1310:
88:, a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners. The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together, even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing."
784:
1358:
1298:
1346:
1322:
1274:
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1334:
91:
By World War II, the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines, fuels, and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights. Today, changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors — particularly analytical instruments — are occurring rapidly, with interconnections
176:
to improve and simplify control; enhance and extend instrumental functions, conditions, and parameter adjustments; and streamline data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis (both during and post-process), and storage and retrieval. Advanced instruments can be connected as a
69:) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively." Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research
210:
720:
197:(IoT) technologies, allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere.
700:
1135:
Wilkes, R.; Megargle, R. (1994). "Integration of instruments and a laboratory information management system at the information level: An inductively coupled plasma spectrometer".
73:. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product.
652:
725:
190:
516:
53:
Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. Before the mid-nineteenth
644:
1309:
965:
648:
57:
such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the
1253:
1119:
1094:
1046:
1021:
836:
1378:
683:
1383:
1264:
100:
Scientific instruments vary greatly in size, shape, purpose, complication and complexity. They include relatively simple
710:
54:
148:
technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny, including nanoscale
754:
958:
From
Sunlight to Insight. Jan IngenHousz, the discovery of photosynthesis & science in the light of ecology
658:
624:
499:
576:
206:
132:, etc. However, some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity, like
295:
186:
852:
Warner, Deborah Jean (March 1990). "What Is a
Scientific Instrument, When Did It Become One, and Why?".
1216:
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552:
487:
284:
101:
678:
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528:
379:
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869:
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1224:
1175:
1144:
986:
861:
737:
715:
705:
546:
403:
391:
231:
145:
120:, etc. Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the
1290:
771:
766:
504:
280:
137:
1220:
1014:
Analytical
Instrumentation: A Guide to Laboratory, Portable and Miniaturized Instruments
1362:
1350:
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337:
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105:
85:
81:
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783:
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1110:
James, W.S.; Lemole Jr, G.M. (2015). Latifi, R.; Rhee, P.; Gruessner, R.W.G. (eds.).
881:
673:
564:
481:
359:
257:
218:
129:
1357:
1338:
606:
451:
427:
412:, electric signal voltage, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, waveform shape/pattern
409:
355:
349:
331:
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289:
276:
222:
153:
45:
purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.
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125:
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at
Wiktionary, a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in
92:
to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary.
618:
397:
368:
173:
977:
Mukhopadhyay, R. (2008). "The Rise of
Instruments during World War II".
933:
211:
List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths
873:
461:
321:
242:
227:
990:
534:
510:
267:
1229:
1204:
1333:
271:
109:
721:
Royal
Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science
193:(LIMS). Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using
540:
252:
1164:"Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting"
1254:
Paul Bunge Prize: History of
Scientific Instruments, 1993-2023
1064:
International
Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences
394:, chemical compound identification, medical diagnostic imaging
1087:
Systems
Engineering for Microscale and Nanoscale Technologies
124:(an optical microscope), the SCALE(KAS Periodic Table), the
1112:
Technological
Advances in Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care
935:
Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers
701:
Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (CHSI)
1262:
822:
820:
818:
653:Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers
1137:Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems
919:Early Scientific Instruments: Europe, 1400-1800
893:
891:
1257:(Frankfurt/Main: GDCh & DBG, 2023), 96 pp.
1251:Charlotte Bigg & Christoph Meinel (eds.),
854:The British Journal for the History of Science
8:
469:List of scientific instruments manufacturers
185:and can be further integrated as part of an
205:For lists of astronomical instruments, see
27:Device or tool used for scientific purposes
1062:Shadab,K.A. (2017). "KAS PERIODIC TABLE".
898:"United States v. Presbyterian Hospital".
376:, compound identification/characterization
1228:
1205:"The Internet of Things comes to the lab"
1179:
831:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 675–77.
829:Reader's Guide to the History of Science
726:Whipple Museum of the History of Science
639:List of scientific instruments designers
573:, Switzerland / United States of America
430:, light frequency, wavelength, amplitude
424:, sound frequency, wavelength, amplitude
191:laboratory information management system
168:Instruments are increasingly based upon
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1269:
1016:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–6.
814:
517:Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company
645:List of astronomical instrument makers
1081:Osiander, R. (2016). Darrin, M.A.G.;
649:Category:Scientific instrument makers
7:
76:In a description of the use of the
1039:Handbook of Analytical Instruments
201:Examples of scientific instruments
25:
690:History of scientific instruments
436:, light magnification (astronomy)
400:, electrical resistance/impedance
128:(a pen that detects cancer), the
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1168:Journal of Laboratory Automation
782:
684:Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich
340:, optics, infrared light spectra
1089:. CRC Press. pp. 137–172.
744:Types of scientific instruments
1114:. Springer. pp. 221–230.
1:
787:The dictionary definition of
41:is a device or tool used for
1149:10.1016/0169-7439(94)90018-3
921:. Phillip Wilson Publishers.
711:Chemical Heritage Foundation
308:, optical refractive indices
346:, biomolecular manipulation
1400:
827:Hessenbruch, Arne (2013).
642:
633:, United States of America
627:, United States of America
603:, United States of America
597:, United States of America
567:, United States of America
549:, United States of America
513:, United States of America
507:, United States of America
490:, United States of America
478:, United States of America
204:
29:
1041:. McGraw Hill Education.
938:. Smithsonian Institution
866:10.1017/S0007087400044460
755:Electronic test equipment
500:A. Reyrolle & Company
442:, temperature measurement
1181:10.1177/2211068213476288
960:, page 231, VUB Press
625:Thermo Fisher Scientific
406:, nanoscale manipulation
230:, electrical, amperage,
1162:Carvalho, M.C. (2013).
1037:Khandpur, R.S. (2016).
577:MTS Systems Corporation
388:, optical magnification
207:List of telescope types
1379:Scientific instruments
956:Geerdt Magiels (2009)
774:, a philosophic theory
621:, Melbourne, Australia
296:Electrostatic analyzer
189:application such as a
187:information management
181:(LAN) directly or via
140:antennas. Conversely,
18:Scientific instruments
1384:Science-related lists
1203:Perkel, J.M. (2017).
932:Bedini, S.A. (1964).
917:Turner, A.J. (1987).
39:scientific instrument
1012:McMahon, G. (2007).
979:Analytical Chemistry
900:The Federal Reporter
778:List of collectibles
664:Kipp, Petrus Jacobus
583:Novacam Technologies
553:Markes International
488:Agilent Technologies
302:of charged particles
285:potential difference
150:surgical instruments
102:laboratory equipment
1221:2017Natur.542..125P
559:Malvern Instruments
529:First Light Imaging
448:, angles, surveying
260:, molecular biology
750:Optical instrument
631:Waters Corporation
589:Oxford Instruments
195:internet of things
179:local area network
134:particle colliders
1215:(7639): 125–126.
991:10.1021/ac801205u
985:(15): 5684–5691.
966:978-90-5487-645-8
679:Schöner, Johannes
476:454 Life Sciences
374:Mass spectrometer
344:Magnetic tweezers
292:, electric charge
16:(Redirected from
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906:: 866–868. 1896.
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886:
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843:
842:
824:
786:
738:Paul Bunge Prize
716:Deutsches Museum
706:Boerhaave Museum
591:, United Kingdom
579:, US, mechanical
561:, United Kingdom
555:, United Kingdom
547:LECO Corporation
519:, United Kingdom
404:Optical tweezers
392:NMR spectrometer
352:, magnetic field
21:
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772:Instrumentalism
767:Instrumentation
763:
746:
734:
697:
692:
669:Le Bon, Gustave
655:
641:
636:
505:Beckman Coulter
471:
466:
281:electric charge
214:
203:
166:
164:The digital era
138:radio-telescope
98:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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732:Historiography
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674:Roelofs, Arjen
671:
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659:Jones, William
640:
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613:Shimadzu Corp.
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571:Mettler Toledo
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418:, acceleration
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338:Interferometer
335:
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300:kinetic energy
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199:
165:
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158:bioelectronics
97:
94:
86:photosynthesis
82:Jan Ingenhousz
67:pendulum clock
50:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1174:(4): 328–33.
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1128:
1123:
1121:9781493926718
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1113:
1106:
1103:
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1096:9781439837351
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1070:(7): 221–261.
1069:
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1048:9789339221362
1044:
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1025:
1023:9780470518557
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565:McPherson Inc
563:
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512:
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506:
503:
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498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
484:, New Zealand
483:
482:ADInstruments
480:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
459:
456:
454:, temperature
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
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423:
420:
417:
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399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
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370:
366:
363:
361:
360:magnetic flux
357:
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348:
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342:
339:
336:
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328:
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319:
316:
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301:
297:
294:
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278:
275:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
258:DNA sequencer
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
233:
229:
226:
224:
220:
219:Accelerometer
217:
216:
212:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
152:, biological
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:glucose meter
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:(such as the
60:
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1212:
1208:
1198:
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1157:
1143:(1): 47–54.
1140:
1136:
1130:
1111:
1105:
1086:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1013:
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972:
957:
952:
940:. Retrieved
934:
927:
918:
912:
903:
899:
860:(1): 83–93.
857:
853:
847:
828:
789:
607:Polymer Char
452:Thermocouple
428:Spectrometer
410:Oscilloscope
356:Magnetometer
350:Magnetograph
332:Inclinometer
314:, gas volume
306:Ellipsometer
290:Electroscope
277:Electrometer
239:, wind speed
223:acceleration
221:, physical,
167:
118:thermometers
114:chronometers
99:
90:
75:
52:
38:
36:
1083:Barth, J.L.
803:synchrotron
601:PerkinElmer
440:Thermometer
422:Spectrogram
416:Seismometer
264:Dynamometer
249:Calorimeter
170:integration
126:MasSpec Pen
59:Middle Ages
1373:Categories
942:18 January
810:References
643:See also:
595:Pall Corp.
494:Anton Paar
446:Theodolite
386:Microscope
382:, distance
380:Micrometer
327:Hydrometer
318:Gravimeter
312:Eudiometer
245:, distance
237:Anemometer
183:middleware
142:microscale
78:eudiometer
71:laboratory
43:scientific
1327:Astronomy
882:145517920
799:phytotron
795:cyclotron
525:, Germany
523:Elementar
496:, Austria
458:Voltmeter
434:Telescope
365:Manometer
174:computers
146:nanoscale
122:Foldscope
63:astrolabe
32:Equipment
1291:Medicine
1239:28150787
1190:23413273
1085:(eds.).
999:18671339
761:See also
619:Techtron
585:, Canada
531:, France
398:Ohmmeter
369:pressure
154:nanobots
84:to show
1363:Science
1351:Society
1315:Physics
1303:Museums
1279:History
1265:Portals
1217:Bibcode
874:4026803
695:Museums
615:, Japan
609:, Spain
543:, Japan
537:, Japan
462:voltage
334:, slope
322:gravity
243:Caliper
232:current
228:Ammeter
55:century
49:History
1237:
1209:Nature
1188:
1118:
1093:
1045:
1020:
997:
964:
880:
872:
835:
651:, and
535:Horiba
511:Bruker
367:, air
268:torque
156:, and
110:rulers
106:scales
1339:Stars
878:S2CID
870:JSTOR
805:, ...
790:-tron
272:force
172:with
104:like
96:Scope
1235:PMID
1186:PMID
1116:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1018:ISBN
995:PMID
962:ISBN
944:2017
833:ISBN
541:JEOL
253:heat
209:and
144:and
65:and
1225:doi
1213:542
1176:doi
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987:doi
862:doi
136:or
80:by
1375::
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1192:.
1178::
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1068:4
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946:.
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34:.
20:)
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