684:
wall or dam, or on the ground. A pair starts by making a platform of sticks held together with mud, then builds walls and a domed roof. A mud-plastered entrance 13–18 cm (5.1–7.1 in) wide in the bottom leads through a tunnel up to 60 cm (24 in) long to a nesting chamber big enough for the parents and young. Nests have been recorded to take between 10 and 14 weeks to build, and one researcher estimated that they would require around 8,000 sticks or bunches of grass to complete. Nesting material may still be added by the pair after the nest has been completed and eggs have been laid. Much of the nesting material added after completion is not sticks, but an odd collection of random items including bones, hide, and human waste.
648:
the bottom or suddenly open its wings to flush prey out of hiding. Prey caught in mud is shaken before swallowing to clean it, or if available, taken to clearer water to do so. The species also feeds while in flight. A bird flies slowly low over the water with legs dangling and head looking down, then dipping feet down and hovering momentarily when prey is sighted. The prey is then snatched with the bill and swallowed in flight. This method of hunting can be very successful, with one birds catching prey on 27 of 33 attempts during one 45-minute session. It is also opportunistic, and feeds on swarming
636:
31:
215:
740:
but soon become stained. The eggs measure 44.5 mm × 33.9 mm (1.75 in × 1.33 in) on average, and weight around 27.8 g (0.98 oz), but considerable variation is seen. Egg size varies by season, by the overall size of the clutch, and from bird to bird. Both sexes incubate the eggs, but the female seems to do most of the work. Incubation takes around 30 days from the first egg being laid to hatching, eggs are laid with intervals of one to three days, and they hatch asynchronously.
201:
688:
534:
80:
676:
55:
506:
623:
females mount males. Because of this, the behaviour is thought to be social and not related to the pair bond. Dominant birds may signal to subordinates by opening their bills slightly and erecting their crests, but the species is not very aggressive in general towards others of its species. Birds in groups also engage in social
739:
Breeding happens year-round in East Africa, and in the rest of its range, it peaks at different times, with a slight bias towards the dry season. Pairs engage in a breeding display, then copulate on the nest or on the ground nearby. The clutch consists of three to seven eggs which start chalky white,
727:
may attach their nests to the outside. A few reports exist of hamerkops nesting close together, including in Uganda, where 639 nests were seen in an area of 8 km (3.1 sq mi); even if each pair had made seven nests, this would mean 80 pairs were nesting in that area. The species is not
647:
The usual method of hunting is to walk in shallow water looking for prey. Prey is located differently depending on circumstances; if the water is clear, it may hunt by sight, but if the water is very muddy, it probes its open bill into water or mud and shuts it. It may shuffle one foot at a time on
643:
This species normally feeds alone or in pairs, but also feeds in large flocks sometimes. It is a generalist, although amphibians and fish form the larger part of its diet. The diet also includes shrimp, insects, and rodents. The type of food they take seems to vary by location, with clawed frogs and
683:
The strangest aspect of hamerkop behaviour is the huge nest, sometimes more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) across, and strong enough to support a man's weight. When possible, it is built in the fork of a tree, often over water, but if necessary, it is built on a bank, a cliff, a human-built
306:
The hamerkop takes a wide range of prey, mostly fish and amphibians, but shrimps, insects and rodents are taken too. Prey is usually hunted in shallow water, either by sight or touch, but the species is adaptable and will take any prey it can. The species is renowned for its enormous nests, several
618:
include a range of calls including cackles and nasal rattles. One highly social call is the "yip-purr" call. This call is only made in a social context, when at least three birds, but up to 20 are gathered in a flock. Birds start by giving a number of "yip" calls, eventually giving way to purring
529:
is darker. The tail is faintly barred with darker brown. The sexes are alike and fledglings resembled adults. The bill is long, 80 to 85 mm (3.1–3.3 in), and slightly hooked at the end. It resembles the bill of a shoebill, and is quite compressed and thin, particularly at the lower
743:
Both parents feed the young, often leaving them alone for long times. This habit, which is unusual for wading birds, may be made possible because of the thick nest walls. The young hatch covered with grey down. By 17 days after hatching, their head and crest plumage is developed, and in a month,
622:
Another common social behaviour is "false mounting", in which one bird stands on top of another and appears to mount it, but they do not copulate. This behaviour has been noted between both mated pairs and unmated birds, and even between members of the same sex and in reversed mountings, where
644:
tadpoles being important parts of the diet in East and
Southern Africa and small fish being almost the only prey taken in Mali. Because it is willing to take a wide range of food items and also take very small prey, it is not resource-limited and only feeds for part of the day.
702:
Pairs of hamerkop are compulsive nest builders, constructing three to five nests per year whether they are breeding or not. Both members of the pair build the nest, and the building of nests may have a function in creating or maintaining the pair bond between them.
581:, and coastal south-west Arabia. It requires shallow water in which to forage, and is found in all wetland habitats, including rivers, streams, seasonal pools, estuaries, reservoirs, marshes, mangroves, irrigated land such as rice paddies,
605:
The hamerkop is mostly active during the day, often resting at noon during the heat of the day. They can be somewhat crepuscular, being active around dusk, but are not nocturnal as has sometimes been reported.
783:, and a Malagasy poem calls it an "evil bird". Such beliefs have given the bird some protection. A south African name Njaka meaning "rain doctor" is derived from its habit of calling loudly prior to rain.
415:
The hamerkop is sufficiently distinct to be placed in its own family, although the relationships of this species to other families has been a longstanding mystery. The hamerkop was usually included in the
307:
of which are built during the breeding season. Unusually for a wading bird the nest has an internal nesting chamber where the eggs are laid. Both parents incubate the eggs, and raise the chicks.
549:'s. Its tail is short and its wings are big, wide, and round-tipped; it soars well, although it does so less than the shoebill or storks. When it does so, it stretches its neck forward like a
1412:
614:
The hamerkop is mostly silent when alone, but is fairly vocal when in pairs or in groups. The only call it usually makes when alone is a flight-call, a shrill "nyip" or "kek". In groups,
541:
The neck and legs are proportionately shorter than those of similar looking
Pelecaniformes. The bare parts of the legs are black and the legs are feathered only to the upper part of the
667:; when a band of mongooses began hunting frogs in dried mud at the side of a pool of water a pair of hamerkops attended the feeding group, catching frogs that escaped the mongooses.
789:, a database of abstracts and citations for scholarly journal articles, received its name in honour of this bird, as did the journal of the East African Natural History Society,
485:
of south west Kenya is usually lumped with the nominate race. Birds in
Madagascar have been suggested to be distinct, in which case they would be placed in the subspecies
711:
may force them out and take over the nests, but when the owls leave, the pair may reuse the nest. Owls may also use abandoned nests, as may snakes, small mammals such as
744:
their body plumage. They first leave the nest around 44 to 50 days after hatching, but continue to use the nest for roosting at night until they are two months old.
2546:
2711:
311:
2585:
619:
notes. This call is made with the neck extended and sometimes accompanied by wing flapping, and becomes more vigorous when larger numbers of birds are present.
388:
1192:
Ericson, P. G. P.; Anderson, C. L.; Britton, T.; Elzanowski, A.; Johansson, U. S.; Källersjö, M.; Ohlson, J. I.; Parsons, T. J.; Zuccon, D.; Mayr, G. (2006).
2691:
561:
when walking is jerky and rapid, with its head and neck moving back and forth with each step. It may hold its wings out when running for extra stability.
593:
with running water and trees. Most are sedentary within their territories, which are held by pairs, but some migrate into suitable habitat during the
2520:
2068:
2559:
1363:
Elliott, A.; Garcia, E.F.J.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
905:
883:
517:
The hamerkop is a medium-sized waterbird, standing 56 cm (22 in) high and weighing 470 g (17 oz), although the subspecies
345:
2611:
1906:
1873:
1533:
1461:
1293:
1052:
1044:
1040:
2696:
1687:
Wilson, R. T.; Wilson, M. P.; Durkin, J. W. (1987). "Aspects of the reproductive ecology of the
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta in central Mali".
945:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
271:. The shape of its head with a long bill and crest at the back is reminiscent of a hammer, which has given this species its name after the
736:, either. Even where pairs have home ranges that are more spread out those home ranges overlap and are the boundaries are poorly defined.
461:
The hamerkop is also known as the hammerkop, hammerkopf, hammerhead, hammerhead stork, umbrette, umber bird, tufted umber, or anvilhead.
2040:
1859:
1923:
1826:
2706:
2507:
1550:
1241:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
2564:
2716:
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believe or believed that being hit by lightning resulted from trying to rob a hamerkop's nest. They also believe that the
635:
218:
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only. The species is very tolerant of humans and readily feeds and breeds in villages and other human-created habitats.
2061:
909:
387:. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1911 that Brisson's genera were available under the
663:, and has been observed fishing off the backs of hippopotamuses. It has also been recorded feeding in association with
2655:
862:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
1095:
Elliot, A. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
1326:
917:
2590:
752:
Many legends exist about the hamerkop. In some regions, people state that other birds help it build its nest. The
1865:
1788:
Kaweesa, Sarah; Jonkvorst, Robert; Katebaka, Raymond; Ssemmanda, Richard; Pomeroy, Derek; Brouwer, Joost (2013).
545:. The hamerkop has, for unknown reasons, partially webbed feet. The middle toe is comb-like (pectinated) like a
857:
659:
This species has been recorded foraging for insects flushed by grazing cattle and buffalo, in a manner similar
327:
79:
1628:
Dean, W. R. J.; MacDonald, I. A. W. (2010). "A review of
African birds feeding in association with mammals".
2701:
2054:
939:
349:
190:
30:
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said that when a hamerkop flew and called over their camp, they knew that someone close to them had died.
2637:
384:
370:
315:
214:
174:
1789:
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half of the mandible. The bill is brown in young birds, but becomes black by the time a bird fledges.
835:
2494:
2434:
2416:
2407:
1762:
1727:
1591:
913:
478:
589:. In Tanzania, it has also recently begun to feed on rocky shores. In Arabia, it is found in rocky
200:
2183:
2178:
2168:
687:
383:
were widely adopted by the ornithological community despite the fact that he did not use
Linnaeus'
44:
1014:: restriction to certain portions of that work of the validation granted under the Plenary Powers"
2455:
2188:
1607:
1386:
1118:
997:. Vol. 1 Section B. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 87–88.
74:
2642:
2551:
1497:
Kahl, M. P. (1967). "Observations on the behaviour of the
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta in Uganda".
2624:
2577:
2468:
2173:
1981:
1902:
1869:
1822:
1529:
1457:
1308:
1274:
1223:
1174:
1048:
615:
533:
455:
310:
The species is not globally threatened and is locally abundant in Africa and
Madagascar,. The
995:
Opinions and
Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
948:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 618.
362:
in 1788 he included the hamerkop and cited the earlier authors. He placed the species in the
2629:
2293:
2215:
2158:
2098:
1971:
1961:
1770:
1735:
1696:
1664:
1637:
1599:
1562:
1506:
1378:
1330:
1264:
1254:
1213:
1205:
1164:
1156:
1110:
971:
959:
887:
830:
791:
768:
753:
733:
296:
249:
2650:
2447:
1243:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
675:
2598:
2077:
1753:
Martin, J.; Broekhuysen, G. J. (1961). "Some records of birds using the nests of others".
1582:
Dial, K. P.; Vaughan, T. A. (1987). "Opportunistic
Predation on Alate Termites in Kenya".
776:
664:
624:
358:
340:
391:, so Brisson is considered to be the genus authority for the hamerkop. The generic name,
2421:
1766:
1731:
1595:
812:
2081:
1976:
1949:
1898:
1700:
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1269:
1242:
1218:
1193:
1169:
1144:
764:
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490:
438:
421:
275:
word for hammerhead. It is a medium-sized waterbird with brown plumage. It is found in
260:
131:
1365:
2685:
2572:
2153:
1390:
1122:
821:
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494:
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was slightly larger than the hamerkop and Olson speculated based on the shape of the
417:
396:
353:
335:
256:
151:
141:
64:
59:
2035:
1009:
990:
921:
2473:
943:
660:
443:
2460:
1774:
1739:
1668:
1641:
2668:
2512:
1890:
1816:
1451:
732:, as it does not habitually nest close together, but is not thought to be highly
2533:
2401:
2257:
2102:
1194:"Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils"
869:
865:
729:
716:
708:
522:
1334:
2663:
1999:
1097:
594:
578:
433:
280:
2392:
1312:
1259:
991:"Opinion 37: Shall the genera of Brisson's "Ornithologia," 1760, be accepted"
627:. One bird presents its face of back of the head to the other to be preened.
720:
344:. The species was subsequently described and illustrated by French polymath
300:
292:
272:
91:
1985:
1655:
Steyn, P (1991). "Hamerkops in Feeding Association with Banded Mongooses".
1382:
1278:
1227:
1209:
1178:
1160:
1114:
1966:
2386:
2266:
2211:
1893:. In Prins, Herbert H. T.; Grootenhuis, Jan Geu; Dolan Thomas T. (eds.).
1149:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
962:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
775:
god Khauna would not like anyone to kill a hamerkop. According to an old
772:
704:
582:
447:
429:
268:
111:
2603:
2046:
1551:"Sex-obsessed or just sociable? Non-copulatory displays in the hamerkop"
557:, but when it flaps, it coils its neck back something like a heron. Its
505:
2525:
2429:
2323:
2245:
2144:
2132:
2094:
1611:
780:
649:
425:
288:
264:
1567:
1294:"A Hamerkop from the early Pliocene of South Africa (Aves: Scopidae)"
1143:
Van Tuinenf, M.; Butvill, D.B.; Kirsch, J.A.W.; Hedges, S.B. (2001).
894:(in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 278.
786:
724:
586:
574:
570:
497:
in Namibia may be distinct, but no formal description has been made.
432:. Although the hamerkop is the only living member of its family, one
399:
380:
284:
276:
101:
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2486:
2363:
2027:
1603:
975:
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2314:
2297:
2236:
2219:
2123:
2106:
696:
686:
674:
653:
634:
550:
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542:
532:
504:
409:
363:
240:
213:
2616:
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when they conduct their nuptial flights, snatching as many as 47
590:
558:
554:
236:
121:
2367:
2287:
2209:
2092:
2050:
424:. Recent studies have found that its closest relatives are the
1714:
Wilson, R.; Wilson, M. (1986). "Nest building by the Hamerkop
1145:"Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds"
469:
Two subspecies are recognized - the widespread nominate race
2006:. Bird Committee of the East Africa Natural History Society
255:. The species and family was long thought to sit with the
334:
which was published two years after the tenth edition of
326:
The hamerkop was first described by the French zoologist
1335:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
928:. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 796.
493:
in 1936. It has also been suggested that birds near the
1528:(2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 60.
1889:
Child, Graham; Chitsike, Langford (August 31, 2000).
679:
Full view of nest built in the fork of an acacia tree
864:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
537:
Hamerkop in flight, with spread tail showing barring
521:
is smaller. Its plumage is a drab brown with purple
2376:
2333:
2313:
2255:
2235:
2142:
2122:
1301:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
369:that had been introduced by Brisson and coined the
1364:
1096:
964:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
481:in 1931. Two other subspecies have been proposed.
263:, and its closest relatives are thought to be the
836:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697356A93610351.en
1861:Hainteny: The Traditional Poetry of Madagascar
1358:
1356:
779:belief, anyone who destroys its nest will get
312:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2062:
458:that the species may have been more aquatic.
389:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
1456:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 234.
1037:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
489:. That proposed subspecies was described by
1924:"Direct effects of rain on birds: a review"
2364:
2310:
2284:
2232:
2206:
2119:
2089:
2069:
2055:
2047:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
691:Individual collecting nesting material at
199:
53:
29:
20:
1975:
1965:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1566:
1524:Porter, Richard; Aspinall, Simon (2010).
1268:
1258:
1217:
1168:
834:
436:species is known from the fossil record.
420:, but is now thought to be closer to the
1895:Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use
1794:a neocolonist or an opportunist nester?"
1555:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1450:Shukla, Arvind N.; Tyagi, Rajiv (2004).
1375:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1107:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
926:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
239:. It is the only living species in the
1623:
1621:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
803:
303:bird that often shows local movements.
1821:. G. Routledge and Paul. p. 167.
299:, and rocky coasts. The hamerkop is a
2712:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2030:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1413:"Namibian Ornithological Miscellanea"
1341:. International Ornithologists' Union
1039:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
763:It is known in some cultures as the
446:in 1984 based on two bones found in
2692:IUCN Red List least concern species
2041:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1818:The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa
1377:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
1109:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
1018:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
822:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
656:(flying termites) in five minutes.
314:(IUCN) has assessed it as being of
1701:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1987.tb03182.x
1511:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1967.tb00004.x
14:
1948:Burnham, Judy F (8 March 2006).
1339:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
906:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
884:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
473:and the smaller of West African
78:
1247:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1010:"Direction 105: Brisson, 1760,
989:Hemming, Francis, ed. (1958) .
811:BirdLife International (2016).
442:was described by ornithologist
892:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
404:for shadow. The specific name
287:, living in a wide variety of
1:
1775:10.1080/00306525.1961.9633083
1740:10.1080/00306525.1986.9633660
1669:10.1080/00306525.1991.9639643
1642:10.1080/00306525.1981.9633599
348:. When the German naturalist
219:Queen Elizabeth National Park
1954:Biomedical Digital Libraries
487:S. u. tenuirostris
450:deposits from South Africa.
400:
2697:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
1950:"Scopus database: a review"
1549:Hagemeyer, Natasha (2016).
918:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
259:but is now placed with the
235:) is a medium-sized wading
2733:
2218:: Balaenicipitidae ·
1035:Jobling, James A. (2010).
910:Martinet, François-Nicolas
610:Social behaviour and calls
483:S. u. bannermani
2309:
2283:
2231:
2205:
2118:
2088:
2028:Explore Species: Hamerkop
1891:"'Ownership' of Wildlife"
1866:Bucknell University Press
1848:Schapera op. cit., p. 189
858:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
715:, and various birds, and
412:for umber or dark brown.
379:Brisson's names for bird
295:, lakesides, fish ponds,
207:
198:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1815:Schapera, Isaac (1965).
1526:Birds of the Middle East
940:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
922:"L'Ombrette, du Sénégal"
829:: e.T22697356A93610351.
748:Relationship with humans
565:Distribution and habitat
471:S. u. umbretta
330:in 1760 in his landmark
328:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
322:Taxonomy and systematics
2707:Birds described in 1789
1420:Durban Museum Novitates
1411:Clancey, P. A. (1982).
569:The hamerkop occurs in
350:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2164:American white pelican
2000:"Publications: Scopus"
1922:Kennedy, R.J. (1970).
1453:Encyclopaedia of Birds
1383:10.2173/bow.hamerk1.01
1333:, eds. (August 2022).
1292:Olson, Storrs (1984).
1260:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
1210:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523
1161:10.1098/rspb.2001.1679
1115:10.2173/bow.scopid1.01
699:
680:
640:
639:Hamerkop eating a fish
538:
514:
513:is smaller and darker.
395:, is derived from the
222:
208:Range of the hamerkop
2638:Paleobiology Database
1967:10.1186/1742-5581-3-1
1868:. pp. 261, 422.
1858:Fox, Leonard (1990).
914:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
690:
678:
638:
601:Behaviour and ecology
536:
527:S. u. minor
519:S. u. minor
511:S. u. minor
508:
475:S. u. minor
408:is modified from the
352:revised and expanded
217:
2717:Birds of East Africa
1008:China, W.E. (1963).
479:George Latimer Bates
2184:Spot-billed pelican
2179:Pink-backed pelican
2169:Great white pelican
1767:1961Ostri..32..104M
1732:1986Ostri..57..224W
1596:1987Biotr..19..185D
1155:(1474): 1345–1350.
45:Conservation status
2296:: Scopidae ·
2189:Australian pelican
1329:; Donsker, David;
700:
681:
641:
539:
515:
223:
2679:
2678:
2625:Open Tree of Life
2370:Taxon identifiers
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2174:Dalmatian pelican
1908:978-0-412-79730-9
1875:978-0-8387-5175-6
1790:"Is the Hamerkop
1535:978-0-7136-7602-0
1463:978-81-261-0967-8
1331:Rasmussen, Pamela
1054:978-1-4081-2501-4
212:
211:
68:
2724:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2435:FC10F6ED31D29188
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2365:
2311:
2285:
2233:
2207:
2159:Peruvian pelican
2120:
2090:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1716:Scopus umberetta
1711:
1705:
1704:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:10.1002/fee.1318
1546:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1372:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1104:
1092:
1059:
1058:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
999:
998:
986:
980:
979:
956:
950:
949:
936:
930:
929:
902:
896:
895:
880:
874:
873:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
838:
808:
769:Kalahari Bushmen
665:banded mongooses
631:Food and feeding
403:
203:
186:
166:S. umbretta
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:Scopus-umbretta
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2599:Observation.org
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2422:Scopus_umbretta
2420:
2415:
2408:Scopus umbretta
2406:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2378:Scopus umbretta
2372:
2362:
2349:
2329:
2305:
2271:
2251:
2227:
2193:
2138:
2114:
2084:
2075:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:. p. 253.
1897:. Netherlands:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1792:Scopus umbretta
1787:
1786:
1782:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1604:10.2307/2388744
1581:
1580:
1576:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1496:
1495:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1431:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1368:Scopus umbretta
1362:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1198:Biology Letters
1191:
1190:
1186:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1094:
1093:
1062:
1055:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1007:
1006:
1002:
988:
987:
983:
970:(27): 317–335.
958:
957:
953:
938:
937:
933:
904:
903:
899:
882:
881:
877:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
815:Scopus umbretta
810:
809:
805:
801:
750:
673:
633:
612:
603:
567:
509:The subspecies
503:
477:, described by
467:
385:binomial system
374:Scopus umbretta
359:Systema Naturae
346:Comte de Buffon
341:Systema Naturae
324:
232:Scopus umbretta
194:
188:
184:Scopus umbretta
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Pelecaniformes
2699:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2398:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2082:Pelecaniformes
2076:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:External links
2020:
2018:
2017:
1991:
1940:
1937:(10): 401–414.
1914:
1907:
1881:
1874:
1850:
1841:
1827:
1807:
1780:
1761:(3): 104–106.
1745:
1726:(4): 224–232.
1706:
1695:(2): 382–388.
1674:
1647:
1636:(3): 135–155.
1617:
1574:
1561:(7): 397–398.
1541:
1534:
1516:
1476:
1462:
1429:
1403:
1352:
1318:
1307:(4): 736–740.
1284:
1253:(1): 108–127.
1233:
1204:(4): 543–547.
1184:
1135:
1060:
1053:
1027:
1000:
981:
951:
931:
897:
875:
849:
802:
800:
797:
765:lightning bird
756:informants of
749:
746:
672:
669:
632:
629:
611:
608:
602:
599:
566:
563:
502:
499:
491:Austin L. Rand
466:
463:
452:Scopus xenopus
439:Scopus xenopus
422:Pelecaniformes
323:
320:
261:Pelecaniformes
210:
209:
205:
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195:
189:
178:
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171:
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139:
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132:Pelecaniformes
129:
125:
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119:
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114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
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89:
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84:
71:
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2240:
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2190:
2187:
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2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Brown pelican
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:British Birds
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1834:September 22,
1830:
1828:9780710020819
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
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1683:
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1643:
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1508:
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1500:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1469:September 25,
1465:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1442:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
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1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
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1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1146:
1139:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1087:
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1083:
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1079:
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1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1024:(5): 343–344.
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
952:
947:
946:
941:
935:
932:
927:
923:
920:(1765–1783).
919:
915:
911:
907:
901:
898:
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
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837:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
816:
807:
804:
798:
796:
794:
793:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
758:Wilhelm Bleek
755:
747:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
693:Lake Naivasha
689:
685:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
661:cattle egrets
657:
655:
651:
645:
637:
630:
628:
626:
620:
617:
616:vocalisations
609:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:south of the
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
535:
531:
528:
525:on the back;
524:
520:
512:
507:
500:
498:
496:
495:Kavango River
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Ciconiiformes
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
397:Ancient Greek
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
372:
371:binomial name
368:
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:Carl Linnaeus
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:Carl Linnaeus
333:
329:
321:
319:
317:
316:least concern
313:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Ciconiiformes
254:
251:
247:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
220:
216:
206:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2377:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2301:
2289:
2256:
2244:
2223:
2143:
2131:
2110:
2039:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:Nature Kenya
2003:
1994:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1525:
1519:
1505:(1): 25–32.
1502:
1498:
1467:. Retrieved
1452:
1423:
1419:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1374:
1367:
1343:. Retrieved
1338:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1106:
1099:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1012:Ornithologie
1011:
1003:
994:
984:
967:
963:
960:Allen, J. A.
954:
944:
934:
925:
900:
891:
888:"L'Ombrette"
878:
870:Vol 5 p. 503
861:
852:
840:. Retrieved
826:
820:
814:
806:
790:
785:
762:
751:
742:
738:
717:weaver birds
701:
682:
658:
646:
642:
625:allopreening
621:
613:
604:
568:
540:
526:
518:
516:
510:
486:
482:
474:
470:
468:
460:
451:
444:Storrs Olson
437:
414:
405:
392:
378:
373:
366:
357:
339:
332:Ornithologia
331:
325:
309:
305:
291:, including
252:
244:
243:
231:
230:
226:
224:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2534:iNaturalist
2402:Wikispecies
2258:Balaeniceps
2224:Balaeniceps
2103:Pelecanidae
1663:(1–2): 83.
1426:(6): 55–63.
1366:"Hamerkop (
1327:Gill, Frank
1098:"Hamerkop (
866:Vol 1 p. 48
842:19 November
734:territorial
728:treated as
523:iridescence
501:Description
2686:Categories
2664:Xeno-canto
1590:(2): 185.
1584:Biotropica
1345:2 December
799:References
767:, and the
709:eagle owls
595:wet season
579:Madagascar
465:Subspecies
297:riverbanks
281:Madagascar
2145:Pelecanus
2111:Pelecanus
1391:242907842
1313:0006-324X
1123:243232039
721:starlings
705:Barn owls
583:savannahs
301:sedentary
293:estuaries
273:Afrikaans
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
38:In Kenya
24:Hamerkop
2578:22697356
2552:11160869
2500:45513852
2448:22697356
2443:BirdLife
2387:Wikidata
2345:Hamerkop
2290:Hamerkop
2267:Shoebill
2212:Shoebill
2095:Pelicans
2036:Hamerkop
1986:16522216
1960:(1): 1.
1899:Springer
1804:: 35–38.
1279:32781465
1228:17148284
1179:11429133
1100:Scopidae
976:2246/678
942:(1788).
886:(1780).
860:(1760).
777:Malagasy
773:inimical
730:colonial
671:Breeding
650:termites
448:Pliocene
430:shoebill
426:pelicans
406:umbretta
289:wetlands
269:shoebill
267:and the
265:pelicans
253:Scopidae
248:and the
227:hamerkop
221:, Uganda
142:Scopidae
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2617:1484117
2526:5229154
2487:hamerk1
2461:hamerk1
2430:Avibase
2393:Q652151
2324:Species
2246:Species
2133:Species
2105:·
2010:9 March
1977:1420322
1763:Bibcode
1755:Ostrich
1728:Bibcode
1720:Ostrich
1657:Ostrich
1630:Ostrich
1612:2388744
1592:Bibcode
1396:18 June
1270:7783168
1219:1834003
1170:1088747
781:leprosy
725:pigeons
587:forests
434:extinct
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2643:373471
2630:464704
2565:174894
2508:EURING
2336:Scopus
2302:Scopus
2294:family
2216:family
2099:family
1984:
1974:
1905:
1872:
1825:
1798:Scopus
1610:
1532:
1460:
1389:
1311:
1277:
1267:
1226:
1216:
1177:
1167:
1128:8 July
1121:
1051:
792:Scopus
787:Scopus
723:, and
713:genets
654:alates
585:, and
575:Sahara
571:Africa
456:tarsus
393:Scopus
381:genera
367:Scopus
285:Arabia
277:Africa
250:family
245:Scopus
193:, 1789
191:Gmelin
153:Scopus
2656:16153
2591:33581
2547:IRMNG
2482:eBird
2474:4VWL8
2315:Genus
2298:genus
2237:Genus
2220:genus
2124:Genus
2107:genus
2078:Order
1927:(PDF)
1608:JSTOR
1416:(PDF)
1387:S2CID
1297:(PDF)
1119:S2CID
697:Kenya
591:wadis
551:stork
547:heron
543:tibia
410:Latin
364:genus
241:genus
2612:OBIS
2604:2025
2586:NCBI
2573:IUCN
2560:ITIS
2539:3834
2521:GBIF
2513:1260
2012:2019
1982:PMID
1903:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1836:2008
1823:ISBN
1689:Ibis
1530:ISBN
1499:Ibis
1471:2008
1458:ISBN
1398:2017
1347:2022
1309:ISSN
1275:PMID
1224:PMID
1175:PMID
1130:2017
1049:ISBN
844:2021
827:2016
754:ǀXam
707:and
559:gait
555:ibis
428:and
401:skia
283:and
237:bird
225:The
122:Aves
2651:TSA
2495:EoL
2469:CoL
2456:BOW
2417:ADW
1972:PMC
1962:doi
1771:doi
1736:doi
1718:".
1697:doi
1693:129
1665:doi
1638:doi
1600:doi
1563:doi
1507:doi
1503:109
1379:doi
1265:PMC
1255:doi
1214:PMC
1206:doi
1165:PMC
1157:doi
1153:268
1111:doi
1045:395
1041:351
972:hdl
831:doi
553:or
376:.
356:'s
2688::
2666::
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1935:63
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