665:
Nation, through its Tribal
Council, is the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Tribe.This ruling was reversed by Judge Klatt and the S.I.T. and Alan Russell were recognized as the authority on the reservation in Kent.Ct" Rost appealed the eviction order and on September 18, 2012, the appellate decision upheld Judge Klatt's eviction while correcting her determination that STN held tribal authority. Specifically, the appellate court held that, "The court nevertheless agreed to open its earlier decision for the limited purpose of vacating its finding that STN, through its tribal council, was the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Indians. The court clarified as follows: ‘‘It’s the Schaghticoke Indians that have the right to say who lives on the reservation. And they clearly have spoken here. Because both plaintiffs are in agreement that they do not want on the location.’’ The court later stated: ‘‘I am reopening my decision and clarifying my decision, that even if Velky, in my analysis of the law, even if Velky is not the accepted and recognized tribal leader, nevertheless the plaintiffs—the plaintiffs being the Schaghticoke Indian—that—Indians, not the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe, not the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, but the Indians that were originally recognized by this state, are the individuals that have brought this summary process action and have moved to evict . So, that’s the clarification of the court’s decision. Accordingly, the court modified that portion of its earlier decision finding that STN was the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Indians."
411:, a few private landowners, and the federal government. Following the Bureau of Indian Affairs' re-determined negative decision and resultant reversal of the STN's federal acknowledgment, the U.S. District Court dismissed the land claim case in 2010. "In ruling on the cross-motions for summary judgment, the court concluded that the BIA's final determination was 'reasonable based on the evidence before it,' and that the STN failed to satisfy the criteria of 'community' and 'political influence or authority' due to the fact that a substantial portion of the Schaghticoke refused to be enrolled as members of the STN." The tribe appealed the court's decision to the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals in late February 2010, where the lower court's decision was affirmed. STN took its case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in October 2010 denied to review the appellate decision.
624:
group of individuals described as "descendants of the historical tribe known today as the
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation;" (2) the Town of Cornwall, Connecticut; (3) the State of Connecticut together with the Towns of Kent, Bethel, New Fairfield, Newtown, Ridgefield, Greenwich, Sherman, Westport, Wilton, and Weston as well as the Cities of Danbury and Stamford; the Kent School Corporation; the Connecticut Light and Power Company; and the Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials, (4) the Preston Mountain Club, Inc., a landowner; and (5) the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe, a group which has separately petitioned for Federal acknowledgment.
215:
1694:
469:. Alternatively, it is told that they did not negotiate with Chief Squantz because he moved to the north end of Squantz Pond land area and refused to "sell" the township of New Fairfield. They returned in the Spring of 1725, but found that Chief Squantz had died during the Winter. His four sons and heirs refused to sign the deeds. It was not until four years later that the white men called "The Proprietors" finally got the drawn marks of several other native people who may not have had authority to sell the land. They "purchased" a 31,000-acre tract of land that is now called
36:
453:
section of
Bradleys, Coggswells, Harrises and Kilsons in each of these three groups (STN, SIT and the unaffiliated) There also is a small group of people of doubtful heritage who claim to be Schaghticoke and claim to govern themselves with the SIT constitution. The Schaghticoke Indian Tribe located in Kent, Connecticut has 110 members.
660:
In 2011, the two tribal groups briefly united in trying to get
Michael Rost, a non-Schaghticoke, expelled from reservation land. Members of both STN and SIT have said that Rost, claiming to have the right to be there as a guest of a tribal member, took and sold lumber illegally, built roads without a
602:
In
December 2002, the BIA made a preliminary finding that the STN failed to satisfy two of seven criteria for recognition: proof of cohesive community and maintenance of a continuous political leadership. After the tribe provided more documentation in consultation with the agency, in January 2004 the
519:
The
Schaghticoke filed land rights suits in 1985, 1998 and 2000, the last two under the name and leadership of the STN. By 2010, the cases were consolidated; the defendants were the federal government, the Connecticut Light & Power Company, and the Kent School. In 1993, the federal government had
515:
The
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation (STN) has filed suits for restoration of about 2100 acres. Much of the land in question is in Kent, on the eastern side of the Housatonic River from the current reservation. About half the campus of the private Kent School is on the disputed land. Another major portion
664:
A Connecticut
Superior Court evicted Rost that year. State Judge Corinne L. Klatt ruled that the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation and its leader Richard Velky were the legitimate representatives of the people: "Based on the evidence submitted by both parties, the court finds that the Schaghticoke Tribal
603:
Department of the
Interior acknowledged the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation as an Indian tribe according to the federal law and practice. STN was the fourth Connecticut tribes to gain federal recognition after the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, the Mohegan Tribe and the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation.
452:
The
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation has an elected tribal council representing STN citizens and a chief-for-life, Richard L. Velky, who was elected in 1987. The Schaghticoke Indian Tribe also has a tribal council and a chief, Alan Russell. STN and SIT have separate tribal constitutions. There is a cross
631:
STN appealed the BIA ruling, but in August 2009, federal Judge Peter Dorsey upheld it. The STN sued for relief in Federal court, but the suit was dismissed in August 2008. This ruling was appealed in the 2nd Circuit Court in New York and was denied on October 19, 2009. The STN had hoped to build a
627:
On May 12, 2005, the IBIA vacated the STN final determination and remanded it to the BIA for reconsideration. On October 11, 2005, the Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA) issued a Reconsidered Final Determination Denying Federal Acknowledgment of the STN. That same year, the IBIA also remanded
623:
introduced the "Schaghticoke Acknowledgement Repeal Act of 2005". Five requests were made to the Interior Board of Indian Appeals (IBIA) to review the BIA Final Determination to Acknowledge the STN, which had been approved on January 24, 2004. The five requesters were (1) the "Coggswell Group," a
537:
case for land rights. As it was not a tribe, the state could not have violated the Non-Intercourse Act with the land deals. Because another federal court had upheld the BIA's reversal of the STN's federal acknowledgment (see below), the defendants had argued that the STN could not proceed with its
511:
European-American agents, appointed by the state, sold off more than 2,000 acres of tribal land between 1801 and 1911 without approval by the federal government. Tribal leaders say that the land sales and takings violated the Indian Non-Intercourse Act. This is the collective name of six statutes
598:
Richard Velky is the chief of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation who has been told by the BIA that they can not reform, regroup or reorganize and that the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe is the Historic continuation of the tribe; Alan Russell is the Tribal Chief of the S.I.T. and has been its leader since
541:
The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation appealed in federal court, arguing that a tribe does not have to be federally acknowledged to bring land claim lawsuits under the 1790 Non-Intercourse Act. At the end of November 2012, the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals set February 25, 2013, as the deadline for the
594:
In 1981 the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (SIT) filed a petition for federal recognition. The tribal genealogist had documented that four family lineages form the basis of most of today's tribal members. These are the Cogswells, Kilsons, Harrises and Bradleys. During the nascent stages of the
557:
and the language of a 1752 resolution of the Connecticut General Assembly that granted right of land use to the tribe for land along the Housatonic River, but did not explicitly grant property rights to the tribe and allowed for the land use only "during the pleasure of this Assembly".
606:
The Connecticut governor and other parties immediately opposed the Bureau of Indian Affairs decision, claiming adverse effects in communities due to the effects of gambling casinos. They feared the tribe would use recognition to press its land claims and to develop a casino. The
357:, is one of the oldest in the United States. In 1740, shortly after the reservation was granted, approximately 500 Schaghticoke lived on it. After sales by state agents, the Schaghticoke hold less than a fifth of the original reserve with a 400-acre (1.6 km)
388:. In 2004, the STN was the fourth tribe in Connecticut to gain federal recognition. But in 2005, after strong opposition from the state and several local governments as well as one landowner, several Schaghticoke individuals and the SIT, U.S.
1348:"Summary of the Evaluation Under the Criteria and of the Evidence for Reconsidered Federal Determination Denying Federal Acknowledgement to the Eastern Pequot Indians of Connecticut and the Paucatuck Eastern Pequot Indians of Connecticut"
628:
the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation's (EPTN) positive final determination of federal acknowledgment to the OFA. The result was the same, the Schaghticoke experience – OFA issued a determination denying the federal acknowledgment of EPTN.
350:. The remnant tribes amalgamated in the area near the Connecticut-New York border after many losses, including the sale of some Schaghticoke and members of neighboring tribes into slavery in the Caribbean in the 1600s.
595:
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation's petition process, several individual leaders, both elected and from within the community, disputed the STN leadership. The result was a political dispute that has not been resolved.
419:
Schaghticoke has various spellings: Pachgatgoch, Patchgatgoch, Pisgachtigok, Pishgachtigok, Scachtacook, Scaghkooke, Scanticook, Scatacook, Scaticook, Schaacticook, Scotticook, Seachcook, derived from an
384:(STN). The Schaghticoke people have a long history of political relationships with both the former colony of Connecticut and the state. Most of the members live off the reservation in and near
654:, calling for an end to land encroachment on the reservation, and destruction of sites there. They wanted to raise awareness of the tribe's continued push to achieve federal recognition.
1632:
2191:
2186:
1493:
524:
and securing control of it. The STN objected to the state's making the exchange for a lesser amount of land, threatening to close access to the Trail through the reservation.
1512:
403:
The Schaghticoke filed a land claims action, seeking restoration of a total of 2,100 acres (850 ha). Most of the land in question is undeveloped. It is owned by the
488:, the Schaghticoke tribe have one of the oldest reservations in the United States. But, today their original 2,500 acres (10 km), once located on both sides of the
512:
passed from 1790 to 1834, which said that only the federal government had the right to deal directly with Indian nations and had to approve all land sales for them.
477:, for the equivalent of about 300 dollars and on April 24, 1729, the deed was recorded on May 9, 1729, and is now deposited in the archives of the State Capitol in
910:
2171:
1132:
1625:
657:
Chief Richard L. Velky, tribal chair of STN since 1987, has said, "I can tell you this. They will never finish us off, and they will never take our land."
520:
proposed a land swap to Connecticut, offering 25 acres of federal land in exchange for 49.7 acres of the reservation, as part of a major restoration of the
1191:
533:. The judge held that, as the BIA had determined in 2005 that STN did not meet the criteria for federal recognition as a tribe, it could not establish a
1217:
465:, received approval from the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut to establish a new township. According to one account, they negotiated with
1528:
1030:
1704:
1675:
1618:
1275:
1192:""Housatonic Rest of River Human Health Risks from PCBs" section of "Understanding PCB Risks at the GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Site" page"
2087:
2017:
1247:
397:
53:
586:. This limits the use of the river and presents health risks to those who live along river, and they can not eat the fish from the river.
392:(BIA) reversed its decision, revoking recognition. The Schaghticoke were among three state-recognized Connecticut tribes (along with the
2007:
1490:
1888:
1855:
1168:
1049:
505:
429:
310:
264:
119:
1610:
1441:
1347:
100:
2037:
1944:
1924:
1509:
749:
682:
650:
On January 29, 2009, STN members and supporters rallied at the Connecticut state capital. They presented a petition to Governor
72:
2077:
2057:
2022:
1088:
1929:
1878:
1873:
1642:
599:
1983. Neither represents all of the Schaghticoke people, including many who refuse to enroll with either political faction.
366:
57:
1292:
1069:
214:
79:
2176:
2095:
2072:
1883:
675:
2027:
1997:
1979:
1974:
1954:
1904:
608:
549:
against the state of Connecticut regarding tribal land that had been sold by the state beginning in 1801. In 2022, the
408:
393:
2181:
2166:
2052:
1899:
550:
1396:
858:""I Believe They Are Papists!": Natives, Moravians, and the Politics of Conversion in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut"
86:
1378:
1015:
Epstein, Ruth (September 26, 1982). "Yale student researching Schaghticoke tribe history". The News-Times (Danbury).
2136:
2032:
1984:
1939:
1914:
1909:
1894:
699:
546:
470:
46:
1964:
1782:
1767:
769:
583:
68:
1934:
1772:
1722:
1712:
689:
636:
571:
389:
1118:
639:
issued new rules saying that tribes which have previously been denied federal recognition cannot re-petition.
527:
In October 2010 a federal court granted the defendants' request to dismiss the case, based on the argument of
1228:
938:"When a Tribal Entity Becomes a Nation: The Role of Politics in the Shifting Federal Recognition Regulations"
2082:
2067:
2062:
2042:
1969:
1865:
1827:
1817:
1757:
1683:
1664:
717:
2047:
1919:
1822:
1807:
1797:
1747:
1732:
1717:
462:
400:) who were denied under the Bush administration, which had concerns about casinos being opened by tribes.
1158:
504:, and other animals. At one time, the Schaghticoke tribe owned land from the Massachusetts border to the
1959:
1949:
1842:
1832:
1787:
1737:
485:
478:
354:
1553:
428:
meaning "the confluence of two waterways or "Gathered Waters." This may refer to the confluence of the
2143:
1989:
1792:
1777:
973:
754:
736:
612:
474:
441:
421:
1850:
1812:
1802:
1762:
1742:
1727:
713:
616:
529:
2105:
1318:
949:
885:
877:
831:
554:
493:
358:
93:
661:
permit, and destroyed sensitive archeological sites. They took him to court to get him evicted.
1752:
1594:
1419:"Revisions to Regulations on Federal Acknowledgment of Indian Tribes (25 CFR 83 or "Part 83")"
1164:
521:
385:
362:
319:
1050:"Schaghticoke Tribe's Bid to Win Back Land in Kent Dead; Is It the Last Chapter in the Saga?"
619:
had already developed increasingly successful, large casino resorts. In 2005, Representative
1418:
1160:
Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States: A Sourcebook
869:
823:
579:
567:
489:
433:
370:
275:
229:
1599:
1516:
1497:
339:
206:
1218:"Summary under the Criteria and Evidence for Proposed Finding Schaghticoke Tribal Nation"
1604:
1442:"Kent-based American Indian tribe is seeking federal recognition. The town has concerns"
784:
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation and Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (Politically split since 1983)
721:
2160:
827:
709:
703:
620:
501:
466:
437:
347:
889:
732:
695:
497:
1529:
Gale Courey Toensing, "Schaghticoke Tribal Nation Seeks to Regain Rightful Status"
17:
1031:
Gale Courey Toensing, "Schaghticoke Tribal Nation Continues Land Rights Struggle"
706:, a leader of the Schaghticoke people until his death in the winter of 1724–1725.
611:
had received federal recognition in 2002, which the state was also opposing. The
1657:
812:"Written out of History: Contemporary Native American Narratives of Enslavement"
404:
343:
163:
35:
1133:"Connecticut court dismisses Schaghticoke tribe lawsuit over 1801 land seizure"
1004:. New Fairfield, Connecticut: New Fairfield Bicentennial Commission. p. 5.
873:
1466:
642:
In March 2022, the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe applied for federal recognition.
331:
202:
138:
Schaghticoke Tribal Nation / Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (Political Separation)
1570:
History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut
651:
2127:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties.
1582:
766:
Federally recognized tribes located within the boundaries of Connecticut:
632:
third gaming facility in Connecticut if they were federally acknowledged.
725:
575:
327:
198:
953:
937:
881:
857:
835:
811:
440:, removed most of the Schaghticoke people. The language/culture base is
774:
323:
1397:"Federal Recognition Changes Leave Connecticut Tribes Out in the Cold"
781:
State Recognized Tribes located within the boundaries of Connecticut:
342:, and their descendants, peoples indigenous to what is now New York,
335:
1467:"Petition #401 Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (SIT), CT | Indian Affairs"
496:
on the west side of the river. It includes a wilderness habitat for
1379:
Katherine Boughton, "A New Rift for the Schaghticoke Tribe of Kent"
361:. It is located near the New York border within the boundaries of
353:
Their reservation, granted in 1736 by the General Assembly of the
213:
1319:"In Re Federal Acknowledgment of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation"
1614:
1326:
Office of Hearings and Appeals, U.S. Department of the Interior
516:
is owned by the Preston Mountain Club, a private fishing club.
29:
1089:"Connecticut Fights Land Suit by Faction of Splintered Tribe"
1692:
253:
1588:
1276:"Fourth Tribe Is Recognized in Connecticut, Casino Feared"
917:. U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute topographic map series
553:
upheld the lower court's dismissal of the lawsuit, citing
299:
1248:"Connecticut Tribe Is Denied Bid for Federal Recognition"
484:
Granted a reserve in 1736 by the General Assembly of the
293:
287:
247:
241:
542:
parties to submit their briefs in the land claims case.
376:
In 1986, the tribe split. One group maintained the name
373:. The land is held in trust by the state for the tribe.
1293:"Lawmakers Seek To Revoke Recognition Of Schaghticokes"
1328:. United States Department of the Interior. 41 IBIA 30
545:
In 2016 the Shaghticoke Tribal Nation filed suit in a
311:
302:
296:
284:
281:
265:
256:
250:
238:
235:
987:
Chronology: Under Candlewoods, Roots at Squantz Pond
685:, located in the above town, is named for the tribe.
290:
244:
148:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation 300+ Rolls: closed
2122:
2104:
2006:
1864:
1841:
1703:
1674:
1554:
SCHAGHTICOKE INDIAN TRIBE ET AL. v. MICHAEL J. ROST
1544:
Schaghticoke Indian Tribe, et al v. Michael J. Rost
278:
232:
192:
180:
170:
156:
142:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1246:
566:The Schaghticoke reservation is located along the
492:, has been diminished to a 400-acre (1.6 km)
1317:Interior Board of Indian Appeals (May 12, 2005).
1196:EPA Cleanups: GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Site
1225:U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs
1421:. US Department of the Interior. June 29, 2015
1312:
1310:
1271:
1269:
150:Schaghticoke Indian Tribe approximately 65+/-
27:Native American tribe of the Eastern Woodlands
1626:
582:from their electrical transformer factory in
8:
2192:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1282:, January 30, 2004. Retrieved March 18, 2013
1056:, October 10, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2013
137:
2187:American Indian reservations in Connecticut
1064:
1062:
1633:
1619:
1611:
1385:, March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2013
1070:"Indians in Land Dispute With Connecticut"
136:
1245:The Associated Press (December 6, 2002).
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1535:, May 31, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2013
1491:"Crisis on the Schaghticoke Reservation"
1121: (Conn. App. 27 September 2022).
218:Location of the Schaghticoke Reservation
1374:
1372:
1087:Stuart, Christine (February 17, 2017).
1045:
1043:
802:
380:(SIT), and the other identifies as the
1440:Fox, Sandra Diamond (April 11, 2022).
1131:Dodson, Braley (September 27, 2022) .
1026:
1024:
1022:
1002:Our Town: The History of New Fairfield
2172:Native American tribes in Connecticut
856:Fisher, Linford D. (September 2008).
318:) are a Native American tribe of the
7:
1600:"The Schagticokes' Witenagemot Tree"
1572:, Fairfield Historical Society, 1886
1510:"Interview with Chief Richard Velky"
398:Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation
157:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1114:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation v. State
1641:Municipalities and communities of
1227:. December 5, 2002. Archived from
25:
1295:. Hartford Courant. March 5, 2005
911:"Schaghticoke Indian Reservation"
731:The tribe influenced the name of
828:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2009.00668.x
750:Truman Bradley (Native American)
461:In 1724, colonial settlers from
274:
228:
176:Algonquian - Dialect R / Mahican
34:
1395:Harriet Jones (June 29, 2015).
989:. West Cornwall, CT: EARTH ONE.
45:needs additional citations for
1644:Litchfield County, Connecticut
1076:. January 18, 1993. p. 5.
688:Schaghticoke Middle School in
322:who historically consisted of
1:
975:, Native American Rights Fund
590:Quest for federal recognition
409:Connecticut Light & Power
936:Riley, Lorinda (2014–2015).
787:Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
609:Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
436:, where Mauwehu, the son of
394:Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation
551:Connecticut Appellate Court
2208:
1993:(Inactive city government)
1589:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation
1157:Den Ouden, Amy E. (2013).
942:American Indian Law Review
874:10.1162/tneq.2008.81.3.410
810:Carocci, Max (June 2009).
700:New Fairfield, Connecticut
578:and put into the river by
562:Housatonic River pollution
547:Connecticut Superior Court
382:Schaghticoke Tribal Nation
2132:
1690:
1655:
1583:Schaghticoke Indian Tribe
1000:Simon, Irving B. (1975).
862:The New England Quarterly
770:Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
728:people from 1725 to 1735.
692:, is named for the tribe.
678:, is named for the tribe.
584:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
570:, which is polluted with
378:Schaghticoke Indian Tribe
197:
185:
175:
161:
147:
2114:Schaghticoke reservation
1568:Reverend Samuel Orcutt,
1355:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1198:. U.S. EPA. May 27, 2015
690:New Milford, Connecticut
637:Bureau of Indian Affairs
390:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1093:Courthouse News Service
1054:Litchfield County Times
985:Tomaino, Peter (1985).
790:Paugussett Indian Tribe
718:Washington, Connecticut
683:village of Schaghticoke
1697:
1605:"Town of Schaghticoke"
1515:June 16, 2009, at the
1496:July 14, 2011, at the
676:Schaghticoke, New York
463:Fairfield, Connecticut
219:
1696:
1519:, Indigenous Politics
1500:, Indigenous Politics
486:Colony of Connecticut
369:, to the west of the
355:Colony of Connecticut
217:
193:Related ethnic groups
69:"Schaghticoke people"
2177:Algonquian ethnonyms
2145:United States portal
1889:Candlewood Lake Club
1035:Indian Country Today
755:Trudie Lamb-Richmond
737:Elizaville, New York
613:Mohegan Indian Tribe
54:improve this article
1945:Northwest Harwinton
1925:New Hartford Center
1163:. UNC Press Books.
1037:, December 31, 2012
915:Dover Plains, NY–CT
617:Mashantucket Pequot
530:collateral estoppel
139:
2182:Schaghticoke tribe
2167:Algonquian peoples
2138:Connecticut portal
2106:Indian reservation
1698:
1591:, official website
1585:, official website
1357:. October 11, 2005
1280:The New York Times
1253:The New York Times
1074:The New York Times
816:Anthropology Today
724:, a leader of the
646:Other legal issues
555:sovereign immunity
220:
18:Schaghticoke tribe
2154:
2153:
1994:
1874:Bethlehem Village
1676:Consolidated city
1234:on March 1, 2013.
1119: AC 43811
522:Appalachian Trail
367:Litchfield County
320:Eastern Woodlands
212:
211:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2199:
2146:
2139:
1992:
1695:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1507:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1057:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
982:
976:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
807:
580:General Electric
574:manufactured by
568:Housatonic River
490:Housatonic River
434:Housatonic River
371:Housatonic River
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
201:(or Pootatuck),
143:Total population
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2118:
2100:
2028:Erickson Corner
2018:East Litchfield
2009:
2002:
1998:Woodbury Center
1955:Pleasant Valley
1905:Cornwall Bridge
1860:
1837:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1579:
1565:
1563:Further reading
1560:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1517:Wayback Machine
1508:
1504:
1498:Wayback Machine
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1048:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
998:
994:
984:
983:
979:
972:
968:
958:
956:
935:
934:
930:
920:
918:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
809:
808:
804:
799:
763:
746:
744:Notable members
720:, is named for
702:, is named for
671:
648:
592:
564:
459:
450:
424:Dialect-R word
417:
312:
277:
273:
266:
231:
227:
187:
162:United States (
135:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:Upper Merryall
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Lower Merryall
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Hotchkissville
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1577:External links
1575:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1533:Indian Country
1521:
1502:
1483:
1458:
1432:
1410:
1387:
1368:
1339:
1306:
1284:
1265:
1237:
1209:
1183:
1169:
1149:
1137:NEWS8 wtnh.com
1123:
1105:
1079:
1058:
1039:
1018:
1007:
992:
977:
966:
948:(2): 451–505.
928:
902:
868:(3): 410–437.
848:
801:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
788:
785:
779:
778:
777:
772:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
745:
742:
741:
740:
729:
722:Chief Waramaug
707:
693:
686:
679:
670:
667:
647:
644:
591:
588:
563:
560:
506:Ten Mile River
458:
455:
449:
446:
430:Ten Mile River
426:Pishgachtigok,
416:
413:
210:
209:
195:
194:
190:
189:
183:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
145:
144:
133:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2204:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Sharon Valley
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:East Plymouth
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:West Cornwall
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Gaylordsville
1913:
1911:
1910:Falls Village
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Chimney Point
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1649:United States
1646:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1170:9781469602172
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
981:
978:
974:
970:
967:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
916:
912:
906:
903:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
796:
789:
786:
783:
782:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
765:
764:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Lake Waramaug
708:
705:
704:Chief Squantz
701:
697:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
655:
653:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:In 2015, the
633:
629:
625:
622:
621:Nancy Johnson
618:
614:
610:
604:
600:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
559:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
536:
532:
531:
525:
523:
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
502:ruffed grouse
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:New Fairfield
468:
467:Chief Squantz
464:
456:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
438:Chief Squantz
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:Massachusetts
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
307:
271:
270:
261:
225:
216:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
184:
179:
174:
169:
165:
160:
155:
152:Rolls: closed
151:
146:
141:
132:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2113:
1783:North Canaan
1768:New Hartford
1663:
1595:Podunk tribe
1569:
1549:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1505:
1486:
1476:December 10,
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1451:December 10,
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1390:
1383:County Times
1382:
1359:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1297:. Retrieved
1287:
1279:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1240:
1229:the original
1224:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1159:
1152:
1142:February 14,
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1113:
1108:
1098:February 14,
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1073:
1053:
1034:
1010:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
969:
957:. Retrieved
945:
941:
931:
919:. Retrieved
914:
905:
893:. Retrieved
865:
861:
851:
839:. Retrieved
822:(3): 18–22.
819:
815:
805:
733:Camp Scatico
696:Squantz Pond
674:The town of
663:
659:
656:
649:
641:
634:
630:
626:
605:
601:
597:
593:
565:
544:
540:
534:
528:
526:
518:
514:
510:
498:rattlesnakes
483:
460:
451:
425:
418:
402:
381:
377:
375:
352:
224:Schaghticoke
223:
221:
188:Traditionals
149:
134:Ethnic group
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2096:West Goshen
2088:Torringford
2073:Pine Meadow
2010:communities
1935:New Preston
1930:New Milford
1879:Bridgewater
1773:New Milford
1723:Bridgewater
1713:Barkhamsted
1659:County seat
1607:at USGenWeb
1471:www.bia.gov
1361:February 2,
1332:February 2,
1202:October 31,
1176:October 31,
959:October 23,
895:October 23,
841:October 23,
538:land case.
535:prima facie
494:reservation
457:Land issues
405:Kent School
359:reservation
344:Connecticut
164:Connecticut
2161:Categories
2083:South Kent
2068:Northville
2063:Northfield
2043:Lanesville
1970:Terryville
1856:Litchfield
1828:Winchester
1818:Washington
1758:Litchfield
1684:Torrington
1666:Litchfield
1446:CT Insider
1299:August 26,
797:References
448:Government
442:Algonquian
422:Algonquian
332:Weantinock
203:Weantinock
186:Christians
80:newspapers
2123:Footnotes
2048:Lime Rock
1980:Watertown
1975:Thomaston
1920:Lakeville
1823:Watertown
1808:Thomaston
1798:Salisbury
1748:Harwinton
1733:Colebrook
1718:Bethlehem
1258:March 21,
921:August 9,
652:Jodi Rell
415:Etymology
171:Languages
2033:Flanders
1960:Riverton
1950:Oakville
1900:Cornwall
1843:Boroughs
1833:Woodbury
1788:Plymouth
1738:Cornwall
1513:Archived
1494:Archived
954:43857889
890:57559069
882:20474654
836:20528227
761:See also
726:Potatuck
576:Monsanto
479:Hartford
432:and the
396:and the
328:Potatuck
199:Potatuck
181:Religion
1990:Winsted
1940:Norfolk
1793:Roxbury
1778:Norfolk
1425:July 2,
1403:July 2,
775:Mohegan
475:Sherman
324:Mahican
315:-i-kuuk
269:-i-kohk
94:scholar
2058:Milton
1965:Sharon
1884:Canaan
1851:Bantam
1813:Warren
1803:Sharon
1763:Morris
1743:Goshen
1728:Canaan
1399:. WNPR
1167:
1117:,
952:
888:
880:
834:
714:Warren
669:Legacy
346:, and
340:Podunk
336:Tunxis
207:Podunk
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2008:Other
1705:Towns
1351:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1232:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
950:JSTOR
886:S2CID
878:JSTOR
832:JSTOR
101:JSTOR
87:books
1866:CDPs
1753:Kent
1478:2022
1453:2022
1427:2015
1405:2015
1363:2024
1334:2024
1301:2015
1260:2013
1204:2015
1178:2015
1165:ISBN
1144:2024
1100:2024
961:2021
923:2017
897:2021
843:2021
716:and
681:The
615:and
572:PCBs
473:and
386:Kent
363:Kent
313:SKAT
267:SKAT
222:The
73:news
870:doi
824:doi
735:in
712:in
698:in
365:in
272:or
56:by
2163::
1662::
1647:,
1531:,
1469:.
1444:.
1381:,
1371:^
1353:.
1324:.
1309:^
1278:,
1268:^
1251:.
1223:.
1194:.
1135:.
1091:.
1072:.
1061:^
1052:,
1042:^
1033:,
1021:^
946:39
944:.
940:.
913:.
884:.
876:.
866:81
864:.
860:.
830:.
820:25
818:.
814:.
508:.
500:,
481:.
444:.
407:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
254:oʊ
205:,
1891:‡
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1480:.
1455:.
1429:.
1407:.
1365:.
1336:.
1303:.
1262:.
1206:.
1180:.
1146:.
1102:.
963:.
925:.
899:.
872::
845:.
826::
739:.
306:/
303:k
300:ʊ
297:k
294:ɪ
291:t
288:æ
285:k
282:s
279:ˈ
276:/
260:/
257:k
251:k
248:ɪ
245:t
242:æ
239:k
236:s
233:ˈ
230:/
226:(
166:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
