com
3599:School Transportation News
3522:School Transportation News
3451:Seat Belts in School Buses
2814:SAE Technical Paper Series
2693:School Transportation News
2419:School Transportation News
2228:
1961:
1847:
1534:
1389:
1386:Production (North America)
1246:, school bus was hit by a
1099:
839:Blue Bird Vision (2nd Gen)
204:
168:. It is regularly used to
29:
5778:
5532:
5417:
4948:
4804:1998; acquired by Collins
4698:Carpenter Industries, Inc
4679:Corbeil Bus Corporation (
4583:Full-size and small buses
4534:
4529:Links to related articles
4495:School Bus Fleet Magazine
3772:Safety in the Danger Zone
2905:School Bus Fleet Magazine
612:
38:. For the 2016 film, see
5234:Fifth Avenue Bus Company
5204:Canadian Car and Foundry
4600:GreenPower Motor Company
3682:files.schoolbusfleet.com
3491:"NTSB School Bus Safety"
2498:. Tripod. Archived from
1671:painted on it. The U.S.
1139:Retroreflective markings
1044:All school buses are of
957:School bus crossing arms
785:Manufacturer transitions
280:. It is based on a 1927
5214:Crown Coach Corporation
4935:1957; still in business
4794:1993; still in business
4780:Crown Coach Corporation
4774:1999; still in business
4615:Thomas Built Buses, Inc
3518:"School Bus Seat Belts"
1744:ultra-low sulfur diesel
904:International TerraStar
487:International Travelall
458:From 1950 to 1982, the
425:Following WWII and the
298:International Harvester
5695:Capacitor electric bus
5359:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles
5329:Superior Coach Company
5309:Optima Bus Corporation
5209:Carpenter Body Company
5100:Motor Coach Industries
4865:Superior Coach Company
4827:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles
4724:; acquired by Collins)
4660:Defunct manufacturers
4267:www.schoolbusfleet.com
3852:Carroll, Dave (2013).
3821:Cite journal requires
3380:"Compartmentalization"
2950:Spiral Design Studio.
2789:Cite journal requires
2477:Mark Theobald (2004).
2388:Mark Theobald (2004).
2247:
2182:Further (1947 version)
2120:School bus conversions
1958:Inmate transport buses
1900:
1886:School bus derivatives
1805:
1771:
1604:
1581:
1490:
1372:three-point seat belts
1322:
1244:Murray County, Georgia
1181:
1173:
1135:
1066:
1037:
985:
927:
848:
840:
824:Navistar International
801:Wayne Wheeled Vehicles
766:Thomas Saf-T-Liner MVP
760:, the AmTran Genesis,
729:
721:
550:
455:
447:
361:forward-control trucks
344:
336:
285:
278:Blue Bird Body Company
232:
220:
5469:Lowbridge double-deck
4610:Lion Electric Company
4592:(small buses made by
4590:Blue Bird Corporation
2238:
2231:School bus by country
2137:recreational vehicles
2100:A League of Their Own
1898:
1833:Smith Electric Newton
1819:battery-powered buses
1809:Electric school buses
1803:
1761:
1602:
1579:
1485:
1478:Loading and unloading
1415:Blue Bird Corporation
1316:
1179:
1171:
1133:
1060:
1035:
983:
921:
846:
838:
727:
719:
549:1970s Wayne Lifeguard
548:
453:
445:
343:Late 1930s school bus
342:
330:
268:
226:
214:
141:Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2
32:School bus by country
5690:Battery electric bus
5344:U.S. Bus Corporation
5324:St Louis Car Company
4748:U.S. Bus Corporation
4576:Active manufacturers
4517:– video produced by
4363:www.transtechbus.com
3972:on November 30, 2009
2854:www.businesswire.com
2822:10.4271/2005-01-3615
2425:on February 24, 2011
2288:The Magic School Bus
1843:
1766:HDX equipped with a
1719:Environmental impact
1272:compartmentalization
961:GPS tracking devices
888:Saint-Jérôme, Quebec
605:Blue Bird Micro Bird
509:Structural integrity
354:safety glass windows
78:create a new article
70:improve this article
5730:Hybrid electric bus
5459:Cutaway van chassis
5364:White Motor Company
5314:Orion International
4852:1980; became AmTran
4122:www.dieselforum.org
3605:on December 3, 2013
3467:"School Bus Safety"
3408:on October 22, 2010
3261:on October 21, 2013
3014:"School Bus Safety"
2907:. February 19, 2010
2540:on January 19, 2007
1787:1970s energy crisis
1628:, older buses from
1368:two-point lap belts
1112:Columbia University
1020:, two-axle design (
877:hybrid school buses
597:cutaway van chassis
4631:Collins Industries
4423:on October 2, 2017
4231:www.coachbuilt.com
4212:2010-07-24 at the
3861:School Bus Ontario
3784:Handrail Mechanics
3285:2011-09-28 at the
3154:on January 6, 2014
3088:"School bus types"
3043:The New York Times
2666:www.coachbuilt.com
2639:www.coachbuilt.com
2456:www.coachbuilt.com
2366:2011-12-31 at the
2248:
1941:community outreach
1935:Community outreach
1901:
1806:
1772:
1764:Thomas Saf-T-Liner
1605:
1582:
1494:configurations of
1491:
1411:Thomas Built Buses
1399:Collins Industries
1323:
1227:Video surveillance
1182:
1174:
1136:
1067:
1038:
1022:multi-axle designs
986:
947:Safety innovations
928:
870:International 3300
864:(derived from the
849:
841:
730:
722:
555:traffic collisions
551:
525:in 1964, in 1969,
491:Chevrolet Suburban
456:
448:
356:for its bus body.
345:
337:
286:
233:
221:
170:transport students
5836:Student transport
5813:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5649:Train replacement
5377:
5376:
5354:Wayne Corporation
5284:Marmon-Herrington
5219:Dupont Industries
5112:Phoenix Motorcars
4957:
4956:
4944:
4943:
4857:New Bus Company (
4817:Wayne Corporation
4655:
4654:
4417:www.blue-bird.com
4095:on 26 August 2012
4021:. 21 January 2019
2502:on March 31, 2002
2494:J. H. Valentine.
2212:School bus export
1871:adult supervision
1867:riding school bus
1754:Alternative fuels
1450:, with their own
1317:School bus seats
1262:Restraint systems
1252:railroad crossing
1102:School bus yellow
1065:in Houston, Texas
988:According to the
970:3-point seatbelts
762:Blue Bird TC/2000
709:
708:
636:September 1, 1973
531:Wayne Corporation
406:school bus yellow
333:school bus yellow
270:"Blue Bird No. 1"
252:Wayne Corporation
106:
105:
98:
80:, as appropriate.
40:School Bus (film)
36:student transport
16:(Redirected from
5843:
5791:Buses portal
5789:
5788:
5787:
5538:
5526:Transit Elevated
5404:
5397:
5390:
5381:
5319:Pullman-Standard
4984:
4977:
4970:
4961:
4931:Kenworth-Pacific
4714:; became IC Bus)
4670:
4636:Girardin Minibus
4624:Small buses only
4594:Girardin Minibus
4580:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4525:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4472:. pp. 46–50
4466:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4446:Code of Virginia
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4419:. Archived from
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4365:. Archived from
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4293:on 13 April 2014
4289:. Archived from
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4223:
4217:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4124:. Archived from
4114:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:Northern Ontario
3889:
3883:
3882:
3879:Transport Canada
3874:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3601:. Archived from
3590:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3524:. Archived from
3514:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3254:. Archived from
3253:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3175:. Archived from
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:Brumley Law Firm
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:. August 8, 2009
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:. Archived from
2605:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:. Archived from
2530:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:. Archived from
2410:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2225:Around the world
2203:
2191:
2179:
2164:
2153:Merry Pranksters
2111:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1698:
1690:
1670:
1650:Transport Canada
1531:Traffic priority
1468:background check
1448:public transport
1364:Transport Canada
1359:The Fifth Estate
1197:
1196:
1192:
1036:School bus types
965:fleet management
906:). In 2015, the
610:
590:Transport Canada
431:one-room schools
393:Dr. Frank W. Cyr
369:Crown Supercoach
243:; at the time, "
237:one-room schools
135:
121:
101:
94:
90:
87:
81:
53:
52:
45:
21:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5746:
5668:
5664:Tourist trolley
5570:
5539:
5530:
5422:
5413:
5408:
5378:
5373:
5349:Ward Body Works
5167:
4994:
4990:North American
4988:
4958:
4953:
4940:
4919:
4898:
4874:
4848:Ward Body Works
4836:
4761:
4686:
4664:
4661:
4651:
4619:
4571:
4565:
4530:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4250:Saf-T-Liner HDX
4248:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4214:Wayback Machine
4205:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4019:CTV News Regina
4013:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3287:Wayback Machine
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2826:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2788:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2374:
2368:Wayback Machine
2359:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2039:bus enthusiasts
2023:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1966:
1960:
1937:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1856:
1848:Main articles:
1846:
1811:
1756:
1740:health problems
1721:
1696:
1688:
1685:retroreflective
1668:
1626:Ontario, Canada
1596:came into use.
1574:
1555:crossing guards
1539:
1533:
1480:
1460:
1436:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1336:
1303:
1264:
1237:digital cameras
1229:
1205:
1203:Emergency exits
1194:
1190:
1189:
1166:
1158:
1146:reflective tape
1141:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1055:
1030:
978:
976:Design overview
949:
933:
866:Freightliner M2
833:
787:
714:
582:crashworthiness
570:
543:
535:Wayne Lifeguard
527:Ward Body Works
511:
479:wheelchair lift
440:
419:
385:
379:in California.
325:
263:
209:
203:
198:
166:school district
156:is any type of
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
136:
127:
126:
125:
122:
113:
112:
102:
91:
85:
82:
67:
54:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:Bi-articulated
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:LAG Motorcoach
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:Northern Coach
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4855:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4814:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4586:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4489:
4488:External links
4486:
4484:
4483:
4458:
4433:
4404:
4379:
4350:
4329:
4304:
4278:
4254:
4242:
4218:
4194:
4169:
4138:
4106:
4080:
4056:
4031:
4006:
3982:
3957:
3940:
3928:
3909:
3884:
3866:
3844:
3832:
3823:|journal=
3791:
3776:
3764:
3743:
3718:
3694:
3666:
3640:
3616:
3585:
3570:
3538:
3506:
3482:
3465:(2016-09-09).
3455:
3443:
3418:
3392:
3362:
3336:
3324:
3303:
3291:
3272:
3240:
3214:
3189:
3164:
3132:
3101:
3079:
3055:
3029:
3012:(2016-09-09).
3002:
2977:
2964:
2942:
2917:
2892:
2881:. 16 June 2011
2866:
2841:
2800:
2791:|journal=
2764:
2747:. 2007-04-02.
2730:
2705:
2677:
2650:
2623:
2589:
2566:
2551:
2525:
2512:
2483:
2467:
2436:
2394:
2372:
2346:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2256:
2253:
2229:Main article:
2226:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2053:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1936:
1933:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1845:
1842:
1810:
1807:
1755:
1752:
1720:
1717:
1615:warning lights
1590:wig-wag effect
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1532:
1529:
1479:
1476:
1459:
1456:
1435:
1432:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1354:CBC Television
1335:
1332:
1302:
1299:
1263:
1260:
1228:
1225:
1204:
1201:
1165:
1164:Mirror systems
1162:
1157:
1156:Safety devices
1154:
1140:
1137:
1117:easiest to see
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1054:
1051:
1029:
1026:
977:
974:
948:
945:
932:
929:
892:Spartan Motors
862:Saf-T-Liner C2
832:
829:
786:
783:
758:Wayne Lifestar
713:
710:
707:
706:
703:
700:
692:
691:
687:
684:
676:
675:
672:
669:
661:
660:
656:
653:
645:
644:
637:
634:
626:
625:
622:
621:Date Effective
619:
615:
614:
569:
566:
542:
539:
510:
507:
503:Ford Econoline
439:
436:
418:
415:
410:easiest to see
384:
381:
324:
321:
262:
259:
205:Main article:
202:
199:
197:
196:Design history
194:
137:
130:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
64:of the subject
62:worldwide view
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5848:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Buses by type
5824:
5823:
5821:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5752:Manufacturing
5749:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Mobile lounge
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5566:Rapid transit
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5511:Single-decker
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5464:Double-decker
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:Daimler Truck
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4658:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:Starcraft Bus
4640:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4369:on 2019-03-27
4368:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4319:on 2011-08-20
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4184:on 2010-12-25
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4128:on 2018-03-24
4127:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3815:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3733:on 2010-12-25
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3528:on 2010-01-01
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3433:on 2009-10-10
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3352:on 2011-07-16
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3257:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3204:on 2010-01-01
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3179:on 2010-01-01
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3122:on 2017-06-30
3118:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2954:. Transfinder
2953:
2946:
2943:
2932:on 2010-12-25
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2720:on 2011-01-05
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2613:on 2013-10-21
2609:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:"Crown Coach"
2474:
2472:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2336:on 2017-06-30
2332:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219:chicken buses
2211:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Walking buses
1855:
1851:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:Prince Albert
1710:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1661:strobe lights
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1636:before 2005.
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1508:crossing arms
1504:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:Starcraft Bus
1400:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1378:Manufacturing
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1053:Other formats
1052:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
982:
975:
973:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
938:
930:
925:
920:
916:
914:
913:Ram ProMaster
909:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
845:
837:
830:
828:
825:
820:
818:
813:
808:
804:
802:
797:
793:
784:
782:
779:
778:Dodge Ram Van
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
753:
749:
747:
741:
739:
734:
726:
718:
711:
704:
702:April 1, 1977
701:
699:
698:
694:
693:
688:
686:April 1, 1977
685:
683:
682:
678:
677:
673:
671:April 1, 1977
670:
668:
667:
663:
662:
657:
655:April 1, 1977
654:
652:
651:
647:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
632:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:Standard name
617:
616:
611:
608:
606:
602:
601:Wayne Busette
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
567:
565:
563:
558:
556:
547:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:rollover test
519:
517:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
482:
480:
476:
475:accessibility
471:
467:
464:
461:
452:
444:
437:
435:
432:
428:
423:
416:
414:
411:
407:
401:
398:
394:
389:
382:
380:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
349:
341:
334:
329:
322:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
299:
294:
292:
283:
279:
276:, founder of
275:
271:
267:
260:
258:
255:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
230:
225:
218:
213:
208:
200:
195:
193:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
144:
142:
134:
120:
100:
97:
89:
79:
75:
71:
65:
63:
56:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5831:School buses
5796:
5782:
5760:Electric bus
5703:Ground-level
5621:
5259:Goshen Coach
5038:Forest River
4992:bus builders
4934:
4913:
4892:
4868:
4858:
4851:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4680:
4662:
4567:
4502:
4494:
4474:. Retrieved
4449:. Retrieved
4445:
4436:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:the original
4416:
4407:
4396:. Retrieved
4394:. 2018-05-20
4391:
4382:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:the original
4362:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4332:
4321:. Retrieved
4317:the original
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:the original
4281:
4270:. Retrieved
4266:
4257:
4245:
4234:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4186:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4153:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4126:the original
4121:
4097:. Retrieved
4093:the original
4083:
4072:. Retrieved
4068:
4059:
4048:. Retrieved
4046:. 2013-04-30
4043:
4034:
4023:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:
3985:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3960:
3931:
3922:
3912:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3887:
3878:
3860:
3847:
3835:
3814:cite journal
3786:
3779:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3746:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3721:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3686:. Retrieved
3681:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3603:the original
3598:
3588:
3573:
3562:. Retrieved
3560:. 2012-02-02
3530:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3521:
3498:. Retrieved
3495:www.ntsb.gov
3494:
3485:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:
3446:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3421:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3395:
3384:. Retrieved
3382:. 2012-02-02
3354:. Retrieved
3350:the original
3339:
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3306:
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2945:
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2930:the original
2920:
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2878:
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2856:. 2008-04-29
2853:
2844:
2813:
2803:
2782:cite journal
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2331:the original
2286:
2269:Buses portal
2249:
2215:
2131:
2123:
2098:
2043:
2035:summer camps
2028:
2024:
1975:
1970:police buses
1967:
1953:
1938:
1910:
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1857:
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1823:
1815:electric bus
1812:
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1737:
1722:
1703:encouraging
1701:
1665:
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1640:
1638:
1622:Saskatchewan
1616:
1612:
1606:
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1488:crossing arm
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1230:
1221:drunk driver
1210:
1206:
1187:
1183:
1159:
1151:
1142:
1125:
1108:Frank W. Cyr
1105:
1096:Yellow color
1090:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1049:passengers.
1043:
1039:
1014:
1006:
998:
987:
950:
934:
908:Ford Transit
896:
881:
874:
854:
850:
831:2000–present
821:
809:
805:
788:
770:
754:
750:
742:
735:
731:
696:
695:
680:
679:
665:
664:
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648:
630:
629:
624:Requirement
594:
588:(NHTSA) and
579:
574:
571:
559:
552:
520:
512:
485:such as the
483:
472:
468:
457:
424:
420:
402:
390:
386:
373:
358:
350:
346:
312:Ford Model T
305:
302:
295:
287:
282:Ford Model T
269:
256:
249:
234:
201:19th century
186:
153:
151:
139:
92:
83:
59:
18:School buses
5454:Combination
5434:Articulated
5299:Neoplan USA
5279:Mack Trucks
5151:Volvo Buses
4728:Liberty Bus
4451:December 4,
3317:January 29,
3265:October 20,
2879:MarketWatch
2390:Wayne Works
2300:Walking bus
2169:Burning Man
1945:bookmobiles
1850:Walking bus
1776:LPG/propane
1770:fuel system
1516:drawstrings
1496:entry doors
1319:(rear view)
1046:single deck
1018:single-deck
1001:conspicuity
937:Liberty Bus
712:1980s–1990s
473:To improve
460:baby boomer
438:1950s–1960s
365:Crown Coach
219:(1910–1915)
178:transit bus
174:charter bus
86:August 2024
5820:Categories
5770:Trolleybus
5765:School bus
5740:Trolleybus
5627:by country
5516:Snow coach
5496:Multi-axle
5476:High-floor
5339:Twin Coach
5189:AM General
5141:Trans Tech
5080:GreenPower
4756:Trans Tech
4647:Trans Tech
4568:School bus
4476:26 January
4427:2017-10-02
4398:2019-04-05
4392:Inside EVs
4373:2019-04-05
4343:22 January
4323:2011-11-29
4272:2017-10-02
4236:2018-01-15
4188:2010-12-03
4132:2018-03-23
4074:2019-01-27
4050:2019-01-27
4025:2019-01-27
4000:2019-01-27
3976:2011-11-29
3903:2020-07-01
3757:7 December
3737:2010-11-27
3712:2016-06-11
3688:2018-12-24
3659:7 November
3634:2021-11-07
3609:2 December
3564:2019-09-08
3532:2010-04-16
3500:2018-10-28
3476:2018-10-28
3437:2019-09-08
3412:2010-04-16
3386:2016-09-05
3356:2010-04-16
3208:2010-05-23
3183:2010-05-23
3158:2011-01-10
3126:2017-10-02
3023:2018-09-08
2996:2024-08-29
2958:2013-04-22
2936:2010-12-03
2911:2010-04-14
2860:2019-10-03
2758:2019-10-03
2724:2019-02-03
2699:2011-06-02
2671:2017-11-21
2644:2017-11-21
2617:2013-10-21
2583:2013-10-21
2506:2010-04-27
2461:2019-05-25
2340:2017-10-02
2306:References
1964:Police bus
1904:often own
1891:Church use
1877:Other uses
1865:(known as
1746:fuel with
1725:carpooling
1705:jaywalking
1630:California
1535:See also:
1434:Operations
1407:Trans Tech
1287:New Jersey
1279:California
1268:seat belts
941:Trans Tech
746:ergonomics
499:Dodge A100
463:generation
229:Studebaker
215:One-horse
154:school bus
5720:Fuel cell
5708:Inductive
5699:Charging
5680:Dual-mode
5481:Low-floor
5224:Eagle Bus
5184:Aerocoach
5179:ACF-Brill
5124:REV Group
5105:New Flyer
5095:NFI Group
5063:Starcraft
5006:Blue Bird
4809:TAM-USA (
4754:; became
3094:3 January
3072:3 January
2830:cite book
2753:0882-7729
2149:Ken Kesey
2127:workforce
1925:Tennessee
1906:minibuses
1793:chassis.
1681:stop sign
1634:Wisconsin
1609:FMVSS 108
1543:stop sign
1458:Licensing
1452:bus stops
1010:roll cage
900:Workhorse
882:In 2011,
316:Blue Bird
308:A.L. Luce
296:In 1915,
291:tarpaulin
274:A.L. Luce
261:1900–1930
74:talk page
5798:Category
5713:Overhead
5685:Electric
5654:Training
5597:Campaign
5592:Armoured
5501:Open-top
5264:Kenworth
5239:FitzJohn
5156:Nova Bus
5146:Vicinity
5136:Stallion
5117:Proterra
5075:Girardin
5053:ElDorado
5043:Champion
4210:Archived
4162:25 April
4069:CBC News
3995:CBC News
3923:CBC News
3654:CBC News
3629:curio.ca
3283:Archived
3233:April 7,
3228:BBC News
2973:Circular
2544:28 March
2364:Archived
2295:Bike bus
2255:See also
2151:and the
2133:Skoolies
2031:scrapped
1929:Virginia
1921:Kentucky
1917:Arkansas
1863:bike bus
1854:Bike bus
1586:Virginia
1419:Girardin
1291:New York
1213:Kentucky
1082:Features
992:and the
884:Lion Bus
773:Girardin
284:chassis.
241:kid hack
217:kid hack
207:Kid hack
124:Exterior
68:You may
5644:Transit
5639:Sleeper
5634:Shuttle
5602:Express
5587:Airport
5544:Roadway
5521:Trailer
5427:Chassis
5244:Flxible
5172:Defunct
5161:Prevost
5048:Collins
4800:Mid Bus
4738:Mid Bus
4297:9 April
4099:9 April
3048:19 July
2885:17 June
2245:Finland
2145:Further
2141:art car
1913:Alabama
1733:walking
1641:advance
1613:advance
1441:coaches
1427:Corbeil
1283:Florida
1193:⁄
1063:(MFSAB)
812:Corbeil
796:Mid Bus
641:crashes
516:riveted
227:A 1912
5622:School
5617:Police
5582:Advert
5561:Guided
5229:Fageol
5194:AmTran
5085:IC Bus
5070:Gillig
5058:Glaval
5021:Thomas
4999:Active
4790:Gillig
4605:IC Bus
3808:: 361.
3727:"FAQs"
3684:. 2018
2751:
2429:May 1,
2241:Pargas
1927:, and
1729:biking
1709:Regina
1594:(LEDs)
1523:, the
1293:, and
1087:Livery
858:Vision
792:AmTran
764:, and
501:, and
377:Gillig
162:school
5735:Solar
5673:Power
5612:Party
5506:Rigid
5449:Coach
5444:Bruck
5411:Buses
5016:Setra
4924:1950s
4903:1960s
4879:1970s
4841:1980s
4766:1990s
4691:2000s
4673:2010s
4150:(PDF)
4044:paNOW
3857:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3678:(PDF)
3471:NHTSA
3259:(PDF)
3252:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3145:(PDF)
3120:(PDF)
3113:(PDF)
3067:(PDF)
3018:NHTSA
2611:(PDF)
2604:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2334:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2046:NHTSA
1525:NHTSA
1295:Texas
1028:Types
541:1970s
417:1940s
323:1930s
143:shown
76:, or
5725:Gyro
5659:Tour
5575:Uses
5491:Mini
5486:Midi
5420:List
5289:MASA
5199:Beck
5090:Lion
5028:DINA
4914:1966
4869:1985
4859:1989
4831:1995
4811:1991
4784:1991
4752:2007
4742:2008
4732:2005
4722:2008
4712:2002
4702:2001
4681:2016
4478:2016
4453:2005
4345:2014
4299:2014
4164:2020
4101:2014
3827:help
3759:2014
3661:2021
3611:2013
3319:2006
3267:2013
3235:2010
3096:2018
3074:2018
3050:2018
2887:2011
2836:link
2795:help
2749:ISSN
2546:2014
2431:2015
1947:and
1861:and
1852:and
1778:and
1711:and
1697:stop
1693:LEDs
1689:stop
1669:stop
1645:stop
1643:and
1624:and
1470:and
1413:and
1327:UCLA
953:LEDs
603:and
489:and
245:hack
5129:ENC
2818:doi
1780:CNG
1768:CNG
1731:or
1675:'s
1356:'s
1248:CSX
1235:to
1233:VHS
1123:".
817:TAM
176:or
164:or
158:bus
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