832:, although it only included clades that appear in more than 50% of the family trees found during the analysis. The maximum agreement subtree is the cladogram that results from an algorithm which attempts to maximize the amount of taxa included in the result while also retaining the fundamental shape of all other trees in the sample. Some controversial taxa thus had to be omitted by the subtree in order for the resulting cladogram to fulfill the second requirement. The biogeographical tree (i.e. the following cladogram) is basically the 50% majority rule tree, except with some of the
4203:
129:
3125:
633:
4198:
1991:
157:
1791:
1877:
804:
2062:
4226:
1299:
1869:
482:
1314:
3113:
787:
2138:
from the west periodically blanketed the region with ash, resulting in large-scale mortality, while simultaneously enriching the soil for future plant growth. Fluctuating sea levels also resulted in a variety of other environments at different times and places within the Judith River Group, including
2039:
forced the seaway to retreat eastwards and southwards. Rivers flowed down from the mountains and drained into the seaway, carrying sediment that formed the Two
Medicine Formation and the Judith River Group. About 73 million years ago, the seaway began to advance westwards and northwards again, and
1888:
A differential diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a
1290:
of the
Ankylosaurinae conducted by Victoria Arbour and David Evans. The cladogram depicts the majority rule (average result) of 10 most parsimonious trees, which each are considered to have the fewest evolutionary steps, thus being the most accurate under the principle of
2048:
faunas, and plant and pollen data support that the Two
Medicine Formation was deposited in a seasonal, semi-arid climate with possible rainshadows from the Cordilleran highlands. This region experienced a long dry season and warm temperatures. The extensive red beds and
2026:
existed for around 3 million years. The Two
Medicine Formation correlates to the Belly River Group in southwest Alberta, and the Pakowki Formation eastward. The Two Medicine Formation was deposited by rivers and deltas between the western shoreline of the
2139:
offshore and nearshore marine habitats, coastal wetlands, deltas and lagoons, in addition to the inland floodplains. The Two
Medicine Formation was deposited at higher elevations farther inland than the other two formations. A large variety of
1835:
Other referred specimens include FPDM V-31, NSM PV 20381 and TMP 2001.42.9. FPDM V-31 and TMP 2001.42.9 are both skulls, in various states of preservation. NSM PV 20381 includes a skull, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, ribs, both
823:
of the
Ankylosaurinae conducted by Victoria Arbour and Phillip J. Currie. The cladogram follows the biogeographical family tree provided by that study, which is a fusion of the study's 50% majority rule tree as well as the
1832:. The material, a partial skull, was recovered from channel sandstone sediments that were deposited during the Campanian stage, approximately 74 million years ago. This is also housed at the Smithsonian Institution.
2222:
fossil record of Two
Medicine and Judith River rocks resulted from a combination of abundant animal life, periodic natural disasters, and the deposition of large amounts of sediment. Many types of freshwater and
1806:
stage of the Late
Cretaceous, approximately 70.6 to 66 million years old. The specimen consisted of a partial first cervical ring, which is part of the dinosaur's neck. In 2013, this material was assigned to
2849:
K. Padian, A. J. de
Ricqles, and J. R. Horner. 1995. Bone histology determines identification of a new fossil taxon of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria). Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Science, Serie II
516: PV R.5161, a nearly complete specimen that preserves the entire skeleton except for the distal end of the tail, the right forelimb, the right hindlimb, and the skull. The rare preservation of
2014:
indicates that the Two
Medicine Formation was deposited between 83.5 and 70.6 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, in what is now northwestern Montana. If
4373:
1941:
the presence of proportionately large circular medial osteoderms with low central prominences, and compressed, half-moon shaped lateral/distal osteoderms on the cervical half rings (unlike
2968:
Rogers, Raymond R. (1990). "Taphonomy of three dinosaur bonebeds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana: evidence for drought-induced mortality".
2035:. Since the mid-Cretaceous, North America had been divided in half by this seaway, with much of Montana and Alberta below the surface of the water. However, the uplift of the
4363:
3062:
Rogers, R. R. (1990). "Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality".
3013:"Growth interruptions in silicified conifer woods from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA: implications for palaeoclimate and dinosaur palaeoecology"
2343:
have been recovered here. When water was plentiful, the region could support a great deal of plant and animal life, but periodic droughts often resulted in mass mortality.
2548:
Rogers, R.R.; Swisher, III; Horner, J.R. (1993). "40Ar/39Ar age and correlation of the nonmarine Two Medicine Formation (Upper Cretaceous), northwestern Montana, U.S.A".
4304:
1811:
by Arbour and Currie who conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the ankylosauridae. It is currently housed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
2339:
coexisted with dinosaurs in the Two Medicine Formation and the various other formations that make up the Judith River wedge. Fossilized eggs belonging to a
4408:
2721:
Penkalski, P. 2014. A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59(3): 617–634.
4291:
574:, which has been dated at approximately 74 million years. The remains were collected in 1986-1987 in grey siltstone that was deposited during the
4202:
566:. This specimen consists of a partial skull, both humeri, a caudal vertebra and several osteoderms and was recovered in the Upper Member of the
4368:
3157:
2776:"A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation"
1977:
the presence of anteriorly-directed nares, and the absence of a continuous keel between the squamosal horn and the supraorbital bones (unlike
2952:
2873:
2638:
2609:
2466:
4413:
502:
337:
308:
702:
825:
4403:
4388:
4219:
2352:
2665:"Euoplocephalus tutus and the Diversity of Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA"
1959:
the osteoderms are conical, with centrally positioned apices on the lateral sides of the anterior portion of the tail (unlike
1896:(including the Two Medicine material) can be distinguished from other ankylosaurines based on the following characteristics:
544:
513:
492:
2044:, which overlies the Two Medicine. Below this formation are the nearshore deposits of the Virgelle Sandstone. Lithologies,
4418:
4197:
4378:
156:
2731:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
2040:
the entire region was covered by the Bearpaw Sea, now preserved throughout the Western US and Canada by the massive
4398:
4393:
3150:
3103:
2587:
670:
594:
128:
2890:
2032:
3248:
2597:
2591:
2493:
Nopcsa, B. F. (1928). "Palaeontological notes on reptiles. V. On the skull of the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur
2028:
1995:
613:
529:
430:
521:
4358:
4246:
1915:
the presence of a small circular caputegula at the bases of the squamosal and quadratojugal bones (unlike
1821:
567:
4383:
4330:
3275:
3143:
1287:
820:
664:
583:
543:
period, approximately 76.5 million years ago. The holotype specimen is housed in the collection of the
706:
by Paul Penkalski and William T. Blows suggested that the genus is a valid taxon. They concluded that
525:
473:, measured up to 5.6 metres (18 ft) in length and 2.2 metric tons (2.4 short tons) in body mass.
4278:
4229:
3071:
3027:
2977:
2905:
2787:
2740:
2676:
2583:
2557:
2429:
2357:
715:
680:
536:
506:
370:
341:
312:
2420:(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada".
3635:
3532:
2077:
1799:
655:
144:
3371:
3087:
2993:
2921:
2756:
2011:
1648:
624:, W. E. Cutler, who was seriously injured when the specimen fell on him as he was excavating it.
380:
151:
1990:
4335:
4317:
4309:
4128:
3392:
2948:
2869:
2813:
2704:
2634:
2605:
2472:
2462:
2196:
2135:
2103:
1472:
1080:
532:
in fine-grained sandstone and fine-grained claystone sediments that were deposited during the
488:
4322:
3052:"3.11 Montana, United States; 2. Lower Two Medicine Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004).
775:
was subsequently recognized as valid. Thus, much of the material illustrated as belonging to
3593:
3540:
3378:
3117:
3079:
3035:
2985:
2913:
2803:
2795:
2748:
2694:
2684:
2653:
Coombs W. (1971) The Ankylosauridae. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, New York, NY, 487 p.
2565:
2528:
2437:
2393:
2181:
1292:
587:
434:
1802:
in Alberta. It was collected from terrestrial sediments that are considered to be from the
4058:
4022:
3962:
3928:
3921:
3814:
3755:
3627:
3524:
3440:
3400:
3233:
2303:
2036:
1816:
1343:
898:
803:
555:
438:
41:
3075:
3031:
2981:
2909:
2791:
2744:
2680:
2561:
2433:
2053:
horizons of the upper Two Medicine are evidence of at least seasonally arid conditions.
1876:
4121:
4107:
4093:
4001:
3974:
3870:
3851:
3766:
3712:
3577:
3547:
3517:
3480:
3456:
2808:
2775:
2699:
2664:
2224:
2205:
2201:
2151:
2115:
1901:
1825:
1699:
1624:
1329:
1163:
1137:
843:
797:
768:
645:
632:
426:
275:
262:
3039:
3012:
4352:
4084:
3994:
3987:
3939:
3883:
3830:
3796:
3697:
3643:
3618:
3600:
3503:
3449:
3422:
3414:
3129:
2925:
2760:
2601:
2273:
2169:
2145:
2085:
2041:
1803:
1798:
In 1874, G. M. Dawson excavated specimen USNM 7943 at the Milk River locality of the
1593:
1018:
857:
601:
288:
79:
2631:
New perspectives on horned dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum ceratopsian symposium
2521:"A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA"
1298:
4114:
4100:
4029:
3913:
3837:
3782:
3733:
3705:
3690:
3677:
3650:
3569:
3554:
3510:
3490:
3357:
3339:
3317:
3287:
3260:
3208:
3166:
2140:
2045:
1790:
1716:
1682:
1391:
1374:
1120:
1032:
915:
650:
419:
320:
249:
217:
17:
2752:
1904:
horns are proportionately longer, are backswept, and have distinct apices (unlike
684:
but did not provide any justification for these synonymies. The synonymization of
2689:
4066:
4015:
3955:
3906:
3748:
3726:
3658:
3607:
3407:
3385:
3217:
2940:
2861:
2397:
2340:
2211:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2097:
1431:
881:
481:
233:
54:
4269:
2917:
828:. The study's 50% majority rule tree was a cladogram formed by a collection of
4142:
4135:
4073:
3948:
3899:
3891:
3844:
3789:
3775:
3741:
3719:
3585:
3429:
3364:
2278:
2264:
2256:
2219:
2157:
2130:
2126:
2091:
2081:
1923:
1841:
1545:
987:
792:
759:
579:
540:
517:
390:
99:
64:
2476:
4156:
4036:
3823:
3803:
3665:
3562:
3464:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2298:
2244:
2121:
2109:
2061:
1521:
1455:
1313:
1283:
1063:
946:
816:
723:
659:
575:
533:
520:
and skin impression are also present. The fossil skeleton was discovered by
442:
168:
104:
48:
2831:
Cope, E. D. (1875). "On the transition beds of the Saskatchewan district".
2817:
2708:
2441:
2533:
2520:
4263:
4163:
3199:
3190:
2627:"Lost in plain sight: Rediscovery of William E. Cutler's lost Eoceratops"
2294:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2232:
1607:
1306:
1204:
833:
648:, and drew morphological comparisons with the fossil material known from
621:
510:
422:
201:
188:
140:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
2799:
1868:
662:
age of the Late Cretaceous of North America. He synonymized the species
4296:
4051:
4043:
3091:
2997:
2290:
2282:
2050:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1562:
970:
786:
571:
454:
446:
412:
350:
109:
84:
1814:
In 1928, George F. Sternberg, collected specimen USNM 11892, from the
3184:
2456:
2380:
Paul Penkalski (2018). "Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur
2330:
2268:
1857:
829:
735:
658:
concluded that there was only one species of ankylosaurid during the
548:
450:
178:
4240:
3083:
2989:
2569:
836:
resolved according to the results of the maximum agreement subtree:
1966:
the tail club knob appears circular in dorsal view, unlike that of
4008:
2626:
2314:
2309:
2286:
2228:
2060:
1989:
1875:
1867:
1853:
1849:
1789:
1312:
1297:
802:
785:
692:
was generally accepted and thus NHMUK R.5161 was assigned to
631:
480:
415:
4283:
4170:
2260:
719:
4244:
3177:
3139:
3135:
2833:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
2243:
and others. This region preserves the remains of many aquatic
2240:
524:, an independent fossil collector in 1914 at Quarry 80 of the
558:
and Currie reassigned specimen MOR 433, upon which the genus
2663:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2013). Farke, Andrew A (ed.).
2629:. In M.J. Ryan; B.J. Chinnery-Allgeier; D.A. Eberth (eds.).
2386:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
726:
and the structure of the forelimb. They also concluded that
2633:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 541–50.
2939:
Rogers, Raymond R. (1997). "Two Medicine Formation". In
582:
period. The specimen is housed in the collection of the
2179:. Carnivores included an unnamed troodontid, possibly
746:
reconstructions since 1971; therefore, most images of
3101:
2891:"The Laramide Orogeny: what were the driving forces?"
738:
and armour. Due to its completeness, the holotype of
600:
means "pointed stake lizard" and is derived from the
644:
In 1928, Nopcsa assigned the specimen to the family
359:
327:
4253:
4083:
3973:
3938:
3869:
3813:
3765:
3676:
3617:
3489:
3478:
3439:
3337:
3286:
3259:
3232:
2860:Eberth, David A. (1997). "Judith River Wedge". In
620:, honours its discoverer and the collector of the
528:locality. It was collected from the bottom of the
3020:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2889:English, Joseph M.; Johnston, Stephen T. (2004).
1970:, which appears wider than it is long or that of
771:. However, this synonymization is contentious as
2411:
2409:
2407:
2947:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 199–204.
2868:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 199–204.
1952:the sacral ribs are laterally-directed (unlike
2080:with other dinosaurs, such as the duck-billed
734:are distinct, due to differences noted in the
3151:
2774:Arbour, Victoria M.; Evans, David C. (2017).
2488:
2486:
8:
4374:Taxa named by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás
2514:
2512:
2375:
2373:
2499:Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica
2461:. Princeton University Press. p. 263.
429:. It is known from the lower levels of the
4364:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
4241:
3979:
3875:
3682:
3495:
3486:
3349:
3345:
3334:
3265:
3238:
3229:
3174:
3158:
3144:
3136:
757:A 2013 study found that the ankylosaurine
127:
31:
2807:
2698:
2688:
2532:
2143:coexisted in this region, which included
2031:and the eastward advancing margin of the
1994:Depiction of the mega-herbivores in the
3108:
2369:
1926:is proportionately longer (compared to
1892:According to Arbour and Currie (2013),
2458:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1974:, which appears longer than it is wide
608:(σκῶλος) meaning "pointed stake", and
2596:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
2416:Penkalski, P.; Blows, W. T. (2013). "
7:
2329:flew overhead. Several varieties of
2733:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1640:
1599:
1537:
1513:
1506:
1447:
1423:
1416:
1366:
1359:
1335:
1325:
1179:
1112:
1105:
1055:
1048:
1024:
962:
938:
931:
873:
849:
839:
2550:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2422:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1922:the postacetabular process of the
1864:Distinguishing anatomical features
1820:holotype locality, high up in the
1321:. Proportions based on Paul (2016)
703:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25:
4409:Campanian genus first appearances
2281:. Terrestrial lizards, including
767:, and was therefore considered a
4225:
4224:
4201:
4196:
3123:
3111:
1302:Reconstructed skeleton based on
155:
3011:Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (2003).
2353:Timeline of ankylosaur research
2333:, such as the multituberculate
1473:Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis
2012:Argon-argon radiometric dating
742:has formed the basis for most
696:. However, a redescription of
612:(σαύρα) meaning "lizard". The
503:Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás
493:Natural History Museum, London
1:
4369:Fossil taxa described in 1928
3040:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00539-X
2753:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
2525:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2065:Skull of specimen AMNH 5405,
1872:Referred skull, TMP 2001.42.9
1392:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
722:armour, the details of other
445:stage, about 76.5 Ma ago) of
2898:International Geology Review
2690:10.1371/journal.pone.0062421
1344:Zhejiangosaurus luoyangensis
4414:Campanian genus extinctions
2297:have also been discovered.
2227:are represented, including
2033:Cordilleran Overthrust Belt
763:was indistinguishable from
4435:
2918:10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833
2780:Royal Society Open Science
1961:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
1954:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
1932:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
1683:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
1432:Tsagantegia longicranialis
710:can be distinguished from
671:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
27:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
4214:
4194:
3982:
3878:
3685:
3498:
3352:
3348:
3333:
3314:
3268:
3241:
3228:
3173:
2945:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
2866:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
2625:Tanke, Darren H. (2010).
2455:Paul, Gregory S. (2016).
1979:Ankylosaurus magniventris
1794:Referred skull USNM 11892
1717:Ankylosaurus magniventris
1713:
1696:
1679:
1662:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1604:
1597:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1469:
1452:
1445:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1388:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1160:
1134:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1077:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1029:
1022:
984:
967:
960:
943:
936:
929:
912:
895:
878:
871:
854:
847:
826:maximum agreement subtree
700:published in 2013 in the
386:
379:
356:
348:
326:
319:
152:Scientific classification
150:
135:
126:
34:
2943:; Padian, Kevin (eds.).
2864:; Padian, Kevin (eds.).
1456:Talarurus plicatospineus
779:may actually pertain to
433:and upper levels of the
4404:Paleontology in Montana
4389:Paleontology in Alberta
2598:Oxford University Press
2593:A Greek-English Lexicon
2398:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717
2029:Western Interior Seaway
1996:Dinosaur Park Formation
530:Dinosaur Park Formation
431:Dinosaur Park Formation
2519:Penkalski, P. (2013).
2442:10.1139/cjes-2012-0098
2428:(2): 130110052638009.
2070:
2003:
1885:
1873:
1822:Two Medicine Formation
1795:
1522:Saichania chulsanensis
1322:
1310:
812:
800:
641:
568:Two Medicine Formation
545:Natural History Museum
495:
136:Skeletal mount of the
4331:Paleobiology Database
2584:Liddell, Henry George
2534:10.4202/app.2012.0125
2064:
1993:
1943:Anodontosaurus lambei
1928:Anodontosaurus lambei
1906:Anodontosaurus lambei
1879:
1871:
1793:
1700:Anodontosaurus lambei
1608:Ziapelta sanjuanensis
1375:Pinacosaurus grangeri
1316:
1301:
1288:phylogenetic analysis
821:phylogenetic analysis
806:
789:
665:Anodontosaurus lambei
635:
584:Museum of the Rockies
522:William Edmund Cutler
484:
425:within the subfamily
4419:Ornithischian genera
2358:2018 in paleontology
1947:Euoplocephalus tutus
1936:Euoplocephalus tutus
1917:Euoplocephalus tutus
1910:Euoplocephalus tutus
1625:Euoplocephalus tutus
1317:Life restoration of
690:Euoplocephalus tutus
681:Euoplocephalus tutus
469:. The type species,
4379:Dinosaur Park fauna
3076:1990Palai...5..394R
3032:2003PPP...199..299F
2982:1990Palai...5..394R
2910:2004IGRv...46..833E
2800:10.1098/rsos.161086
2792:2017RSOS....461086A
2745:2016JSPal..14..385A
2681:2013PLoSO...862421A
2562:1993CaJES..30.1066R
2434:2013CaJES..50..171P
2418:Scolosaurus cutleri
2022:it would mean that
1884:compared to a human
1800:Frenchman Formation
1666:Scolosaurus cutleri
1319:Scolosaurus cutleri
1286:is based on a 2017
819:is based on a 2015
686:Scolosaurus cutleri
676:Scolosaurus cutleri
332:Scolosaurus cutleri
145:Royal Tyrell Museum
18:Scolosaurus thronus
2136:Volcanic eruptions
2071:
2004:
2002:on the front right
1886:
1874:
1796:
1649:Zuul crurivastator
1546:Zaraapelta nomadis
1323:
1311:
813:
801:
642:
496:
491:NHMUK PV R5161 at
453:. It contains two
4399:Cretaceous Canada
4394:Fossils of Canada
4346:
4345:
4318:Open Tree of Life
4247:Taxon identifiers
4238:
4237:
4210:
4209:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4129:Nodocephalosaurus
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3474:
3473:
3393:Serendipaceratops
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
2954:978-0-12-226810-6
2941:Currie, Philip J.
2875:978-0-12-226810-6
2862:Currie, Philip J.
2640:978-0-253-35358-0
2611:978-0-19-910207-5
2468:978-1-78684-190-2
2384:and its allies".
2295:alligator lizards
2197:Saurornitholestes
2104:Brachylophosaurus
1786:Referred material
1782:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1403:
1402:
1309:specimen ROM 1930
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1149:
1148:
1092:
1091:
1081:Nodocephalosaurus
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
790:Skull MOR 433 of
640:holotype ROM 1930
489:holotype specimen
404:
403:
398:
373:
315:
16:(Redirected from
4426:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4205:
4200:
3980:
3876:
3683:
3594:Propanoplosaurus
3541:Glyptodontopelta
3496:
3487:
3379:Priodontognathus
3350:
3346:
3335:
3266:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3175:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3026:(3–4): 299–314.
3017:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2556:(5): 1066–1075.
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2377:
2200:, and the large
2182:Stenonychosaurus
2078:paleoenvironment
1889:given organism.
1641:
1600:
1563:Tarchia kielanae
1538:
1514:
1507:
1448:
1424:
1417:
1367:
1360:
1336:
1326:
1180:
1113:
1106:
1056:
1049:
1025:
963:
939:
932:
874:
850:
840:
811:skull, AMNH 5404
750:actually depict
588:Bozeman, Montana
526:Deadlodge Canyon
435:Oldman Formation
396:
368:
361:
329:
307:
300:
287:
274:
261:
248:
232:
216:
160:
159:
131:
121:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4206:
4176:
4079:
4059:Tianzhenosaurus
4023:Minotaurasaurus
3969:
3963:Zhongyuansaurus
3934:
3929:Zhejiangosaurus
3922:Liaoningosaurus
3857:
3815:Struthiosaurini
3809:
3761:
3756:Tatankacephalus
3672:
3628:Gargoyleosaurus
3613:
3525:Gargoyleosaurus
3483:
3470:
3441:Parankylosauria
3435:
3401:Sinankylosaurus
3342:
3321:
3302:
3282:
3255:
3249:Avemetatarsalia
3234:Avemetatarsalia
3224:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3084:10.2307/3514834
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2990:10.2307/3514834
2967:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:10.1139/e93-090
2547:
2546:
2542:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2349:
2304:Montanazhdarcho
2059:
2037:Rocky Mountains
2018:is the same as
2009:
1988:
1866:
1817:Montanazhdarcho
1788:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1584:
1575:
1494:
1485:
1404:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1150:
1093:
1009:
1000:
899:Zhejiangosaurus
630:
479:
441:(latest middle
439:Late Cretaceous
397:Penkalski, 2013
395:
367:
344:
335:
306:
298:
285:
272:
259:
246:
230:
214:
154:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4327:
4314:
4301:
4288:
4275:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4122:Euoplocephalus
4118:
4111:
4108:Anodontosaurus
4104:
4097:
4094:Akainacephalus
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4002:Crichtonsaurus
3998:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3975:Ankylosaurinae
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3871:Ankylosauridae
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3852:Struthiosaurus
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3769:
3767:Panoplosaurini
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3713:Niobrarasaurus
3709:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3578:Polacanthoides
3574:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3548:Horshamosaurus
3544:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3518:Dongyangopelta
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3484:
3481:Euankylosauria
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3457:Kunbarrasaurus
3453:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3098:
3097:
3054:
3045:
3003:
2976:(5): 394–413.
2960:
2953:
2931:
2904:(9): 833–838.
2881:
2874:
2852:
2842:
2823:
2766:
2723:
2714:
2655:
2646:
2639:
2617:
2610:
2575:
2540:
2508:
2495:Euoplocephalus
2482:
2467:
2447:
2403:
2392:(3): 261–306.
2382:Euoplocephalus
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2225:estuarine fish
2218:The excellent
2206:Daspletosaurus
2202:tyrannosaurids
2152:Brachyceratops
2116:Prosaurolophus
2058:
2055:
2008:
2005:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:Anodontosaurus
1964:
1957:
1950:
1939:
1920:
1913:
1865:
1862:
1826:Glacier County
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1330:Ankylosaurinae
1324:
1282:The following
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:Euoplocephalus
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:Anodontosaurus
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
992:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
966:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
877:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
853:
848:
846:
844:Ankylosaurinae
838:
815:The following
798:junior synonym
769:junior synonym
748:Euoplocephalus
744:Euoplocephalus
712:Euoplocephalus
646:Ankylosauridae
629:
628:Classification
626:
562:was based, to
478:
475:
427:Ankylosaurinae
402:
401:
400:
399:
384:
383:
377:
376:
375:
374:
354:
353:
346:
345:
336:
324:
323:
317:
316:
296:
292:
291:
283:
279:
278:
276:Ankylosaurinae
270:
266:
265:
263:Ankylosauridae
257:
253:
252:
244:
237:
236:
228:
221:
220:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4431:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Ankylosaurids
4357:
4356:
4354:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4085:Ankylosaurini
4082:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:Crichtonpelta
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:Bissektipelta
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:Shamosaurinae
3937:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:Ahshislepelta
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:Hungarosaurus
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:Panoplosaurus
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:Ahshislepelta
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:Hoplitosaurus
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3619:Polacanthinae
3616:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:Rhadinosaurus
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:Acanthopholis
3501:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:Antarctopelta
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:Tianchisaurus
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:Stegosaurides
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:(5): 394–41.
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:(5): 161086.
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:(5): e62421.
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2274:Champsosaurus
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:Prenoceratops
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:Achelousaurus
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:Hypacrosaurus
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:Bearpaw Shale
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:Maastrichtian
1801:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:Ankylosaurini
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:Occam's razor
1289:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:Ankylosaurini
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
991:
990:
989:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
972:
965:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
948:
941:
940:
934:
933:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
917:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
900:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:Crichtonpelta
852:
851:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
810:
805:
799:
796:, a possible
795:
794:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
672:
667:
666:
661:
657:
656:Walter Coombs
653:
652:
647:
639:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:specific name
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
578:stage of the
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
501:was named by
500:
494:
490:
487:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
409:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
382:
378:
372:
366:
365:
358:
357:
355:
352:
347:
343:
339:
334:
333:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
304:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:Ankylosaurini
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:76.5–74
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4384:Oldman fauna
4254:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4115:Dyoplosaurus
4113:
4106:
4101:Ankylosaurus
4099:
4092:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4035:
4030:Pinacosaurus
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3927:
3920:
3914:Hylaeosaurus
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3850:
3843:
3838:Pawpawsaurus
3836:
3829:
3822:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3783:Denversaurus
3781:
3774:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3734:Peloroplites
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3706:Borealopelta
3704:
3696:
3691:Acantholipan
3689:
3678:Nodosaurinae
3664:
3657:
3651:Peloroplites
3649:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3570:Mymoorapelta
3568:
3561:
3555:Hylaeosaurus
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3511:Anoplosaurus
3509:
3502:
3491:Nodosauridae
3463:
3455:
3448:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3358:Cryptosaurus
3356:
3340:Ankylosauria
3318:Ankylosauria
3316:
3288:Ankylosauria
3276:Ornithischia
3261:Ornithischia
3213:
3209:Ornithischia
3204:
3195:
3167:Ankylosauria
3067:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3023:
3019:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2944:
2934:
2901:
2897:
2884:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2630:
2620:
2592:
2588:Robert Scott
2578:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2524:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2457:
2450:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2334:
2324:
2318:
2308:
2302:
2279:crocodilians
2272:
2251:, including
2217:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2187:dromaeosaurs
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2141:ceratopsians
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2046:invertebrate
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1999:
1986:Paleoecology
1978:
1972:Dyoplosaurus
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1834:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1797:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1647:
1646:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1471:
1470:
1454:
1453:
1430:
1429:
1390:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1303:
1281:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1162:
1161:
1136:
1135:
1121:Ankylosaurus
1119:
1118:
1079:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1033:Dyoplosaurus
1031:
1030:
986:
985:
969:
968:
945:
944:
916:Pinacosaurus
914:
913:
897:
896:
880:
879:
856:
855:
814:
808:
791:
780:
776:
772:
764:
758:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:Dyoplosaurus
731:
727:
711:
707:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
675:
669:
663:
651:Dyoplosaurus
649:
643:
637:
617:
609:
605:
597:
595:generic name
592:
563:
559:
553:
539:of the Late
498:
497:
485:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
420:ankylosaurid
407:
406:
405:
389:
363:
362:
331:
330:
321:Type species
302:
301:
250:Ankylosauria
240:
224:
218:Ornithischia
208:
195:
137:
35:
29:
4255:Scolosaurus
4150:Scolosaurus
4067:Tsagantegia
4016:Jinyunpelta
3956:Shamosaurus
3907:Chuanqilong
3749:Silvisaurus
3727:Patagopelta
3659:Polacanthus
3608:Sauroplites
3408:Spicomellus
3386:Sarcolestes
3218:Thyreophora
2739:(5): 1–60.
2600:. pp.
2341:dromaeosaur
2313:as well as
2265:salamanders
2212:Gorgosaurus
2191:Bambiraptor
2176:Rubeosaurus
2164:Einiosaurus
2098:Gryposaurus
2076:shared its
2074:Scolosaurus
2067:Scolosaurus
2024:Scolosaurus
2020:Scolosaurus
2000:Scolosaurus
1894:Scolosaurus
1882:Scolosaurus
1848:, and both
1809:Scolosaurus
1188:Scolosaurus
882:Tsagantegia
777:Scolosaurus
765:Scolosaurus
752:Scolosaurus
740:Scolosaurus
728:Scolosaurus
708:Scolosaurus
698:Scolosaurus
654:. In 1971,
598:Scolosaurus
564:Scolosaurus
551:, England.
509:, based on
499:Scolosaurus
408:Scolosaurus
369:Penkalski,
303:Scolosaurus
269:Subfamily:
234:Thyreophora
36:Scolosaurus
4353:Categories
4218:See also:
4143:Platypelta
4136:Oohkotokia
4074:Zaraapelta
3949:Gobisaurus
3900:Cedarpelta
3892:Aletopelta
3845:Stegopelta
3790:Edmontonia
3776:Animantarx
3742:Sauropelta
3720:Nodosaurus
3586:Priconodon
3430:Vectipelta
3365:Dracopelta
3297:see below↓
3200:Dinosauria
2850:(320)77-84
2505:(1): 1–84.
2364:References
2299:Pterosaurs
2257:gastropods
2245:amphibians
2220:vertebrate
2158:Cerasinops
2131:Edmontonia
2127:ankylosaur
2125:, and the
2092:Acristavus
2082:hadrosaurs
2057:Paleofauna
2016:Oohkotokia
1844:, partial
1304:S. thronus
988:Zaraapelta
834:polytomies
809:S. cutleri
793:Oohkotokia
781:Oohkotokia
773:Oohkotokia
760:Oohkotokia
638:S. thronus
580:Cretaceous
560:Oohkotokia
541:Cretaceous
518:osteoderms
486:S. cutleri
471:S. cutleri
466:S. thronus
460:S. cutleri
391:Oohkotokia
364:S. thronus
202:Dinosauria
138:S. thronus
4157:Talarurus
4037:Saichania
3824:Europelta
3804:Texasetes
3666:Taohelong
3563:Invictarx
3465:Stegouros
3183:Kingdom:
3118:Dinosaurs
2926:129901811
2761:214625754
2477:985402380
2336:Cimexomys
2326:Avisaurus
2320:Apatornis
2283:whiptails
2237:sturgeons
2122:Maiasaura
2110:Glishades
1902:squamosal
1284:cladogram
1064:Talarurus
947:Saichania
817:cladogram
807:Referred
754:instead.
718:of their
660:Campanian
636:Skull of
576:Campanian
554:In 2013,
534:Campanian
477:Discovery
443:Campanian
423:dinosaurs
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
4284:24177353
4270:Q7434319
4264:Wikidata
4230:Category
4220:Timeline
4164:Ziapelta
3636:Gastonia
3533:Gastonia
3191:Chordata
3189:Phylum:
3185:Animalia
2818:28573004
2709:23690940
2669:PLOS ONE
2602:630, 640
2590:(1980).
2347:See also
2291:monitors
2253:bivalves
2249:reptiles
1880:Size of
1838:scapulae
1307:holotype
1205:Ziapelta
720:cervical
694:E. tutus
622:holotype
511:holotype
381:Synonyms
256:Family:
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
141:holotype
4323:4126764
4310:1434912
4297:4817880
4052:Tarchia
4044:Shanxia
3104:Portals
3092:3514834
3072:Bibcode
3064:PALAIOS
3028:Bibcode
2998:3514834
2978:Bibcode
2970:PALAIOS
2906:Bibcode
2809:5451805
2788:Bibcode
2741:Bibcode
2700:3648582
2677:Bibcode
2558:Bibcode
2430:Bibcode
2331:mammals
2269:turtles
2051:caliche
2007:Habitat
1858:fibulae
1852:, both
1840:, both
1830:Montana
971:Tarchia
714:by the
618:cutleri
572:Montana
455:species
447:Alberta
437:in the
413:extinct
351:species
295:Genus:
282:Tribe:
143:at the
116:↓
3130:Canada
3090:
2996:
2951:
2924:
2872:
2839:: 2–3.
2816:
2806:
2759:
2707:
2697:
2637:
2608:
2475:
2465:
2287:skinks
2229:sharks
2185:, the
1854:tibiae
1850:femora
1846:ischia
830:clades
736:pelvis
724:armour
674:, and
610:saûros
606:skolos
604:words
556:Arbour
549:London
451:Canada
411:is an
349:Other
338:Nopcsa
309:Nopcsa
4336:66258
4305:IRMNG
4009:Datai
3372:Minmi
3214:Clade
3205:Clade
3196:Clade
3088:JSTOR
3016:(PDF)
2994:JSTOR
2922:S2CID
2894:(PDF)
2757:S2CID
2317:like
2315:birds
2310:Piksi
2301:like
2261:frogs
1924:ilium
678:with
602:Greek
570:, in
537:stage
514:NHMUK
416:genus
241:Clade
225:Clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
4292:GBIF
4171:Zuul
3274:see
3247:see
2949:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2814:PMID
2705:PMID
2635:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2586:and
2473:OCLC
2463:ISBN
2323:and
2307:and
2293:and
2277:and
2247:and
2241:gars
2233:rays
2209:and
2194:and
2173:and
2119:and
1945:and
1934:and
1908:and
1900:the
1856:and
1842:ilia
730:and
716:form
688:and
593:The
507:1928
463:and
371:2018
342:1928
313:1928
55:PreꞒ
4279:EoL
3080:doi
3036:doi
3024:199
2986:doi
2914:doi
2804:PMC
2796:doi
2749:doi
2695:PMC
2685:doi
2566:doi
2529:doi
2497:".
2438:doi
2394:doi
2390:287
2069:sp.
1824:in
586:in
547:in
505:in
418:of
4355::
4333::
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4307::
4294::
4281::
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3207::
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3066:.
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2992:.
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2972:.
2920:.
2912:.
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2896:.
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2835:.
2812:.
2802:.
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2782:.
2778:.
2755:.
2747:.
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2735:.
2703:.
2693:.
2683:.
2671:.
2667:.
2604:.
2564:.
2554:30
2552:.
2527:.
2523:.
2511:^
2501:.
2485:^
2471:.
2436:.
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2424:.
2406:^
2388:.
2372:^
2289:,
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2267:,
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2259:,
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2231:,
2215:.
2167:,
2161:,
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2149:,
2134:.
2113:,
2107:,
2101:,
2095:,
2089:,
1998:,
1930:,
1860:.
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783:.
668:,
616:,
590:.
457:,
449:,
394:?
340:,
311:,
243::
227::
211::
198::
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
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3074::
3068:5
3042:.
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3030::
3000:.
2988::
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2974:5
2957:.
2928:.
2916::
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2878:.
2820:.
2798::
2790::
2784:4
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2673:8
2643:.
2614:.
2572:.
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2560::
2537:.
2531::
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2440::
2432::
2400:.
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1963:)
1956:)
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1919:)
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360:†
328:†
299:†
286:†
273:†
260:†
247:†
231:†
215:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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