MDPI - Knowledge (XXG)

858:(COPE) recommended that the article be retracted, based on issues including an unusual editorial process in which the listed journal editor declared that he "was not involved in the final decision regarding correction/retraction/authorship," an inaccurate and incomplete conflict of interest declaration that failed to disclose author connections with anti-pornography activist groups, failure to obtain informed consent from the study subjects, and failure to protect the identities of those subjects. Instead of retracting the paper, MDPI removed the editor's name from the paper and issued an amended conflict of interest statement which, according to 918:, one of the journal's editors, called the publication of the article "grossly irresponsible" and resigned from the editorial board as a protest against its publication. Subsequently, four other members of the editorial board also resigned. Shortly afterwards, the journal published an "expression of concern" regarding the article and opened an investigation into the review process. The paper had received three reviewer reports (which the journal later made public) which were however not very detailed and had apparently been written by reviewers who did not have topic expertise. 383:

the guest editors. Roughly 88% of MDPI papers are published in special issues. The number of MDPI special issues has grown rapidly, alongside significant year-over-year growth in total papers published: in 2020, MDPI journals hosted a total of 6,756 special issues, compared to 39,587 special issues in 2021. However, only 10,504 of these 2021 special issues ultimately resulted in published papers. The number of special issues publishing papers rose to 17,777 in 2022.

355:, such as the Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, which was started in 1997. In 2010 MDPI launched the platform Sciforum.net to host virtual conferences. In 2014, various virtual conferences were hosted in the areas of synthetic organic chemistry, material sciences, sensors, and sustainability. In 2015, MDPI co-organized two physical conferences with and at the 620:

journals. MDPI released a response to Oviedo-García's paper on their website eight days later. MDPI highlighted a number of issues with the article and its framing, arguing in particular that leading journals should not be directly compared to non-leading journals; MDPI also argued that, when compared to other publishers, MDPI does not have anomalously high self-citations.

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academics that boycott MDPI journals outright, or accuse MDPI journals of having a peer review process that is not up to academic standards. Among their descriptions, they call MDPI a Chinese organization with a "small artificial office in Switzerland", and "a money-making machine" that plays on the desire of academics to embellish their CV (see

573:. However, most researchers felt the primary driving force to publish with MDPI journals was their fast article turnaround time. In 2019–2020, MDPI articles took 35–37 days on average for acceptance (including revisions), and 41 days to publish the final article online after its initial submission, as compared to an industry average of 163 days. 40: 938:, first noted the proliferation of MDPI special issues in his blog in April 2021, giving them, alongside a fast turnaround time, credit for MDPI's success. He reported that in 2013, MDPI published 388 special issues, or about 5 per journals, while in 2021, the number grew to nearly 40,000, or about 500 per journal. 261:, also abbreviated MDPI, which was founded by Shu-Kun Lin in 1996 as a chemical sample archive, with some scholarly publishing and conference activities. The second organisation, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, was founded in 2010, primarily as a publisher. All of MDPI's journals have been 593:. In 2021, following a survey sent to Norwegian scientists, the Norwegian Scientific Index also created a special rank called "level X", which was used to denote journals undergoing evaluation as possible predatory journals, specifically citing concerns over MDPI journals for the new rank's creation. 831:

in 2011 went through a series of corrections first in August 2011, then in April 2012, and then again in February 2014. The article claimed that obesity rates in Australia increased in the same timeframe that sugary soft drink consumption declined by 10%. The article was used by soft drink industry

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published a list of journals that may suffer from issues of scientific quality and other risk characteristics. There were 22 MDPI group journals in the 65 journals given in its initial list. MDPI responded to the list promising to communicate with the academy and improve its journals' parameters to

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MDPI was an early pioneer of the special issue model for academic publishing. The special issues are collections of papers on a specific topic, handled by guest editors (as opposed to members of the journal's editorial board). Many special issue papers are invited, either by the journal staff or by

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The number of published papers has been growing significantly in the last decade with year over year growth of over 50% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, with 110,000 papers published in 2019. MDPI reported publishing 235,638 papers in 2021 alone. In 2020, MDPI was the largest publisher of open access papers

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was spun off from the Molecular Diversity Preservation International organization. It was formally registered by Shu-Kun Lin and Dietrich Rordorf in May 2010 with its official headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. Including Switzerland, MDPI has editorial offices in 11 countries, with five offices in

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It was founded by Shu-Kun Lin as a chemical sample archive. Between 2016 and 2020, the number of peer-reviewed papers published by MDPI grew significantly, with year-over-year growth of over 50% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, attracting attention to their very fast article processing times. In a review of

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Still others tried different strategies. Some tried annoying university officials with numerous emails and letters, often sent as PDF attachments, with fancy letterhead, informing the university how I was hurting its reputation. They kept sending the emails to the university chancellor and others,

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A 2023 study utilizing a different method reached a broadly similar conclusion that MDPI journals had more self-citations than journals by other publishers. The study also found that MDPI journals received more citations from a smaller network of journals, relative to journals by other publishers.

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Special issues usually are proposed by scientists to journals, who then makes a decision about whether or not the special issue is suitable for the journal. Crosetto noted that in contrast, "at MDPI, it is the publisher who sends out invitations for Special Issue, and it is unclear which role, if

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had sold authorships to hundreds of publications published across most major publishers; a controversy attracting international attention that affected many major publishing groups. The report highlighted a ring of MDPI guest editors that provided a network for the sale of authorship for articles

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issued a correction claiming that the previously described 10% drop in consumption referred to an increase in the use of artificial sweeteners, and reflected overall sugar consumption rather than soft drink consumption. The correction said that "some words were missing." This correction has been

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lobbyists to argue that sugary drinks were not significantly contributing to obesity rates. However the article itself debunked its own claim, with one figure showing that soft drink consumption had increased by 30% during the time period where the authors claimed a 10% reduction in consumption.

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which stated that "scientists are suppressing evidence that microwave radiation from smartphones and other devices cause harm to people". The paper was later that year retracted due to lack of a scientific contribution and being an opinion article. The journal initially invited Susan Pockett to

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The head of the National Publication Committee of Norway and a number of Norwegian scholars have been highly critical of MDPI, with some lobbying to remove MDPI from the Norwegian Scientific Index entirely. They cite the poor reputation of MDPI among Nordic scientific bodies, how there are many

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MDPI made a successful appeal to the Beall's list appeals board in October 2015, and was removed from the list. Even after its removal, Beall remained critical of MDPI; in December 2015 he wrote: "it is clear that MDPI sees peer review as merely a perfunctory step that publishers have to endure

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claiming that MDPI journals had anomalously high self-citation rates compared to leading journals in the same fields. The alleged high self-citation rate is not to other articles in the same journal, but rather to other MDPI journals. Oviedo-García argued that this is indicative of predatory

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announced that it will stop financial support for publishing in MDPI journals, officially recommended against publishing in or reviewing for MDPI, and warned that publications in MDPI journals might not be taken into account for evaluations of employees and departments. In January 2023,

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retracted thirty articles, and thanked Perron and his team for their concerning findings. In response, Damaris Critchlow from MDPI stated that MDPI was investigating the papers in question and developing strategies to combat paper mills. Perron later expressed appreciation with how

957:, with the average number of special issues in each journal being 113. The number of special issues was more than double the number of regular issues in over 90% of MDPI journals. In 2020, the numbers were even higher, reaching "as surprisingly high as 788 special issues in 624:

published an expression of concern for Oviedo-García's paper in September 2021, which eventually led to a correction published in April 2023. Changes made to the article added caveats and toned down inflammatory language, however the core conclusions remained the same.

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MDPI has been criticized by scientific bodies in Norway, Finland, and Denmark that rank academic journals for their quality and relevance. In the Finnish and Danish lists, the majority of MDPI journals do not meet the criteria of the body to be ranked in the list. The

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companies in February 2014. Beall's concern was that "MDPI's warehouse journals contain hundreds of lightly-reviewed articles that are mainly written and published for promotion and tenure purposes rather than to communicate science." Beall also claimed that MDPI used

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A survey published in 2022 asked Hungarian researchers for their perception of MDPI journals. Those Hungarian researchers generally felt MDPI journals were sufficiently prestigious to be worth publishing in, being indexed in major databases and having reasonable

862:, did not fully address the conflicts of interest identified by COPE, nor the other issues identified by them. When contacted by Retraction Watch, MDPI's response was "The argument is already done. Both sides got large audience. Time to stop and made peace." 469:; the listing of Nobel Prize winners on the website; the roles of editorial board members and of Shu-Ki Lin within the company; and the functions of the different office locations. OASPA concluded that MDPI satisfactorily meets the OASPA Membership Criteria. 586:

has been less critical, giving the vast majority of individual MDPI journals designations as "level 1", denoting a publisher as academic; although some journals are ranked "level 0" denoting non-academic status, including one of MDPI's flagship journals,

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paid by the author, their institutions or funders. MDPI's business practices have attracted controversy, with critics suggesting it sacrifices editorial and academic rigor in favor of operational speed and business interests. MDPI was included on

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hoping to implement the heckler's veto. They tried to be as annoying as possible to the university so that the officials would get so tired of the emails that they would silence me just to make them stop. The publisher MDPI used this strategy.

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3,512, averaging over more than nine special issues per day. This number of special issues leads to "concerns about how peer review can be conducted effectively at this scale" as well as questions about the thematic relevance to the journal.

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and various publishers, specifically mentioning MDPI as a publisher that had "tried to be as annoying as possible to the university so that the officials would get so tired of the emails that they would silence me just to make them stop."

481:, leaving exposed 17.5 GB of data, including 845,000 e-mail addresses and e-mail exchanges between authors, editors and reviewers. According to MDPI, the unprotected instance at which the data was breached has since been protected. 218: 2905: 730:

published Erik D. Andrulis' theoretical paper, "Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life", aiming at presenting a framework to explain life. It attracted coverage by the popular science and technology magazines

1146:"Understanding the increasing market share of the academic publisher "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute" in the publication output of Central and Eastern European countries: a case study of Hungary" 162:

26 open-access "mega-journals" that published over 3,500 papers in 2022, 11 (42%) of the journals were from MDPI. Besides launching its own journals, MDPI has acquired journals from other publishers, such as

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derided by some as "nonsense" and untrue, suggesting that the correction does not address the core issue of whether sugar consumption increased in Australia over the time period investigated. The journal

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resigned, alleging that MDPI forced the replacement of the editor-in-chief because of his high editorial standards and for resisting pressure to "accept manuscripts of mediocre quality and importance."

158:. It publishes over 390 peer-reviewed, open access journals. MDPI is among the largest publishers in the world in terms of journal article output, and is the largest publisher of open access articles. 4025: 3820: 3507: 1756: 503:

resigned after being informed by an MDPI representative that a quota of publication-fee exemptions allocated to the special issue could only be given to scholars from developed countries.

359:, the 4th Internationational Symposium on Sensor Science and the 5th World Sustainability Forum. Since 2015, scholars can organize their own conference for free on the Sciforum platform. 525: 841:

and the senior author of the article maintain that the thrice-corrected article is now accurate, and that corrections that were made were immaterial to the conclusions of the study.

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remove the affected journals from the list as soon as possible. The list was updated in December 2021 and reduced to only 41 journals, of which seven MDPI journals were included.

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companies in 2014; it was removed in 2015 following a successful appeal, while applying pressure on Beall's employer. Some journals published by MDPI have also been noted by the

1853: 2673: 893:. MDPI later issued an expression of concern and changed the status of the article from editorial to opinion, three months after publication. According to science journalist 1933: 914:

and colleagues claiming a "lack of clear benefit" for COVID-19 vaccines. The article was heavily criticized for misusing data and as a result reaching a false conclusion.

3151:"Comment on: 'Journal citation reports and the definition of a predatory journal: The case of the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)' from Oviedo-García" 2326: 2874: 945:

In July 2021, Oviedo-García analysed the number of special issues published by MDPI journals in 2019 and 2020. In 2019, the numbers varied greatly, from 14 in the journal

4175: 2132: 4227: 1116: 4486: 3165:"Expression of concern: Journal citation reports and the definition of a predatory journal: The case of the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)" 2699: 2212: 931: 4149: 458: 228:

MDPI's business model is based on establishing entirely open access broad-discipline journals, with fast processing times from submission to publication and

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Abalkina, Anna (2023). "Publication and collaboration anomalies in academic papers originating from a paper mill: Evidence from a Russia-based paper mill".

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before publishing papers and accepting money from the authors," and "it's clear that MDPI's peer review is managed by clueless clerical staff in China."

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and her co-authors, I think it's fair to question the credibility of all the research that MDPI publishes. Will MDPI publish anything for money?".

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Ioannidis, John P. A.; Pezzullo, Angelo Maria; Boccia, Stefania (20 March 2023). "The Rapid Growth of Mega-Journals: Threats and Opportunities".

4481: 2870: 293:) by Shu-Kun Lin and Benoit R. Turin in Basel in 1996 to enable the deposit and exchange of rare molecular and biomolecular research samples. 1254: 712:, for publishing content not related to their scope. As a result, both were removed from the Clarivate Web of Science database, losing their 3604: 3118:"Journal citation reports and the definition of a predatory journal: The case of the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)" 2820:"关于中科院发布《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》的声明 Announcement on the Chinese Academy of Sciences' release of the "Warning List of International Journals (Trial)"" 516:

published a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.

266: 3004: 2978: 2251: 1824: 306:) in order to document the chemical samples of the MDPI collection. Several other journals were established by the MDPI Verein, including 3274: 375:

China, two offices in both Romania and Serbia, and offices in the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Poland, Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.

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criticized the inclusion of MDPI in Beall's list, stating that his criticism of the publisher "lacks evidence" and is "irresponsible".

3938:

Park, Brian Y.; Wilson, Gary; Berger, Jonathan; Christman, Matthew; Reina, Bryn; Bishop, Frank; Klam, Warren; Doan, Andrew P. (2016).

2895: 1861: 3741:"Glyphosate's Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases" 3028: 2742: 2556: 2306: 194: 3852:"The Australian Paradox: A Substantial Decline in Sugars Intake over the Same Timeframe that Overweight and Obesity Have Increased" 2452:"The Australian Paradox: A Substantial Decline in Sugars Intake over the Same Timeframe that Overweight and Obesity Have Increased" 3630: 303: 2334: 461:(OASPA) conducted an investigation in April 2014. This investigation was based on the controversy surrounding two papers, one in 421: 401: 238: 2952: 1776: 4501: 4476: 2582: 2111:

Mark A. Hanson, Pablo Gómez Barreiro, Paolo Crosetto, Dan Brockington (September 2023). "The strain on scientific publishing".

855: 214: 178: 4247:"Expression of Concern: Walach et al. The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy. Vaccines 2021, 9, 693" 2557:""What the F?": How we failed to publish a journal special issue on failures : Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) Blog" 182: 935: 3944: 3711: 3192: 1063: 889:, who had previously had his emeritus status revoked due to his promotion of discredited sexist and racist views, such as 846: 530: 445: 222: 4370: 4176:"Racial Pseudoscience on the Faculty: A professor's research flew under the radar for years. What finally got him fired?" 3508:"'Our deepest apology': Journal retracts 30 likely paper mill articles after investigation published by Retraction Watch" 2502: 641: 444:

Beall's list was shut down in 2017. Beall later wrote that he had been pressured to shut down the list by his employer

433:, on their editorial boards without their knowledge. MDPI responded to Beall's claims, seeking to debunk them. Chemist 3456: 676:

had handled its response, but frustration with MDPI for not taking his allegations of fraud seriously, citing how one

659:). Also in December 2021, Dr. Brian Perron highlighted how International Publisher Ltd. had published articles in the 556: 242: 2927: 1202: 2900: 965: 583: 229: 4403: 1287: 959: 646: 588: 2793: 610: 234: 3082: 1561: 785: 781: 282: 2700:"Scientists quit journal board, protesting 'grossly irresponsible' study claiming COVID-19 vaccines kill" 2146: 1961: 615: 4091: 3247:"Publication and Collaboration Anomalies in Academic Papers Originating From a Russian-Based Paper Mill" 1004: 882: 681: 570: 4195:"Expression of Concern: Lynn, R. Reflections on Sixty-Eight Years of Research on Race and Intelligence" 3914:"Sugar research paper contained 'inadvertent errors'; Professor Jennie Brand-Miller defends findings" 3752: 3313: 3009: 2404: 2164: 851: 344: 3481: 3054: 2126: 971: 870: 826: 809: 638: 540: 491: 356: 297: 177:

As of January 2024, MDPI publishes 433 academic journals, including 92 journals indexed within the

155: 3382: 3364: 3337: 2717: 2517: 2112: 1748: 1368: 1175: 947: 906: 789: 508: 371: 352: 110: 3426: 2348: 4351: 4278: 3992: 3973: 3891: 3873: 3555: 3329: 3050: 2704: 2665: 2646: 2483: 2432: 2302: 2182: 1911: 1521: 1470: 1419: 1360: 1250: 1167: 1059: 890: 818:

rhetorically asked, "When publishers like MDPI disseminate research by science activists like

769: 756: 598: 434: 319: 307: 3401: 2846:"《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》正式发布 - "International Journal Early Warning List officially released (Trial)"" 2743:"Regulation of the management of FSc USB concerning publishing in journals published by MDPI" 2205:"Guest Editing a Special Issue with MDPI: Evidences of Questionable Actions by the Publisher" 1988:"《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》正式发布 - "International Journal Early Warning List officially released (Trial)"" 716:. Also, citations from these journals no longer affect the impact factors of other journals. 4341: 4331: 4320:"Retraction: Walach et al. The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy" 4268: 4258: 4206: 4095: 4078: 3984: 3963: 3953: 3881: 3863: 3770: 3760: 3545: 3374: 3321: 3129: 2709: 2657: 2636: 2626: 2473: 2463: 2422: 2412: 2172: 1901: 1891: 1740: 1511: 1501: 1460: 1450: 1409: 1399: 1352: 1242: 1157: 980: 859: 819: 198: 805: 748: 739: 544: 478: 405: 2749: 4119: 3756: 3317: 3164: 3117: 2408: 2375:"Who will keep predatory science journals at bay now that Jeffrey Beall's blog is gone?" 2168: 1117:"Guest Post – Publishing Fast and Slow: A Review of Publishing Speed in the Last Decade" 4346: 4319: 4296: 4273: 4246: 4228:"Harald Walach, the researcher contributing misinformation about the Covid-19 pandemic" 3968: 3939: 3886: 3851: 2641: 2614: 2478: 2451: 2427: 2392: 1906: 1879: 1516: 1489: 1465: 1438: 1414: 1387: 801: 800:. The paper itself does not contain any primary research results. It was criticized as 726: 709: 1733:"Open-access journal editors resign after alleged pressure to publish mediocre papers" 1682: 4470: 3940:"Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports" 3816: 3386: 3341: 3301: 2721: 2610: 2322: 2200: 1849: 1752: 1372: 1179: 911: 815: 713: 417: 379:

in the world and the 5th largest publisher overall in terms of journal paper output.

4150:"Prof who lost emeritus status for views on race and intelligence has paper flagged" 3534:"Impact of Non-Financial Factors on the Effectiveness of Audits in Energy Companies" 3219:"Russian site peddles paper authorship in reputable journals for up to $ 5000 a pop" 1615: 1234: 1661: 975:." Nearly 95% of all MDPI journals published more than one special issue per week. 894: 886: 733: 326: 288: 3821:"Anti-Roundup (Glyphosate) Researchers Use Easy OA Journals to Spread their Views" 1662:"COPE: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 190 Member Journals" 4371:"Journal Retracts Terrible Study That Claimed Widespread Covid-19 Vaccine Deaths" 539:) in Hangzhou, China, announced it would no longer include articles published in 489:

In August 2018, 10 senior editors (including the editor-in-chief) of the journal

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Perron, Brian E.; Hiltz-Perron, Oliver T.; Victor, Bryan G. (20 December 2021).

3150: 2252:"Beall's criticism of MDPI lacks evidence and is irresponsible | petermr's blog" 2177: 2152: 1235:"Chemical Samples Recycling: The MDPI Samples Preservation and Exchange Project" 797: 430: 368: 262: 107: 3325: 2272: 2226: 1162: 1145: 281:

Molecular Diversity Preservation International was founded and registered as a

4048:"'No scientific contribution': Journal pulls paper alleging radiation coverup" 4018:"Journal corrects, but will not retract, controversial paper on internet porn" 3532:

Milojević, Marko; Urbański, Mariusz; Terzić, Ivica; Prasolov, Valeriy (2020).

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Børresen, Anne Kristine; Røeggen, Vidar; Sivertsen, Gunnar (16 January 2020).

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Børresen, Anne Kristine; Røeggen, Vidar; Sivertsen, Gunnar (16 January 2020).

1964:[We are introducing level X for dubious journals]. Khrono. 27 May 2021 1506: 1404: 915: 850:

published a review paper that claimed that watching pornography is a cause of

761: 426: 3877: 3559: 1246: 1171: 4336: 4263: 3657:"How the craziest f#@!ing "theory of everything" got published and promoted" 2713: 2661: 2631: 1744: 1455: 693: 186: 151: 4355: 4282: 3996: 3977: 3895: 3333: 3179:"Article that assessed MDPI journals as "predatory" retracted and replaced" 2669: 2650: 2542: 2487: 2436: 2186: 1915: 1525: 1474: 1423: 1364: 1356: 2844:

CoS partition table team, Chinese Academy of Sciences (31 December 2021).

1986:

CoS partition table team, Chinese Academy of Sciences (31 December 2020).

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to solicit manuscripts and that the company listed researchers, including

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International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers

4211: 4194: 4099: 4083: 4066: 1896: 3775: 2417: 1640: 4375: 4067:"Reflections on Sixty-Eight Years of Research on Race and Intelligence" 3550: 3533: 1490:"Publisher's Note: Continued Publication of Audiology Research by MDPI" 765: 3988: 3958: 3868: 3765: 3740: 3605:"Fast-growing open-access journals stripped of coveted impact factors" 3378: 2953:"Stryker et av verdens største fra listen over godkjente tidsskrifter" 2468: 1081: 39: 17: 2503:"Conclusions from OASPA Membership Committee Investigation into MDPI" 2083: 2058: 1575: 1024: 793: 777: 190: 2819: 2037: 1439:"Publisher's Note: Continued Publication of Nursing Reports by MDPI" 3577:"Clarivate Discontinues IJERPH and JRFM Coverage in Web of Science" 3369: 2117: 2012: 942:

any, the editorial board of the normal issues has in the process."

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had also published other similar work defending scientific racism.

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In June 2020, the would-be guest editors of a special issue in the

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was established in 1996 in collaboration with Springer-Verlag (now

3302:"Multimillion-dollar trade in paper authorships alarms publishers" 2615:"The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy" 2273:"Update: Response to Mr. Jeffrey Beall's Repeated Attacks on MDPI" 2227:"Update: Response to Mr. Jeffrey Beall's Repeated Attacks on MDPI" 990:

will host 3,514 "special issues with a closing date in 2023", and

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Inclusion in Early Warning List of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

270: 206: 88: 1854:"Chinese Publisher MDPI Added to List of Questionable Publishers" 1777:"Predatory Publishing: The Dark Side of the Open-Access Movement" 1237:. In Lichtfouse, Eric; Schwarzbauer, Jan; Robert, Didier (eds.). 743:, which characterized it as "crazy" and "hilarious". A member of 699:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJet)

333:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1795:"There is no black and white definition of predatory publishing" 1318:"Quality questions as publisher's growth challenges big players" 202: 3275:"Academic fraud factories are booming, warns plagiarism sleuth" 2768:"MDPI, Frontiers & Hindawi are blacklisted by a university" 1388:"Publisher's Note: Continued Publication of Tomography by MDPI" 609:

In July 2021, Maria Ángeles Oviedo-García published a paper in

854:. After critics raised concerns, an independent review by the 2327:"Instead of a Peer Review, Reviewer Sends Warning to Authors" 1934:"Plasserer tretten vitenskapelige tidsskrift på gråsone-nivå" 1539: 506:

In 2021, five members of the editorial board of the journal

3686:"Hilarious "Theory of Everything" Paper Provokes Kerfuffle" 1066:[Researchers are led into ethical transgressions]. 3486:

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning

3400:

Abalkina, Anna, ENAI Monthly Webinars (10 February 2023).

1825:"Beware! Academics are getting reeled in by scam journals" 501:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Health

221:(STM), and a participating publisher and supporter of the 3193:"Economist Investigates Hijacked Journals in Scholarship" 349:

International Symposium on Frontiers in Molecular Science

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Barclay, Alan W.; Brand-Miller, Jennie (20 April 2011).

2349:"Beall Twitter statement calling MDPI predatory in 2021" 1241:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 585–590. 4448: 1144:

Csomós, György; Farkas, Jenő Zsolt (14 November 2022).

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may be the most important factor in the development of

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Concerns over papers connected to a research paper mill

4458: 2583:"Failure fails as publisher privileges the privileged" 874:

submit a paper according to the author's own account.

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accepted a paper in 2019 by a controversial scientist

2393:"Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life" 1488:

Lin, Shu-Kun; Vicario, Unai; Vazquez, Franck (2020).

363:

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

3057:[Profit hunters dilute Norwegian research]. 1707: 1590: 657:

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Commerce Research

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Withdrawals of support by faculties and universities

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for lack of rigor and possible predatory practices.

3631:"Guest Post – Of Special Issues and Journal Purges" 2818:MDPI, China Marketing Department (7 January 2021). 2794:"霸气！这所高校直接将Frontiers、MDPI、Hindawi三个出版社的所有期刊都纳入黑名单！" 2522:

IT Security News - cybersecurity, infosecurity news

127: 116: 103: 95: 84: 70: 62: 54: 46: 3679: 3677: 132: 547:journals when evaluating researcher performance. 4463:, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 4453:, Molecular Diversity Preservation International 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3031:[The danger of commercial open access]. 696:discontinued coverage of two MDPI journals, the 524:In December 2021, the Faculty of Science of the 3116:Ángeles Oviedo-García, Maria (11 August 2021). 2450:Barclay, Alan W.; Brand-Miller, Jennie (2011). 1962:"Vi innfører nivå X for tvilsomme tidsskrifter" 910:published an article by pseudoscience advocate 814:. With regard to the same controversial study, 526:University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice 4120:"Status withdrawn from controversial academic" 3457:"Revealed: The inner workings of a paper mill" 1062:; Nøland, Jonas Kristiansen (6 January 2020). 277:Molecular Diversity Preservation International 259:Molecular Diversity Preservation International 148:Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 4226:Ansede, Manuel; Urra, Susana (22 July 2021). 3792:"When Media Uncritically Cover Pseudoscience" 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2613:; Klement, Rainer J.; Aukema, Wouter (2021). 1956: 1954: 534: 8: 4397: 4395: 4393: 2131:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1873: 1871: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 459:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 286: 211:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 32: 2386: 2384: 1542:. Web of Science Group, a Clarivate company 987:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 954:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 922:eventually decided to retract the article. 315:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3739:Samsel, Anthony; Stephanie Seneff (2013). 2979:"Innlegg: Forlag sluker forfatterbetaling" 2032: 2030: 1880:"What I learned from predatory publishers" 1770: 1768: 1766: 1064:"Forskere blir ledet til etiske overtramp" 637:In December 2021, it was reported how the 31: 4419: 4417: 4345: 4335: 4272: 4262: 4210: 4082: 3967: 3957: 3885: 3867: 3774: 3764: 3734: 3732: 3549: 3368: 3133: 3055:"Profittjegere vanner ut norsk forskning" 2640: 2630: 2516:www.ITSecurityNews.info (26 March 2018). 2477: 2467: 2426: 2416: 2176: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2013:"MDPI Open Access Information and Policy" 1905: 1895: 1818: 1816: 1726: 1724: 1515: 1505: 1464: 1454: 1413: 1403: 1161: 645:published across multiple MDPI journals ( 605:Allegation of anomalous citation patterns 457:Following Beall's criticism of MDPI, the 3167:. Research Evaluation. 1 September 2021. 2875:Ministry of Higher Education and Science 1139: 1137: 774:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 705:Journal of Risk and Financial Management 3406:European Network for Academic Integrity 1203:"Guest Post – MDPI's Remarkable Growth" 1016: 340:was spun off from MDPI Verein in 2010. 4487:International scientific organizations 4143: 4141: 3599: 3597: 3571: 3569: 3450: 3448: 3085:[Bad and dangerous research]. 2124: 1759:from the original on 24 December 2018. 825:A study published in the MDPI journal 391: 174:from PagePress Publications in 2020. 166:from Grapho Publications in 2021, and 3907: 3905: 3269: 3267: 3241: 3239: 3197:Freie Universität Berlin campus.leben 3077: 3075: 3044: 3042: 2908:from the original on 27 November 2019 2605: 2603: 1981: 1979: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1228: 1226: 1224: 930:Paolo Crosetto, research director at 7: 3912:Wendy, Carlisle (13 February 2014). 3149:Giulia Stefenelli (19 August 2021). 2545:(Press release). haveibeenpwned.com. 1540:"Web of Science Master Journal List" 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1115:Petrou, Christos (8 November 2022). 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 760:, published a review paper claiming 267:Creative Commons Attribution License 4245:Office, Vaccines Editorial (2021). 3029:"Faren med kommersiell Open Access" 2792:弗雷赛斯-freescience (8 January 2023). 2543:"Have I Been Pwned: Pwned websites" 1591:"Directory of Open Access Journals" 1576:"Scopus preview - Scopus - Sources" 724:In December 2011, the MDPI journal 680:article still did not even have an 663:, and MDPI including articles from 577:Assessments in the Nordic countries 564:Perception of Hungarian researchers 193:. Its journals are included in the 4497:2010 establishments in Switzerland 4318:Vaccines Editorial Office (2021). 4174:Standifer, Cid (13 October 2022). 3629:Petrou, Christos (30 March 2023). 3402:"The rising threat of Paper Mills" 2518:"MDPI – 845,012 breached accounts" 25: 4492:Organizations established in 1996 4402:Crosetto, Paolo (12 April 2021). 4180:The Chronicle of Higher Education 4028:from the original on 14 June 2018 3427:"Ghostwriting and Academic Fraud" 3005:"Forlag sluker forfatterbetaling" 2772:Weixin Official Accounts Platform 2748:. 8 December 2021. Archived from 2501:Redhead, Claire (11 April 2014). 1286:Crosetto, Paolo (12 April 2021). 343:MDPI Verein co-organized several 265:and since 2008 published under a 4404:"Is MDPI a predatory publisher?" 2698:Wadman, Meredith (1 July 2021). 1823:Gillis, Alex (12 January 2017). 1775:Pal, Shalmali (1 January 2017). 1288:"Is MDPI a predatory publisher?" 422:predatory open access publishing 239:predatory open access publishing 181:, 7 journals indexed within the 38: 4193:Psych Editorial Office (2019). 4148:Oransky, Ivan (8 August 2019). 4065:Lynn, Richard (24 April 2019). 3300:Else, Holly (18 January 2023). 3181:. Retraction Watch. 8 May 2023. 2928:"Forlag info | Kanalregisteret" 1708:"Initiative for Open Citations" 926:Proliferation of special issues 856:Committee on Publication Ethics 754:In 2013, another MDPI journal, 304:Springer Science+Business Media 215:Committee on Publication Ethics 209:and BCI. It is a member of the 179:Science Citation Index Expanded 4426:"3,514 Special Issues a Year?" 3025:Ellingsen, Simen Andreas Ådnøy 2153:"Who's Afraid of Peer Review?" 183:Social Sciences Citation Index 117: 1: 4482:Academic publishing companies 4424:Grove, Jack (15 March 2023). 4090:(This paper currently has an 4016:Marcus, Adam (13 June 2018). 3482:"Recently Retracted Articles" 2581:Marcus, Adam (16 June 2020). 531:Zhejiang Gongshang University 446:University of Colorado Denver 408:and rejected the fake paper. 223:Initiative for Open Citations 3083:"Dårlig og farlig forskning" 642:International Publisher Ltd. 402:Who's Afraid of Peer Review? 392:Who's Afraid of Peer Review? 387:Evaluation and controversies 27:Scientific journal publisher 3049:Nøland, Jonas Kristiansen; 2178:10.1126/science.342.6154.60 978:According to Jack Grove in 557:Chinese Academy of Sciences 243:Chinese Academy of Sciences 4518: 3326:10.1038/d41586-023-00062-9 2901:Norwegian Scientific Index 2391:Andrulis, Erik D. (2011). 1163:10.1007/s11192-022-04586-1 904:In 2021, the MDPI journal 881:published an editorial on 584:Norwegian Scientific Index 396:In 2013, the MDPI journal 247:Norwegian Scientific Index 230:article processing charges 3712:"Life turned upside down" 1799:Impact of Social Sciences 1507:10.3390/audiolres10020008 1405:10.3390/tomography7010006 688:2023 Clarivate delistings 535: 477:In August 2016, MDPI was 412:Inclusion in Beall's list 257:MDPI traces its roots to 185:, 138 journals listed in 37: 4369:Cara, Ed (2 July 2017). 4297:"Vaccines review report" 1437:Vazquez, Franck (2020). 1386:Vazquez, Franck (2021). 1247:10.1007/3-540-26531-7_53 951:, to 500 in the journal 684:added six months later. 4337:10.3390/vaccines9070729 4264:10.3390/vaccines9070705 3135:10.1093/reseval/rvab030 2714:10.1126/science.abk2629 2662:10.3390/vaccines9070729 2632:10.3390/vaccines9070693 2151:Bohannon, John (2013). 1878:Beall, Jeffrey (2017). 1745:10.1126/science.aav3129 1731:de Vrieze, Jop (2018). 1456:10.3390/nursrep10010001 1239:Environmental Chemistry 485:Resignations of editors 367:MDPI as a publisher of 4502:MDPI academic journals 4477:Open access publishers 3279:Times Higher Education 2932:kanalregister.hkdir.no 2297:Xia, Jingfeng (2021). 1357:10.1001/jama.2023.3212 1322:Times Higher Education 877:In 2019, MDPI journal 844:In 2016, MDPI journal 751:resigned in response. 720:Controversial articles 555:In December 2020, the 336:(2004). The publisher 287: 283:non-profit association 197:. MDPI also publishes 4408:Paolo Crosetto's Blog 4092:expression of concern 3825:Scholarly Open Access 3635:The Scholarly Kitchen 2656:(Retracted, see 2331:Scholarly Open Access 2209:Scholarly Open Access 1858:Scholarly Open Access 1292:Paolo Crosetto's Blog 1207:The Scholarly Kitchen 1121:The Scholarly Kitchen 1082:"MDPI | Journals A–Z" 1005:List of MDPI journals 883:race and intelligence 682:expression of concern 653:Mathematics, Energies 571:journal impact factor 453:2014 OASPA evaluation 416:MDPI was included on 400:was targeted in the " 85:Headquarters location 4212:10.3390/psych1010033 4100:10.3390/psych1010033 4084:10.3390/psych1010009 3251:Peer Review Congress 2325:(17 December 2015). 2299:Predatory Publishing 1897:10.11613/BM.2017.029 1852:(18 February 2014). 852:erectile dysfunction 411: 345:academic conferences 235:Jeffrey Beall's list 4054:. 9 September 2019. 3945:Behavioral Sciences 3757:2013Entrp..15.1416S 3318:2023Natur.613..617E 3122:Research Evaluation 3027:(21 October 2019). 2755:on 9 December 2021. 2418:10.3390/life2010001 2409:2011Life....2....1A 2169:2013Sci...342...60B 1233:Lin, S.-K. (2005). 847:Behavioral Sciences 786:Parkinson's disease 782:Alzheimer's disease 639:research paper mill 622:Research Evaluation 616:Research Evaluation 372:scientific journals 357:University of Basel 353:virtual conferences 156:scientific journals 111:scientific journals 34: 3831:on 12 January 2015 3551:10.3390/en13236212 3357:Learned Publishing 3051:Fosso, Olav Bjarte 2377:. 20 January 2017. 2147:Data and Documents 1829:University Affairs 1562:"SciFinderⁿ Login" 1494:Audiology Research 1060:Fosso, Olav Bjarte 790:multiple sclerosis 692:In February 2023, 172:Audiology Research 3989:10.3390/bs8060055 3959:10.3390/bs6030017 3869:10.3390/nu3040491 3796:Discover Magazine 3766:10.3390/e15041416 3716:Discover Magazine 3506:Perron, Brian E. 3433:. 21 January 2022 3379:10.1002/leap.1574 3312:(7945): 617–618. 3281:. 19 January 2022 3033:Universitetsavisa 3010:Dagens Næringsliv 2469:10.3390/nu3040491 2337:on 13 March 2016. 2038:"History of MDPI" 1938:Universitetsavisa 1781:ASH Clinical News 1351:(15): 1253–1254. 1256:978-3-540-22860-8 1068:Universitetsavisa 1025:"History of MDPI" 891:scientific racism 599:publish-or-perish 435:Peter Murray-Rust 199:open access books 141: 140: 104:Publication types 71:Country of origin 16:(Redirected from 4509: 4462: 4461: 4459:Official website 4452: 4451: 4449:Official website 4434: 4433: 4430:Inside Higher Ed 4421: 4412: 4411: 4399: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4339: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4266: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4154:Retraction Watch 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4105:Retraction Watch 4088: 4086: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052:Retraction Watch 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4022:Retraction Watch 4013: 4007: 4006: 4002:Retraction Watch 3981: 3971: 3961: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3871: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3827:. 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In response, 635: 607: 579: 566: 553: 522: 512:resigned after 487: 475: 465:, the other in 455: 431:Nobel laureates 414: 406:sting operation 394: 389: 365: 351:. It also runs 279: 255: 168:Nursing Reports 154:of open-access 131: 123:6,750 (in 2022) 80: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4442: 4441:External links 4439: 4436: 4435: 4413: 4389: 4361: 4310: 4299:. 24 June 2021 4288: 4237: 4218: 4205:(1): 429–430. 4185: 4166: 4137: 4111: 4077:(1): 123–131. 4057: 4039: 4008: 3930: 3901: 3862:(4): 491–504. 3842: 3817:Beall, Jeffrey 3808: 3790:Kloor, Keith. 3782: 3728: 3710:Zimmer, Carl. 3702: 3673: 3655:Timmer, John. 3647: 3621: 3593: 3565: 3524: 3498: 3473: 3444: 3418: 3392: 3363:(4): 689–702. 3347: 3292: 3263: 3235: 3210: 3184: 3170: 3156: 3141: 3099: 3071: 3038: 3016: 2995: 2969: 2944: 2919: 2887: 2862: 2836: 2810: 2784: 2758: 2734: 2681: 2611:Walach, Harald 2599: 2573: 2548: 2534: 2508: 2493: 2462:(4): 491–504. 2442: 2380: 2366: 2353:@jeffrey_beall 2340: 2323:Beall, Jeffrey 2314: 2307: 2289: 2264: 2243: 2218: 2201:Beall, Jeffery 2192: 2138: 2100: 2075: 2059:"MDPI | About" 2050: 2026: 2004: 1975: 1950: 1925: 1890:(2): 273–279. 1867: 1850:Beall, Jeffrey 1834: 1812: 1786: 1762: 1720: 1699: 1674: 1653: 1632: 1607: 1581: 1567: 1553: 1531: 1480: 1429: 1378: 1335: 1304: 1269: 1255: 1220: 1185: 1150:Scientometrics 1133: 1098: 1073: 1038: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 992:Sustainability 960:Sustainability 927: 924: 802:pseudo-science 721: 718: 714:impact factors 710:Web of Science 689: 686: 648:Sustainability 634: 631: 606: 603: 590:Sustainability 578: 575: 565: 562: 552: 549: 521: 518: 486: 483: 474: 471: 454: 451: 413: 410: 393: 390: 388: 385: 364: 361: 278: 275: 254: 251: 139: 138: 129: 125: 124: 121: 114: 113: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 86: 82: 81: 79: 78: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4514: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2308:9780367465322 2304: 2301:. Routledge. 2300: 2293: 2290: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1801:. 13 May 2020 1800: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1684: 1683:"Our Members" 1678: 1675: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1616:"Information" 1611: 1608: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 989: 988: 983: 982: 976: 974: 973: 969:, and 846 in 968: 967: 962: 961: 956: 955: 950: 949: 943: 939: 937: 933: 925: 923: 921: 917: 913: 912:Harald Walach 909: 908: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 872: 871:Susan Pockett 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 842: 840: 835: 830: 829: 823: 821: 817: 816:Jeffrey Beall 813: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 735: 729: 728: 719: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706: 701: 700: 695: 687: 685: 683: 679: 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649: 643: 640: 632: 630: 626: 623: 618: 617: 612: 604: 602: 600: 594: 592: 591: 585: 576: 574: 572: 563: 561: 558: 550: 548: 546: 542: 532: 527: 519: 517: 515: 511: 510: 504: 502: 497: 494: 493: 484: 482: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 452: 450: 447: 442: 438: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 418:Jeffrey Beall 409: 407: 403: 399: 386: 384: 380: 376: 373: 370: 362: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 334: 329: 328: 323: 322: 317: 316: 311: 310: 305: 301: 300: 294: 291: 290: 284: 276: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 252: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 213:(OASPA), the 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189:, and 270 in 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 136: 130: 126: 122: 115: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91:, Switzerland 90: 87: 83: 76: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4429: 4407: 4380:. 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