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wall or dam, or on the ground. A pair starts by making a platform of sticks held together with mud, then builds walls and a domed roof. A mud-plastered entrance 13–18 cm (5.1–7.1 in) wide in the bottom leads through a tunnel up to 60 cm (24 in) long to a nesting chamber big enough for the parents and young. Nests have been recorded to take between 10 and 14 weeks to build, and one researcher estimated that they would require around 8,000 sticks or bunches of grass to complete. Nesting material may still be added by the pair after the nest has been completed and eggs have been laid. Much of the nesting material added after completion is not sticks, but an odd collection of random items including bones, hide, and human waste.
659:
the bottom or suddenly open its wings to flush prey out of hiding. Prey caught in mud is shaken before swallowing to clean it, or if available, taken to clearer water to do so. The species also feeds while in flight. A bird flies slowly low over the water with legs dangling and head looking down, then dipping feet down and hovering momentarily when prey is sighted. The prey is then snatched with the bill and swallowed in flight. This method of hunting can be very successful, with one birds catching prey on 27 of 33 attempts during one 45-minute session. It is also opportunistic, and feeds on swarming
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42:
226:
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but soon become stained. The eggs measure 44.5 mm × 33.9 mm (1.75 in × 1.33 in) on average, and weight around 27.8 g (0.98 oz), but considerable variation is seen. Egg size varies by season, by the overall size of the clutch, and from bird to bird. Both sexes incubate the eggs, but the female seems to do most of the work. Incubation takes around 30 days from the first egg being laid to hatching, eggs are laid with intervals of one to three days, and they hatch asynchronously.
212:
699:
545:
91:
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66:
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females mount males. Because of this, the behaviour is thought to be social and not related to the pair bond. Dominant birds may signal to subordinates by opening their bills slightly and erecting their crests, but the species is not very aggressive in general towards others of its species. Birds in groups also engage in social
750:
Breeding happens year-round in East Africa, and in the rest of its range, it peaks at different times, with a slight bias towards the dry season. Pairs engage in a breeding display, then copulate on the nest or on the ground nearby. The clutch consists of three to seven eggs which start chalky white,
738:
may attach their nests to the outside. A few reports exist of hamerkops nesting close together, including in Uganda, where 639 nests were seen in an area of 8 km (3.1 sq mi); even if each pair had made seven nests, this would mean 80 pairs were nesting in that area. The species is not
658:
The usual method of hunting is to walk in shallow water looking for prey. Prey is located differently depending on circumstances; if the water is clear, it may hunt by sight, but if the water is very muddy, it probes its open bill into water or mud and shuts it. It may shuffle one foot at a time on
654:
This species normally feeds alone or in pairs, but also feeds in large flocks sometimes. It is a generalist, although amphibians and fish form the larger part of its diet. The diet also includes shrimp, insects, and rodents. The type of food they take seems to vary by location, with clawed frogs and
694:
The strangest aspect of hamerkop behaviour is the huge nest, sometimes more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) across, and strong enough to support a man's weight. When possible, it is built in the fork of a tree, often over water, but if necessary, it is built on a bank, a cliff, a human-built
317:
The hamerkop takes a wide range of prey, mostly fish and amphibians, but shrimps, insects and rodents are taken too. Prey is usually hunted in shallow water, either by sight or touch, but the species is adaptable and will take any prey it can. The species is renowned for its enormous nests, several
629:
include a range of calls including cackles and nasal rattles. One highly social call is the "yip-purr" call. This call is only made in a social context, when at least three birds, but up to 20 are gathered in a flock. Birds start by giving a number of "yip" calls, eventually giving way to purring
540:
is darker. The tail is faintly barred with darker brown. The sexes are alike and fledglings resembled adults. The bill is long, 80 to 85 mm (3.1–3.3 in), and slightly hooked at the end. It resembles the bill of a shoebill, and is quite compressed and thin, particularly at the lower
754:
Both parents feed the young, often leaving them alone for long times. This habit, which is unusual for wading birds, may be made possible because of the thick nest walls. The young hatch covered with grey down. By 17 days after hatching, their head and crest plumage is developed, and in a month,
633:
Another common social behaviour is "false mounting", in which one bird stands on top of another and appears to mount it, but they do not copulate. This behaviour has been noted between both mated pairs and unmated birds, and even between members of the same sex and in reversed mountings, where
655:
tadpoles being important parts of the diet in East and
Southern Africa and small fish being almost the only prey taken in Mali. Because it is willing to take a wide range of food items and also take very small prey, it is not resource-limited and only feeds for part of the day.
713:
Pairs of hamerkop are compulsive nest builders, constructing three to five nests per year whether they are breeding or not. Both members of the pair build the nest, and the building of nests may have a function in creating or maintaining the pair bond between them.
592:, and coastal south-west Arabia. It requires shallow water in which to forage, and is found in all wetland habitats, including rivers, streams, seasonal pools, estuaries, reservoirs, marshes, mangroves, irrigated land such as rice paddies,
616:
The hamerkop is mostly active during the day, often resting at noon during the heat of the day. They can be somewhat crepuscular, being active around dusk, but are not nocturnal as has sometimes been reported.
794:, and a Malagasy poem calls it an "evil bird". Such beliefs have given the bird some protection. A south African name Njaka meaning "rain doctor" is derived from its habit of calling loudly prior to rain.
426:
The hamerkop is sufficiently distinct to be placed in its own family, although the relationships of this species to other families has been a longstanding mystery. The hamerkop was usually included in the
318:
of which are built during the breeding season. Unusually for a wading bird the nest has an internal nesting chamber where the eggs are laid. Both parents incubate the eggs, and raise the chicks.
560:'s. Its tail is short and its wings are big, wide, and round-tipped; it soars well, although it does so less than the shoebill or storks. When it does so, it stretches its neck forward like a
1423:
625:
The hamerkop is mostly silent when alone, but is fairly vocal when in pairs or in groups. The only call it usually makes when alone is a flight-call, a shrill "nyip" or "kek". In groups,
552:
The neck and legs are proportionately shorter than those of similar looking
Pelecaniformes. The bare parts of the legs are black and the legs are feathered only to the upper part of the
678:; when a band of mongooses began hunting frogs in dried mud at the side of a pool of water a pair of hamerkops attended the feeding group, catching frogs that escaped the mongooses.
800:, a database of abstracts and citations for scholarly journal articles, received its name in honour of this bird, as did the journal of the East African Natural History Society,
496:
of south west Kenya is usually lumped with the nominate race. Birds in
Madagascar have been suggested to be distinct, in which case they would be placed in the subspecies
722:
may force them out and take over the nests, but when the owls leave, the pair may reuse the nest. Owls may also use abandoned nests, as may snakes, small mammals such as
755:
their body plumage. They first leave the nest around 44 to 50 days after hatching, but continue to use the nest for roosting at night until they are two months old.
2557:
2722:
322:
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notes. This call is made with the neck extended and sometimes accompanied by wing flapping, and becomes more vigorous when larger numbers of birds are present.
399:
1203:
Ericson, P. G. P.; Anderson, C. L.; Britton, T.; Elzanowski, A.; Johansson, U. S.; Källersjö, M.; Ohlson, J. I.; Parsons, T. J.; Zuccon, D.; Mayr, G. (2006).
2702:
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when walking is jerky and rapid, with its head and neck moving back and forth with each step. It may hold its wings out when running for extra stability.
604:
with running water and trees. Most are sedentary within their territories, which are held by pairs, but some migrate into suitable habitat during the
2531:
2079:
2570:
1374:
Elliott, A.; Garcia, E.F.J.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
916:
894:
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The hamerkop is a medium-sized waterbird, standing 56 cm (22 in) high and weighing 470 g (17 oz), although the subspecies
356:
2622:
1917:
1884:
1544:
1472:
1304:
1063:
1055:
1051:
2707:
1698:
Wilson, R. T.; Wilson, M. P.; Durkin, J. W. (1987). "Aspects of the reproductive ecology of the
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta in central Mali".
956:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
282:. The shape of its head with a long bill and crest at the back is reminiscent of a hammer, which has given this species its name after the
747:, either. Even where pairs have home ranges that are more spread out those home ranges overlap and are the boundaries are poorly defined.
472:
The hamerkop is also known as the hammerkop, hammerkopf, hammerhead, hammerhead stork, umbrette, umber bird, tufted umber, or anvilhead.
2051:
1870:
1934:
1837:
2717:
2518:
1561:
1252:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
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2727:
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believe or believed that being hit by lightning resulted from trying to rob a hamerkop's nest. They also believe that the
646:
229:
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only. The species is very tolerant of humans and readily feeds and breeds in villages and other human-created habitats.
2072:
920:
398:. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1911 that Brisson's genera were available under the
674:, and has been observed fishing off the backs of hippopotamuses. It has also been recorded feeding in association with
2666:
873:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
1106:
Elliot, A. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
1337:
928:
2601:
763:
Many legends exist about the hamerkop. In some regions, people state that other birds help it build its nest. The
1876:
1799:
Kaweesa, Sarah; Jonkvorst, Robert; Katebaka, Raymond; Ssemmanda, Richard; Pomeroy, Derek; Brouwer, Joost (2013).
556:. The hamerkop has, for unknown reasons, partially webbed feet. The middle toe is comb-like (pectinated) like a
868:
670:
This species has been recorded foraging for insects flushed by grazing cattle and buffalo, in a manner similar
338:
90:
1639:
Dean, W. R. J.; MacDonald, I. A. W. (2010). "A review of
African birds feeding in association with mammals".
2712:
2065:
950:
360:
201:
41:
2453:
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said that when a hamerkop flew and called over their camp, they knew that someone close to them had died.
2648:
395:
381:
326:
225:
185:
1800:
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half of the mandible. The bill is brown in young birds, but becomes black by the time a bird fledges.
846:
2505:
2445:
2427:
2418:
1773:
1738:
1602:
924:
489:
600:. In Tanzania, it has also recently begun to feed on rocky shores. In Arabia, it is found in rocky
211:
2194:
2189:
2179:
698:
394:
were widely adopted by the ornithological community despite the fact that he did not use
Linnaeus'
55:
1025:: restriction to certain portions of that work of the validation granted under the Plenary Powers"
2466:
2199:
1618:
1397:
1129:
1008:. Vol. 1 Section B. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 87–88.
85:
2653:
2562:
1508:
Kahl, M. P. (1967). "Observations on the behaviour of the
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta in Uganda".
2635:
2588:
2479:
2184:
1992:
1913:
1880:
1833:
1540:
1468:
1319:
1285:
1234:
1185:
1059:
626:
544:
466:
321:
The species is not globally threatened and is locally abundant in Africa and
Madagascar,. The
1006:
Opinions and
Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
959:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 618.
373:
in 1788 he included the hamerkop and cited the earlier authors. He placed the species in the
2640:
2304:
2226:
2169:
2109:
1982:
1972:
1781:
1746:
1707:
1675:
1648:
1610:
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1389:
1341:
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1224:
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982:
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898:
841:
802:
779:
764:
744:
307:
260:
2661:
2458:
1254:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
686:
2609:
2088:
1764:
Martin, J.; Broekhuysen, G. J. (1961). "Some records of birds using the nests of others".
1593:
Dial, K. P.; Vaughan, T. A. (1987). "Opportunistic
Predation on Alate Termites in Kenya".
787:
675:
635:
369:
351:
402:, so Brisson is considered to be the genus authority for the hamerkop. The generic name,
2432:
1777:
1742:
1606:
823:
2092:
1987:
1960:
1909:
1711:
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775:
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286:
word for hammerhead. It is a medium-sized waterbird with brown plumage. It is found in
271:
142:
1376:
2696:
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1401:
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832:
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was slightly larger than the hamerkop and Olson speculated based on the shape of the
428:
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364:
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267:
162:
152:
75:
70:
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671:
454:
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1785:
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1679:
1652:
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2523:
1901:
1827:
1462:
743:, as it does not habitually nest close together, but is not thought to be highly
2544:
2412:
2268:
2113:
1205:"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils"
880:
876:
740:
727:
719:
533:
1345:
17:
2674:
2010:
1108:
605:
589:
444:
291:
2403:
1323:
1270:
1002:"Opinion 37: Shall the genera of Brisson's "Ornithologia," 1760, be accepted"
638:. One bird presents its face of back of the head to the other to be preened.
731:
355:. The species was subsequently described and illustrated by French polymath
311:
303:
283:
102:
1996:
1666:
Steyn, P (1991). "Hamerkops in Feeding Association with Banded Mongooses".
1393:
1289:
1238:
1220:
1189:
1171:
1125:
1977:
2397:
2277:
2222:
1904:. In Prins, Herbert H. T.; Grootenhuis, Jan Geu; Dolan Thomas T. (eds.).
1160:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
973:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
786:
god Khauna would not like anyone to kill a hamerkop. According to an old
783:
715:
593:
458:
440:
279:
122:
2614:
2057:
1562:"Sex-obsessed or just sociable? Non-copulatory displays in the hamerkop"
568:, but when it flaps, it coils its neck back something like a heron. Its
516:
2536:
2440:
2334:
2256:
2155:
2143:
2105:
1622:
791:
660:
436:
299:
275:
1578:
1305:"A Hamerkop from the early Pliocene of South Africa (Aves: Scopidae)"
1154:
Van Tuinenf, M.; Butvill, D.B.; Kirsch, J.A.W.; Hedges, S.B. (2001).
905:(in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 278.
797:
735:
597:
585:
581:
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in Namibia may be distinct, but no formal description has been made.
443:. Although the hamerkop is the only living member of its family, one
410:
391:
295:
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112:
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1614:
986:
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707:
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251:
224:
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when they conduct their nuptial flights, snatching as many as 47
601:
569:
565:
247:
132:
2378:
2298:
2220:
2103:
2061:
435:. Recent studies have found that its closest relatives are the
1725:
Wilson, R.; Wilson, M. (1986). "Nest building by the Hamerkop
1156:"Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds"
480:
Two subspecies are recognized - the widespread nominate race
2017:. Bird Committee of the East Africa Natural History Society
266:. The species and family was long thought to sit with the
345:
which was published two years after the tenth edition of
337:
The hamerkop was first described by the French zoologist
1346:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
939:. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 796.
504:
in 1936. It has also been suggested that birds near the
1539:(2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 60.
1900:
Child, Graham; Chitsike, Langford (August 31, 2000).
690:
Full view of nest built in the fork of an acacia tree
875:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
548:
Hamerkop in flight, with spread tail showing barring
532:
is smaller. Its plumage is a drab brown with purple
2387:
2344:
2324:
2266:
2246:
2153:
2133:
1312:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
380:that had been introduced by Brisson and coined the
1375:
1107:
975:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
492:in 1931. Two other subspecies have been proposed.
274:, and its closest relatives are thought to be the
847:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697356A93610351.en
1872:Hainteny: The Traditional Poetry of Madagascar
1369:
1367:
790:belief, anyone who destroys its nest will get
323:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2073:
469:that the species may have been more aquatic.
400:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
1467:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 234.
1048:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
500:. That proposed subspecies was described by
1935:"Direct effects of rain on birds: a review"
2375:
2321:
2295:
2243:
2217:
2130:
2100:
2080:
2066:
2058:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
702:Individual collecting nesting material at
210:
64:
40:
31:
1986:
1976:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1577:
1535:Porter, Richard; Aspinall, Simon (2010).
1279:
1269:
1228:
1179:
845:
447:species is known from the fossil record.
431:, but is now thought to be closer to the
1906:Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use
1805:a neocolonist or an opportunist nester?"
1566:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1461:Shukla, Arvind N.; Tyagi, Rajiv (2004).
1386:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1118:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
937:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
250:. It is the only living species in the
1634:
1632:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
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1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
814:
314:bird that often shows local movements.
1832:. G. Routledge and Paul. p. 167.
310:, and rocky coasts. The hamerkop is a
2723:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2041:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1424:"Namibian Ornithological Miscellanea"
1352:. International Ornithologists' Union
1050:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
774:It is known in some cultures as the
457:in 1984 based on two bones found in
2703:IUCN Red List least concern species
2052:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1829:The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa
1388:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
1120:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
1029:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
833:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
667:(flying termites) in five minutes.
325:(IUCN) has assessed it as being of
1712:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1987.tb03182.x
1522:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1967.tb00004.x
25:
1959:Burnham, Judy F (8 March 2006).
1350:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
917:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
895:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
484:and the smaller of West African
89:
1258:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1021:"Direction 105: Brisson, 1760,
1000:Hemming, Francis, ed. (1958) .
822:BirdLife International (2016).
453:was described by ornithologist
903:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
415:for shadow. The specific name
298:, living in a wide variety of
1:
1786:10.1080/00306525.1961.9633083
1751:10.1080/00306525.1986.9633660
1680:10.1080/00306525.1991.9639643
1653:10.1080/00306525.1981.9633599
359:. When the German naturalist
230:Queen Elizabeth National Park
1965:Biomedical Digital Libraries
498:S. u. tenuirostris
461:deposits from South Africa.
411:
2708:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
1961:"Scopus database: a review"
1560:Hagemeyer, Natasha (2016).
929:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
270:but is now placed with the
246:) is a medium-sized wading
2744:
2229:: Balaenicipitidae ·
1046:Jobling, James A. (2010).
921:Martinet, François-Nicolas
621:Social behaviour and calls
494:S. u. bannermani
2320:
2294:
2242:
2216:
2129:
2099:
2039:Explore Species: Hamerkop
1902:"'Ownership' of Wildlife"
1877:Bucknell University Press
1859:Schapera op. cit., p. 189
869:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
726:, and various birds, and
423:for umber or dark brown.
390:Brisson's names for bird
306:, lakesides, fish ponds,
218:
209:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1826:Schapera, Isaac (1965).
1537:Birds of the Middle East
951:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
933:"L'Ombrette, du Sénégal"
840:: e.T22697356A93610351.
759:Relationship with humans
576:Distribution and habitat
482:S. u. umbretta
341:in 1760 in his landmark
339:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
333:Taxonomy and systematics
2718:Birds described in 1789
1431:Durban Museum Novitates
1422:Clancey, P. A. (1982).
580:The hamerkop occurs in
361:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2175:American white pelican
2011:"Publications: Scopus"
1933:Kennedy, R.J. (1970).
1464:Encyclopaedia of Birds
1394:10.2173/bow.hamerk1.01
1344:, eds. (August 2022).
1303:Olson, Storrs (1984).
1271:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
1221:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523
1172:10.1098/rspb.2001.1679
1126:10.2173/bow.scopid1.01
710:
691:
651:
650:Hamerkop eating a fish
549:
525:
524:is smaller and darker.
406:, is derived from the
233:
219:Range of the hamerkop
2649:Paleobiology Database
1978:10.1186/1742-5581-3-1
1879:. pp. 261, 422.
1869:Fox, Leonard (1990).
925:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
701:
689:
649:
612:Behaviour and ecology
547:
538:S. u. minor
530:S. u. minor
522:S. u. minor
519:
486:S. u. minor
419:is modified from the
363:revised and expanded
228:
2728:Birds of East Africa
1019:China, W.E. (1963).
490:George Latimer Bates
2195:Spot-billed pelican
2190:Pink-backed pelican
2180:Great white pelican
1778:1961Ostri..32..104M
1743:1986Ostri..57..224W
1607:1987Biotr..19..185D
1166:(1474): 1345–1350.
56:Conservation status
2307:: Scopidae ·
2200:Australian pelican
1340:; Donsker, David;
711:
692:
652:
550:
526:
234:
2690:
2689:
2636:Open Tree of Life
2381:Taxon identifiers
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2185:Dalmatian pelican
1919:978-0-412-79730-9
1886:978-0-8387-5175-6
1801:"Is the Hamerkop
1546:978-0-7136-7602-0
1474:978-81-261-0967-8
1342:Rasmussen, Pamela
1065:978-1-4081-2501-4
223:
222:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2735:
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2436:
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2423:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2376:
2322:
2296:
2244:
2218:
2170:Peruvian pelican
2131:
2101:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1956:
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1949:
1939:
1930:
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1848:
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1727:Scopus umberetta
1722:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1590:
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1581:
1579:10.1002/fee.1318
1557:
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1532:
1526:
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1505:
1486:
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1481:
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1194:
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1183:
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1070:
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913:
907:
906:
891:
885:
884:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
849:
819:
780:Kalahari Bushmen
676:banded mongooses
642:Food and feeding
414:
214:
197:
177:S. umbretta
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:Scopus-umbretta
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2610:Observation.org
2608:
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2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
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2457:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2433:Scopus_umbretta
2431:
2426:
2419:Scopus umbretta
2417:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2389:Scopus umbretta
2383:
2373:
2360:
2340:
2316:
2282:
2262:
2238:
2204:
2149:
2125:
2095:
2086:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:. p. 253.
1908:. Netherlands:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1803:Scopus umbretta
1798:
1797:
1793:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1665:
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1638:
1637:
1630:
1615:10.2307/2388744
1592:
1591:
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1559:
1558:
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1529:
1507:
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1489:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1379:Scopus umbretta
1373:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1251:
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1209:Biology Letters
1202:
1201:
1197:
1153:
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1148:
1138:
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1104:
1073:
1066:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1018:
1017:
1013:
999:
998:
994:
981:(27): 317–335.
969:
968:
964:
949:
948:
944:
915:
914:
910:
893:
892:
888:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
826:Scopus umbretta
821:
820:
816:
812:
761:
684:
644:
623:
614:
578:
520:The subspecies
514:
488:, described by
478:
396:binomial system
385:Scopus umbretta
370:Systema Naturae
357:Comte de Buffon
352:Systema Naturae
335:
243:Scopus umbretta
205:
199:
195:Scopus umbretta
193:
180:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
18:Scopus umbretta
15:
12:
11:
5:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Pelecaniformes
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2632:
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2214:
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2206:
2205:
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2197:
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2177:
2172:
2167:
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2159:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2104:
2097:
2096:
2093:Pelecaniformes
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:External links
2031:
2029:
2028:
2002:
1951:
1948:(10): 401–414.
1925:
1918:
1892:
1885:
1861:
1852:
1838:
1818:
1791:
1772:(3): 104–106.
1756:
1737:(4): 224–232.
1717:
1706:(2): 382–388.
1685:
1658:
1647:(3): 135–155.
1628:
1585:
1572:(7): 397–398.
1552:
1545:
1527:
1487:
1473:
1440:
1414:
1363:
1329:
1318:(4): 736–740.
1295:
1264:(1): 108–127.
1244:
1215:(4): 543–547.
1195:
1146:
1071:
1064:
1038:
1011:
992:
962:
942:
908:
886:
860:
813:
811:
808:
776:lightning bird
767:informants of
760:
757:
683:
680:
643:
640:
622:
619:
613:
610:
577:
574:
513:
510:
502:Austin L. Rand
477:
474:
463:Scopus xenopus
450:Scopus xenopus
433:Pelecaniformes
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272:Pelecaniformes
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2168:
2166:
2165:Brown pelican
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
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2119:
2115:
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2098:
2094:
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2083:
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2053:
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2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:British Birds
1936:
1929:
1926:
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1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
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1878:
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1845:September 22,
1841:
1839:9780710020819
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1035:(5): 343–344.
1034:
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770:
769:Wilhelm Bleek
766:
758:
756:
752:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
704:Lake Naivasha
700:
696:
688:
681:
679:
677:
673:
672:cattle egrets
668:
666:
662:
656:
648:
641:
639:
637:
631:
628:
627:vocalisations
620:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:south of the
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
542:
539:
536:on the back;
535:
531:
523:
518:
511:
509:
507:
506:Kavango River
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
470:
468:
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460:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Ciconiiformes
424:
422:
418:
413:
409:
408:Ancient Greek
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
383:
382:binomial name
379:
376:
372:
371:
366:
365:Carl Linnaeus
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
347:Carl Linnaeus
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
327:least concern
324:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Ciconiiformes
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
231:
227:
217:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
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173:
170:
169:
166:
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161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2388:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2312:
2300:
2267:
2255:
2234:
2154:
2142:
2121:
2050:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:Nature Kenya
2014:
2005:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1905:
1895:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1828:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1644:
1640:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1536:
1530:
1516:(1): 25–32.
1513:
1509:
1478:. Retrieved
1463:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1385:
1378:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1332:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1117:
1110:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1023:Ornithologie
1022:
1014:
1005:
995:
978:
974:
971:Allen, J. A.
965:
955:
945:
936:
911:
902:
899:"L'Ombrette"
889:
881:Vol 5 p. 503
872:
863:
851:. Retrieved
837:
831:
825:
817:
801:
796:
773:
762:
753:
749:
728:weaver birds
712:
693:
669:
657:
653:
636:allopreening
632:
624:
615:
579:
551:
537:
529:
527:
521:
497:
493:
485:
481:
479:
471:
462:
455:Storrs Olson
448:
425:
416:
403:
389:
384:
377:
368:
350:
343:Ornithologia
342:
336:
320:
316:
302:, including
263:
255:
254:
242:
241:
237:
235:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
29:
2545:iNaturalist
2413:Wikispecies
2269:Balaeniceps
2235:Balaeniceps
2114:Pelecanidae
1674:(1–2): 83.
1437:(6): 55–63.
1377:"Hamerkop (
1338:Gill, Frank
1109:"Hamerkop (
877:Vol 1 p. 48
853:19 November
745:territorial
739:treated as
534:iridescence
512:Description
2697:Categories
2675:Xeno-canto
1601:(2): 185.
1595:Biotropica
1356:2 December
810:References
778:, and the
720:eagle owls
606:wet season
590:Madagascar
476:Subspecies
308:riverbanks
292:Madagascar
2156:Pelecanus
2122:Pelecanus
1402:242907842
1324:0006-324X
1134:243232039
732:starlings
716:Barn owls
594:savannahs
312:sedentary
304:estuaries
284:Afrikaans
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
49:In Kenya
35:Hamerkop
2589:22697356
2563:11160869
2511:45513852
2459:22697356
2454:BirdLife
2398:Wikidata
2356:Hamerkop
2301:Hamerkop
2278:Shoebill
2223:Shoebill
2106:Pelicans
2047:Hamerkop
1997:16522216
1971:(1): 1.
1910:Springer
1815:: 35–38.
1290:32781465
1239:17148284
1190:11429133
1111:Scopidae
987:2246/678
953:(1788).
897:(1780).
871:(1760).
788:Malagasy
784:inimical
741:colonial
682:Breeding
661:termites
459:Pliocene
441:shoebill
437:pelicans
417:umbretta
300:wetlands
280:shoebill
278:and the
276:pelicans
264:Scopidae
259:and the
238:hamerkop
232:, Uganda
153:Scopidae
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2628:1484117
2537:5229154
2498:hamerk1
2472:hamerk1
2441:Avibase
2404:Q652151
2335:Species
2257:Species
2144:Species
2116:·
2021:9 March
1988:1420322
1774:Bibcode
1766:Ostrich
1739:Bibcode
1731:Ostrich
1668:Ostrich
1641:Ostrich
1623:2388744
1603:Bibcode
1407:18 June
1281:7783168
1230:1834003
1181:1088747
792:leprosy
736:pigeons
598:forests
445:extinct
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
2654:373471
2641:464704
2576:174894
2519:EURING
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2313:Scopus
2305:family
2227:family
2110:family
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1985:
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1809:Scopus
1621:
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1471:
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1188:
1178:
1139:8 July
1132:
1062:
803:Scopus
798:Scopus
734:, and
724:genets
665:alates
596:, and
586:Sahara
582:Africa
467:tarsus
404:Scopus
392:genera
378:Scopus
296:Arabia
288:Africa
261:family
256:Scopus
204:, 1789
202:Gmelin
164:Scopus
2667:16153
2602:33581
2558:IRMNG
2493:eBird
2485:4VWL8
2326:Genus
2309:genus
2248:Genus
2231:genus
2135:Genus
2118:genus
2089:Order
1938:(PDF)
1619:JSTOR
1427:(PDF)
1398:S2CID
1308:(PDF)
1130:S2CID
708:Kenya
602:wadis
562:stork
558:heron
554:tibia
421:Latin
375:genus
252:genus
2623:OBIS
2615:2025
2597:NCBI
2584:IUCN
2571:ITIS
2550:3834
2532:GBIF
2524:1260
2023:2019
1993:PMID
1914:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1847:2008
1834:ISBN
1700:Ibis
1541:ISBN
1510:Ibis
1482:2008
1469:ISBN
1409:2017
1358:2022
1320:ISSN
1286:PMID
1235:PMID
1186:PMID
1141:2017
1060:ISBN
855:2021
838:2016
765:ǀXam
718:and
570:gait
566:ibis
439:and
412:skia
294:and
248:bird
236:The
133:Aves
2662:TSA
2506:EoL
2480:CoL
2467:BOW
2428:ADW
1983:PMC
1973:doi
1782:doi
1747:doi
1729:".
1708:doi
1704:129
1676:doi
1649:doi
1611:doi
1574:doi
1518:doi
1514:109
1390:doi
1276:PMC
1266:doi
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1176:PMC
1168:doi
1164:268
1122:doi
1056:395
1052:351
983:hdl
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