31:
900:
51:
918:
906:
911:
239:
Scolecomorphids have only vestigial eyes, which are attached to the base of a pair of tentacles underneath the snout. Unlike other caecilians, they have only primary annuli; these are grooves running incompletely around the body, giving the animal a segmented appearance. All other caecilians have a
555:
San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Tim
Massingham; Mark Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya; James A. Cotton (August 2009). "Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rag1".
251:
At least some species of scolecomorphids give birth to live young, retaining the eggs inside the females' bodies until they hatch into fully formed offspring, without the presence of a free-living larval stage.
489:
San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Oommen V. Oommen; Mark
Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya (November 2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1".
1972:
2077:
1998:
2072:
1946:
1985:
439:
616:
472:
485:
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Mark
Wilkinson (1989). "On the Classification and Phylogeny of Caecilians." Herpetological Monographs, (3), 1-42
302:
1894:
899:
1990:
435:
50:
380:
2067:
1907:
335:
917:
1357:
609:
280:
2003:
2062:
1845:
707:
1899:
765:
346:
1862:
738:
565:
291:
130:
1912:
905:
2024:
602:
324:
910:
1933:
1563:
1252:
570:
1641:
30:
45:
2029:
1620:
2011:
1920:
1650:
991:
928:
839:
583:
543:
507:
468:
2039:
1977:
240:
complex pattern of grooves, with secondary or tertiary annuli present. Also uniquely amongst
2016:
1553:
575:
535:
499:
193:
519:
San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina
Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005).
1779:
1749:
1678:
1456:
1023:
980:
970:
884:
692:
409:
520:
1449:
1424:
1322:
1217:
1081:
750:
719:
180:
167:
152:
2056:
1759:
1664:
1657:
1627:
1470:
1463:
1378:
1245:
1238:
856:
723:
667:
146:
260:
Just six species of scolecomorphids are known, grouped into two genera, as follows:
1435:
1389:
1259:
1231:
1199:
1102:
960:
849:
811:
777:
658:
625:
1925:
1959:
1685:
1410:
1364:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1280:
1095:
1044:
877:
870:
503:
225:
213:
1769:
1696:
1597:
1573:
1311:
1185:
1160:
1051:
950:
521:"Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"
1885:
1789:
1725:
1511:
1477:
1403:
1371:
1269:
1118:
1067:
1004:
863:
579:
233:
229:
115:
102:
92:
62:
587:
547:
511:
1879:
1671:
1613:
1606:
1417:
1304:
676:
649:
241:
221:
209:
82:
1951:
1529:
1297:
1206:
1174:
1037:
1964:
1583:
643:
245:
217:
72:
1856:
539:
1800:
463:
Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
385:
Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
1860:
636:
598:
594:
1938:
331:, Kirk's caecilian or Lake Tanganyika caecilian, East Africa
342:, Uluguru black caecilian or Nyingwa caecilian, Tanzania
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1638:
1594:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1293:
1265:
987:
976:
966:
956:
946:
836:
1869:
1799:
1724:
1695:
1637:
1593:
1528:
1507:
1434:
1388:
1321:
1279:
1216:
1184:
1159:
1127:
1116:
1080:
1065:
1022:
1002:
926:
835:
776:
749:
718:
691:
187:
174:
353:, ribbon caecilian or banded caecilian, Tanzania
236:which superficially resemble worms or snakes.
610:
404:
402:
8:
1857:
1738:
1542:
1525:
1504:
1124:
1077:
1073:
1019:
1015:
939:
832:
828:
755:
728:
697:
688:
633:
617:
603:
595:
416:. University of California, Berkeley. 2019
29:
20:
569:
467:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 56.
465:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
440:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
374:
372:
370:
368:
364:
492:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
458:
456:
7:
2078:Taxa named by Edward Harrison Taylor
387:. American Museum of Natural History
287:, Bornmuller's caecilian, Cameroon
14:
2073:Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
916:
909:
904:
898:
49:
436:"Scolecomorphidae Taylor, 1969"
381:"Scolecomorphidae Taylor, 1969"
303:Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis
298:, Mont Oku caecilian, Cameroon
244:, the scolecomorphids lack a
1:
1164:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
1027:(American tailed caecilians)
196:of caecilians also known as
1439:(South American caecilians)
504:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014
340:Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
336:Scolecomorphus uluguruensis
188:
175:
2094:
281:Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri
1840:
1741:
1700:(salamanders crown group)
1545:
1503:
1326:(Indo-African caecilians)
1085:(Asian tailed caecilians)
1076:
1018:
942:
896:
831:
827:
808:
758:
731:
700:
687:
632:
379:Frost, Darrel R. (2019).
184:
171:
143:
138:
46:Scientific classification
44:
37:
28:
23:
1846:List of amphibian genera
1393:(Neotropical caecilians)
1132:(buried-eyed caecilians)
1008:(caecilians crown group)
932:(caecilians total group)
248:bone in the middle ear.
347:Scolecomorphus vittatus
1815:several hundred genera
292:Crotaphatrema lamottei
202:buried-eyed caecilians
2025:Paleobiology Database
580:10.1093/sysbio/syp043
325:Scolecomorphus kirkii
39:Scolecomorphus kirkii
1516:(salamanders + frogs
1221:(aquatic caecilians)
1189:(African caecilians)
208:. They are found in
16:Family of amphibians
1804:(frogs crown group)
1642:Batrachosauroididae
1284:(common caecilians)
528:American Naturalist
198:tropical caecilians
2068:Amphibian families
929:Gymnophionomorpha
558:Systematic Biology
410:"Scolecomorphidae"
206:African caecilians
2050:
2049:
2012:Open Tree of Life
1863:Taxon identifiers
1854:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1734:
1720:
1719:
1702:
1651:Batrachosauroides
1538:
1520:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1441:
1395:
1328:
1286:
1223:
1191:
1166:
1134:
1129:Scolecomorphidae
1112:
1111:
1087:
1061:
1060:
1029:
1010:
992:Albanerpetontidae
934:
894:
893:
840:Albanerpetontidae
823:
822:
819:
818:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
474:978-0-12-178560-4
352:
351:(Boulenger, 1895)
341:
330:
308:
297:
286:
179:, 'wormlike' and
160:
159:
134:
24:Scolecomorphidae
2085:
2063:Scolecomorphidae
2043:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1900:Scolecomorphidae
1890:
1889:
1888:
1871:Scolecomorphidae
1858:
1805:
1802:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1701:
1698:
1640:
1596:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1440:
1437:
1394:
1391:
1327:
1324:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1267:
1222:
1219:
1190:
1187:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1028:
1025:
1024:Rhinatrematidae
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
989:
978:
968:
958:
948:
940:
933:
930:
921:
920:
913:
908:
902:
838:
833:
829:
756:
729:
698:
689:
682:
681:
634:
619:
612:
605:
596:
591:
573:
551:
525:
515:
479:
478:
460:
451:
450:
448:
446:
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
406:
397:
396:
394:
392:
376:
350:
339:
328:
320:Boulenger, 1883
306:
296:(Nussbaum, 1981)
295:
284:
265:Scolecomorphidae
192:, 'form') are a
191:
186:
178:
173:
164:Scolecomorphidae
129:
126:Scolecomorphidae
54:
53:
33:
21:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1820:
1803:
1795:
1780:Triadobatrachus
1750:Czatkobatrachus
1731:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1699:
1691:
1679:Peratosauroides
1633:
1589:
1564:Kulgeriherpeton
1535:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1457:Luetkenotyphlus
1438:
1430:
1392:
1384:
1325:
1323:Grandisoniidae
1317:
1283:
1275:
1220:
1218:Typhlonectidae
1212:
1188:
1180:
1163:
1155:
1131:
1121:
1108:
1084:
1082:Ichthyophiidae
1070:
1057:
1026:
1012:
1007:
998:
981:Chinlestegophis
971:Rubricacaecilia
936:
931:
922:
915:
890:
815:
792:
772:
745:
714:
708:Tetrapodomorpha
693:Tetrapodomorpha
683:
639:
638:
628:
623:
571:10.1.1.577.2856
554:
523:
518:
488:
482:
475:
462:
461:
454:
444:
442:
434:
433:
429:
419:
417:
408:
407:
400:
390:
388:
378:
377:
366:
362:
329:Boulenger, 1883
276:Nussbaum, 1985
258:
150:
128:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1523:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1450:Brasilotyphlus
1445:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1425:Schistometopum
1421:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1150:Scolecomorphus
1146:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1071:
1068:Stegokrotaphia
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1013:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
985:
974:
964:
954:
943:
937:
927:
924:
923:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
845:
843:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
791:
790:
789:
788:
782:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
769:
768:
766:Dissorophoidea
759:
753:
751:Dissorophoidea
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
741:
732:
726:
720:Batrachomorpha
716:
715:
713:
712:
711:
710:
701:
695:
685:
684:
680:
679:
670:
661:
652:
646:
637:
630:
629:
624:
622:
621:
614:
607:
599:
593:
592:
564:(4): 425–438.
552:
540:10.1086/429523
534:(5): 590–599.
516:
498:(2): 413–427.
486:
481:
480:
473:
452:
427:
398:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
343:
332:
317:Scolecomorphus
312:
311:
310:
299:
288:
285:(Werner, 1899)
257:
254:
158:
157:
153:Scolecomorphus
141:
140:
136:
135:
123:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:Notobatrachus
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:Palaeoproteus
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:Opisthotriton
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:Marmorerpeton
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:Mimosiphonops
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:Microcaecilia
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1436:Siphonopidae
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1390:Dermophiidae
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:Sylvacaecilia
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:Potamotyphlus
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:Nectocaecilia
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:Chthonerpeton
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:Crotaphatrema
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1001:
994:
993:
986:
983:
982:
975:
973:
972:
965:
963:
962:
955:
953:
952:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
925:
919:
914:
912:
907:
901:
887:
886:
882:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:
857:Anoualerpeton
854:
852:
851:
847:
846:
844:
841:
834:
830:
826:
814:
813:
807:
786:
785:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
767:
763:
762:
761:
760:
757:
754:
752:
748:
740:
739:Temnospondyli
736:
735:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:
724:Temnospondyli
721:
717:
709:
705:
704:
703:
702:
699:
696:
694:
690:
686:
678:
674:
671:
669:
668:Sarcopterygii
665:
662:
660:
656:
653:
651:
647:
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
620:
615:
613:
608:
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589:
585:
581:
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572:
567:
563:
559:
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549:
545:
541:
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529:
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517:
513:
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497:
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487:
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476:
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415:
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386:
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375:
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365:
359:
349:
348:
344:
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333:
327:
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322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
305:
304:
300:
294:
293:
289:
283:
282:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:Crotaphatrema
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
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182:
177:
169:
165:
156:
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154:
149:
148:
147:Crotaphatrema
142:
137:
132:
127:
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121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
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88:
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84:
81:
78:
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74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1870:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1732:total group)
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1536:total group)
1534:(salamanders
1518:crown group)
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1281:Caeciliidae
1268:
1260:Typhlonectes
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1232:Atretochoana
1230:
1205:
1200:Boulengerula
1198:
1173:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1128:
1103:Uraeotyphlus
1101:
1094:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1005:Gymnophiona
990:
979:
969:
961:Funcusvermis
959:
949:
903:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
850:Albanerpeton
848:
812:Lissamphibia
810:
778:Lissamphibia
672:
663:
659:Osteichthyes
654:
626:Lissamphibia
561:
557:
531:
527:
495:
491:
464:
443:. Retrieved
430:
418:. Retrieved
413:
389:. Retrieved
384:
345:
334:
323:
316:
315:
307:Lawson, 2000
301:
290:
279:
272:
271:
264:
262:
259:
250:
238:
232:are legless
205:
201:
197:
163:
161:
151:
145:
144:
125:
109:
38:
18:
1960:iNaturalist
1686:Prodesmodon
1411:Geotrypetes
1365:Indotyphlus
1358:Idiocranium
1351:Hypogeophis
1344:Grandisonia
1337:Gegeneophis
1186:Herpelidae
1161:Chikilidae
1096:Ichthyophis
1045:Epicrionops
878:Wesserpeton
871:Shirerpeton
414:AmphibiaWeb
226:East Africa
214:West Africa
103:Gymnophiona
2057:Categories
1844:See also:
1770:Prosalirus
1711:115 genera
1598:Karauridae
1574:Triassurus
1312:Oscaecilia
1119:Teresomata
1052:Rhinatrema
951:Eocaecilia
787:see below↓
360:References
309:, Cameroon
234:amphibians
230:Caecilians
1790:Vieraella
1726:Salientia
1621:Kuzbassia
1512:Batrachia
1478:Siphonops
1404:Dermophis
1372:Praslinia
1270:Ymboirana
864:Celtedens
677:Tetrapoda
642:Kingdom:
566:CiteSeerX
242:tetrapods
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1880:Wikidata
1697:Urodela
1672:Parrisia
1614:Kokartus
1607:Karaurus
1418:Gymnopis
1305:Caecilia
650:Chordata
648:Phylum:
644:Animalia
588:20525595
548:15795855
512:15336675
256:Taxonomy
222:Tanzania
210:Cameroon
176:skólekós
172:σκώλεκώς
122:Family:
93:Amphibia
83:Chordata
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
2040:4782495
1952:4287330
1886:Q387119
1530:Caudata
1298:Apodops
1207:Herpele
1175:Chikila
1038:Amazops
445:30 July
420:30 July
391:30 July
263:Family
139:Genera
99:Order:
89:Class:
2037:uBio:
2017:861429
1991:208552
1978:107566
1965:476990
1913:751103
1801:Anura
1730:(frogs
1584:Urupia
1554:Egoria
885:Yaksha
586:
568:
546:
510:
471:
314:Genus
270:Genus
246:stapes
218:Malawi
216:, and
194:family
189:morphḗ
166:(from
133:, 1969
131:Taylor
2030:37336
2004:30378
1973:IRMNG
673:Clade
664:Clade
655:Clade
524:(PDF)
204:, or
185:μορφή
181:Greek
168:Greek
116:Apoda
110:Clade
1999:NCBI
1986:ITIS
1947:GBIF
1939:7533
1908:BOLD
764:see
737:see
706:see
584:PMID
544:PMID
508:PMID
469:ISBN
447:2019
422:2019
393:2019
220:and
162:The
1934:EoL
1926:G4T
1921:CoL
1895:ASW
576:doi
536:doi
532:165
500:doi
224:in
212:in
2059::
2027::
2014::
2001::
1988::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1910::
1897::
1882::
722:/
675::
666::
657::
582:.
574:.
562:58
560:.
542:.
530:.
526:.
506:.
496:33
494:.
455:^
438:.
412:.
401:^
383:.
367:^
228:.
200:,
183::
170::
112::
1786:†
1776:†
1766:†
1756:†
1746:†
1639:†
1595:†
1580:†
1570:†
1560:†
1550:†
1294:†
1266:†
995:?
988:†
984:?
977:†
967:†
957:†
947:†
842:?
837:†
618:e
611:t
604:v
590:.
578::
550:.
538::
514:.
502::
477:.
449:.
424:.
395:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
