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Research and production association (abb. NPO), also a research and production enterprise (abb. NPP; научно-производственное предприятие (НПП)) is an organization of any organizational and legal form that conducts research and development along with their development in production and production. As
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NPOs were established to consolidate research and production activities into a single entity. They were meant to bridge the technological gap between design bureaus and production plants, as new designs were often developed without considering the technical capabilities of the production facilities,
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This type of structure is closely related to the NAUCHNO-PROIZVODSTVENNOYe PREDPRIYATIYe (NPP) structure, which translates to SCIENTIFIC AND PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE. NAUCHNO-VNEDRENCHESKOE PREDPRIYATIE structures (Scientific and
Implementation Enterprise) also exist. NPOs, NPPs and NVPs house what are
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They are usually headed by a research or design organization. Though they exist in many sectors, they are most common in electrical engineering, electronics, aviation, instrument-making and chemical industries.
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The NPO structure first appeared in the late 1960s, after a Soviet decree was approved on 24 September 1968 to reform research and development structures; by 1980 there were 250 NPOs in the Soviet Union.
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a rule, the structure of the NPO includes research, design and engineering, technological organizations, pilot production and industrial enterprises.
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leading to long delays between the start of development and serial production.
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Soviet Law After Stalin: Soviet
Institutions and the Administration of Law
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736:"Obolensk NPO Biosintez State Research Center for Applied Microbiology"
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called in the
English language research and development facilities.
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Industrial business group, conglomerate in the fortmer Soviet Union
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Barry, Donald D.; Gingsburgs, George; Maggs, Peter B. (1979).
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Soviet
Advanced Technologies in the Era of Restructuring
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Rockets and People, Volume III, Hot Days of the Cold War
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Entrepreneurship in
Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union
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628:Guroff, Gregory; Carstensen, Fred V. (2014).
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820:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
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766:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. August 2011
835:Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
830:Research institutes in the Soviet Union
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290:Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye
77:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
845:Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia
840:Soviet and Russian space institutions
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181:Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia
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855:Roscosmos divisions and subsidiaries
850:Government-owned companies of Russia
697:from the original on April 28, 2017.
301:and its successor states, including
279:Научно-производственное объединение
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331:Famous examples from various NPOs
271:scientific production association
231:Business and economics portal
105:Scientific production association
18:Scientific Production Association
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865:Aerospace companies of Ukraine
660:. Government Printing Office.
634:. Princeton University Press.
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860:Aerospace companies of Russia
825:Companies of the Soviet Union
785:Shahab-5/IRSL-X-3, KOSAR/IRIS
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761:"Iran Missile Chronology"
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815:Types of business entity
158:Material Product System
800:Production association
681:Kassel, Simon (1989).
100:Production association
537:NPO Petrovax (Moscow)
510:NPO Mashinostroyeniya
91:Business group types
738:. GlobalSecurity.org
163:Net material product
590:) designers of the
130:Linear optimization
82:Economic ministries
573:NPO Trud/Kusnetsov
432:NPO Electropribor
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196:Economic planning
125:Material balances
16:(Redirected from
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119:Planning methods
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768:. Retrieved
740:. Retrieved
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600:List of NVPs
405:List of NPOs
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299:Soviet Union
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191:Eastern bloc
104:
520:NPO Molniya
466:NPO Novator
460:Novosibirsk
186:Cybernetics
87:Enterprises
809:Categories
742:4 February
721:9028606793
612:References
606:NVP Protek
592:R-12 Dvina
541:NPO Polyot
412:NPO Altair
347:Lunokhod 1
305:and other
147:Statistics
714:. BRILL.
567:NPO Toriy
551:NPO Splav
532:NPO Orion
506:(Podolsk)
476:NPO Almaz
456:NPO ELSIB
422:NPO Antey
417:NPO Almaz
351:Lavochkin
284:romanized
206:Socialism
794:See also
692:Archived
584:Yuzhnoye
569:(Moscow)
563:(Moscow)
534:(Moscow)
522:(Moscow)
504:NPO Luch
498:NPO Luch
478:(Moscow)
35:a series
33:Part of
770:30 June
440:Ukraine
436:Kharkiv
369:Molniya
317:History
286::
275:Russian
95:Combine
72:Gosbank
67:Gossnab
62:Gosplan
718:
664:
638:
594:rocket
588:Dnipro
577:Samara
514:Reutov
492:Khimki
450:Moscow
387:Polyot
383:Angara
303:Russia
764:(PDF)
695:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
385:from
367:from
365:Buran
349:from
772:2020
744:2021
716:ISBN
662:ISBN
636:ISBN
582:NPO
555:Tula
545:Omsk
269:The
295:NPO
57:STO
811::
752:^
620:^
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37:on
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