1015:
1397:
150:
990:
1435:(Abolish Scorporo). This list was not designed to win proportional seats, but only to soak up constituency votes for House of Freedoms, enabling them to win a larger share of the proportional list seats than they would be entitled to if all candidates were linked other House of Freedoms parties. This intentionally undermined the compensatory nature of the electoral system. As a defensive move, the other coalition,
1240:
25:
1002:
1350:
1406:
1446:
The decoy lists were extremely successful. Between them, candidates linked to the decoy lists won 360 of the 475 constituency seats, more than half of the total of 630 seats in the
Chamber of Deputies. Meanwhile, the decoy lists won a combined total of less than 0.2% of the proportional part of the
1454:
This was facilitated by the fact that this particular scorporo system allowed the single-member constituency vote and the proportional list vote not to be linked. Decoy lists are a common issue in all compensatory and pseudo-compensatory systems, and this was not a unique problem for scorporo.
1451:(a party within House of Freedoms), the tactic was so successful that it did not have enough candidates in the proportional component, and its list exhausted before it could be awarded all the seats it had won, ultimately missing out on 12 additional seats.
1447:
vote. For the two main coalitions, their vote totals in the proportional component were essentially unaffected by the constituency votes, enabling them to win far more proportional seats than the system was designed for. In the case of
1211:
The number of SMD winner's votes excluded from the list vote was equal to the second place candidate's vote total, representing the number of votes needed to elect the winner in the SMD (i.e. non-
1547:
1043:
1586:
2196:
2036:
1804:
734:
1520:
Ferrara, F (2004). "Electoral coordination and the strategic desertion of strong parties in compensatory mixed systems with negative vote transfers".
1932:
1784:
1130:
1091:
766:
628:
623:
2031:
1809:
1036:
729:
1794:
1579:
411:
935:
2158:
1436:
186:
1841:
1029:
1572:
1331:
108:
2176:
930:
2206:
2026:
1972:
920:
670:
641:
581:
1824:
2153:
1141:
parallel voting system. The scorporo method is only known to have been used in Italy, but a similar version is in used for the
652:
177:
1117:
system which excludes a portion (up to 100%) of the SMD winners' votes in electing the proportional tier, to result in a more
1952:
1265:
715:
46:
1475:
1416:
357:
342:
327:
1995:
1980:
1799:
1168:
25% of elected members were elected on list basis based on the proportion of the votes received by the party (using the
1142:
973:
593:
516:
437:
1312:
89:
2201:
2046:
1769:
1759:
1620:
1118:
405:
387:
228:
1284:
1250:
958:
61:
2011:
1702:
849:
832:
799:
779:
563:
551:
521:
322:
280:
213:
1269:
1254:
1121:
outcome. The exclusion of a portion of the SMD winners' votes is what makes scorporo fundamentally different from
657:
35:
2061:
2016:
1962:
1874:
1261:
705:
698:
182:
42:
1291:
68:
2051:
1937:
1895:
1814:
1739:
1675:
1633:
1500:
1126:
759:
687:
676:
539:
526:
509:
486:
464:
427:
417:
1670:
2076:
2066:
2041:
1857:
1734:
885:
739:
422:
2117:
2056:
1919:
1862:
1298:
1106:
1087:
914:
794:
724:
531:
75:
1358:
2021:
1942:
1707:
1468:
822:
662:
546:
352:
331:
263:
241:
1014:
880:
1396:
2091:
1660:
1280:
953:
940:
908:
172:
57:
2071:
1665:
1162:
1154:
859:
693:
346:
1157:
based on Law 277/1993 from 1993 to 2005. Under this system, members could be elected in two ways:
2112:
1722:
1495:
1019:
890:
501:
285:
1680:
968:
2081:
1990:
1947:
1867:
1789:
1712:
1697:
1655:
1464:
1420:
1195:
1169:
925:
895:
817:
754:
588:
315:
290:
273:
141:
1221:
The local vote and list vote were not tied to each other, thereby providing an incentive for
2122:
1754:
1610:
1595:
1529:
1094:
1066:
1006:
963:
854:
842:
556:
432:
258:
252:
234:
223:
218:
206:
167:
129:
2170:
2086:
1927:
1905:
1717:
1638:
1628:
1606:
1479:
1368:
1122:
1114:
994:
827:
682:
647:
568:
479:
382:
305:
247:
125:
1423:, which opposed the scorporo system), linked many of their constituency candidates to a
149:
1985:
1690:
1650:
1110:
864:
804:
789:
600:
469:
444:
295:
1533:
1305:
989:
82:
2190:
1729:
873:
573:
361:
199:
162:
137:
1744:
1685:
1548:"Il Rosatellum bis Ăš legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sĂŹ"
1448:
613:
377:
370:
300:
2127:
1890:
1829:
1749:
1645:
1239:
1212:
491:
449:
392:
337:
24:
1900:
1836:
1483:
1424:
1363:
1222:
1134:
2137:
2132:
1161:
75% of elected members were elected in single member districts (SMDs) using
459:
454:
1001:
1218:
A 4% threshold was established for parties to qualify for the list seats.
1176:
The system was subject to the following specific rules for each chamber:
1172:), with the exclusion of a proportion of any first-placed winner's votes.
1405:
1188:
All votes for winning candidates were excluded from the list allocation.
1133:) in theory. However, the design proved particularly susceptible to the
1819:
496:
2107:
1564:
1568:
1343:
1233:
18:
148:
1230:
Abuse in the 2001 Italian
Chamber of Deputies election
1137:
strategy, and as a result by 2001 had devolved into a
1208:
The list seats were calculated at the national level.
1153:
Scorporo was in force for elections to the bicameral
2146:
2100:
2004:
1971:
1918:
1883:
1850:
1777:
1768:
1619:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1431:) for the proportional component, under the name
1185:List seats were calculated at the regional level.
1467:'s opposition to the system, Italy changed to a
1439:, created their own decoy list under the name
1198:) limiting the use of decoy lists (see below).
1105:) whereby a portion of members are elected in
1580:
1037:
16:Mixed electoral system formerly used in Italy
8:
2037:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
1194:The SMD vote and the list vote were linked (
1357:It has been suggested that this section be
1268:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1071:
1774:
1587:
1573:
1565:
1044:
1030:
120:
1332:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1191:No threshold was applied for list seats.
1131:mixed-member proportional representation
1109:(SMDs) and a portion are elected from a
2032:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
1810:Sequential proportional approval voting
1512:
136:
1419:, one of the two main coalitions (the
1361:out into another article titled
1065:
7:
1266:adding citations to reliable sources
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2197:Semi-proportional electoral systems
1842:Indirect single transferable voting
14:
1404:
1395:
1348:
1238:
1013:
1000:
988:
936:McKelveyâSchofield chaos theorem
582:Semi-proportional representation
214:First preference plurality (FPP)
23:
1113:. It may be fully defined as a
34:needs additional citations for
1953:Mixed ballot transferable vote
974:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
931:Moulin's impossibility theorem
896:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
1534:10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00028-3
1417:2001 Italian general election
1099:negative vote transfer system
1097:, sometimes referred to as a
800:Frustrated majorities paradox
2154:Comparison of voting systems
1996:Satisfaction approval voting
1981:Single non-transferable vote
1800:Proportional approval voting
1143:National Assembly of Hungary
969:Condorcet dominance theorems
909:Social and collective choice
1760:Graduated majority judgment
1550:. Repubblica.it. 2017-10-26
1125:and somewhat closer to the
635:By mechanism of combination
406:Proportional representation
2223:
2012:Condorcet winner criterion
1703:First-past-the-post voting
833:Multiple districts paradox
564:Fractional approval voting
552:Interactive representation
2167:
2159:Voting systems by country
2062:Mutual majority criterion
2017:Condorcet loser criterion
1963:Vote linkage mixed system
1875:Largest remainders method
1602:
1092:mixed-member majoritarian
780:Paradoxes and pathologies
629:Mixed-member proportional
624:Mixed-member majoritarian
619:By results of combination
510:Approval-based committees
2052:Majority loser criterion
1938:Additional member system
1896:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
1815:Single transferable vote
1740:Positional voting system
1676:Minimax Condorcet method
1634:Combined approval voting
1501:Additional member system
1482:was brought back by the
1127:additional member system
959:Condorcet's jury theorem
760:Double simultaneous vote
735:Ruralâurban proportional
730:Dual-member proportional
692:
681:
648:Parallel (superposition)
540:Fractional social choice
527:Expanding approvals rule
356:
341:
326:
257:
246:
222:
2207:Mixed electoral systems
2077:Resolvability criterion
2067:Participation criterion
2042:Later-no-harm criterion
1858:Highest averages method
1107:single-member districts
886:Tyranny of the majority
663:Fusion (majority bonus)
480:Quota-remainder methods
2118:First-preference votes
2057:Monotonicity criterion
2027:Independence of clones
1730:Simple majoritarianism
1088:partially compensatory
1020:Mathematics portal
926:Majority impossibility
915:Impossibility theorems
711:Negative vote transfer
532:Method of equal shares
153:
2022:Consistency criterion
1943:Alternative vote plus
1708:Instant-runoff voting
1469:majority bonus system
1129:in the UK (a form of
823:Best-is-worst paradox
812:Pathological response
547:Direct representation
200:Single-winner methods
152:
2092:Seats-to-votes ratio
1863:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
1262:improve this section
1007:Economics portal
954:Median voter theorem
173:Comparative politics
43:improve this article
2072:Plurality criterion
1671:KemenyâYoung method
1433:Abolizione Scorporo
1386:Symbols of the two
1203:Chamber of Deputies
1163:first-past-the-post
1155:Parliament of Italy
1067:[ËskÉrporo]
995:Politics portal
706:Vote linkage system
677:Seat linkage system
264:Ranked-choice (RCV)
2202:Elections in Italy
2113:Election threshold
2047:Majority criterion
1723:Supplementary vote
1496:Elections in Italy
891:Discursive dilemma
850:Lesser evil voting
725:Supermixed systems
428:Largest remainders
286:Round-robin voting
154:
2184:
2183:
2082:Reversal symmetry
1991:Cumulative voting
1973:Semi-proportional
1948:Mixed single vote
1914:
1913:
1790:Mixed single vote
1698:Exhaustive ballot
1661:Copeland's method
1656:Condorcet methods
1596:Electoral systems
1522:Electoral Studies
1465:Silvio Berlusconi
1421:House of Freedoms
1381:
1380:
1376:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1316:
1196:mixed single vote
1054:
1053:
941:Gibbard's theorem
881:Dominance paradox
818:Perverse response
522:Phragmen's method
388:Majority judgment
316:Positional voting
274:Condorcet methods
142:electoral systems
119:
118:
111:
93:
2214:
2123:Liquid democracy
1775:
1755:Two-round system
1666:Dodgson's method
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1408:
1399:
1372:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1274:
1242:
1234:
1095:electoral system
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1005:
1004:
993:
992:
948:Positive results
843:Strategic voting
740:Majority jackpot
697:
686:
557:Liquid democracy
433:National remnant
423:Highest averages
360:
345:
330:
262:
253:Alternative vote
251:
235:Partisan primary
227:
168:Mechanism design
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2163:
2142:
2096:
2087:Smith criterion
2000:
1967:
1928:Parallel voting
1910:
1906:Imperiali quota
1879:
1846:
1764:
1718:Contingent vote
1681:Nanson's method
1639:Unified primary
1629:Approval voting
1615:
1598:
1593:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1492:
1480:parallel voting
1461:
1443:(New Country).
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1243:
1232:
1205:
1182:
1151:
1123:parallel voting
1115:parallel voting
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1012:
1011:
999:
987:
979:
978:
945:
921:Arrow's theorem
911:
901:
900:
869:
839:
828:No-show paradox
809:
795:Cloning paradox
785:Spoiler effects
782:
772:
771:
746:
633:
616:
606:
605:
578:
569:Maximal lottery
536:
517:Thiele's method
506:
476:
408:
398:
397:
383:Approval voting
371:Cardinal voting
367:
312:
306:Maximal lottery
270:
202:
192:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Limited voting
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1977:
1975:
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1968:
1966:
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1960:
1955:
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1940:
1935:
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1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
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1887:
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1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
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1852:
1848:
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1839:
1834:
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1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Coombs' method
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:Schulze method
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1651:Bucklin voting
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1528:(3): 391â413.
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1484:Rosatellum law
1460:
1457:
1437:The Olive Tree
1403:
1402:
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1199:
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1178:
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1170:D'Hondt method
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1023:
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883:
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865:Turkey-raising
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838:
837:
836:
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820:
808:
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805:Center squeeze
802:
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790:Spoiler effect
783:
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749:By ballot type
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665:
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632:
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617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
601:Limited voting
598:
597:
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577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
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535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
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494:
489:
475:
474:
473:
472:
470:Localized list
467:
462:
457:
452:
442:
441:
440:
438:Biproportional
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409:
404:
403:
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385:
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366:
365:
350:
335:
311:
310:
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303:
298:
293:
283:
269:
268:
267:
266:
255:
242:Instant-runoff
239:
238:
237:
229:Jungle primary
216:
205:Single vote -
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117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2015:
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2003:
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1956:
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1941:
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1934:
1931:
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1904:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:Single-winner
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:lista civetta
1426:
1422:
1418:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1388:liste civette
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283: â
1282:
1278:
1277:Find sources:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:This section
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1081:parceling out
1068:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
986:
985:
983:
982:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:May's theorem
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
916:
910:
905:
904:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:
875:
874:majority rule
872:Paradoxes of
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
781:
776:
775:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
700:
695:
691:
689:
684:
680:
679:
678:
675:
674:
673:
672:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
637:
636:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
614:Mixed systems
610:
609:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
575:
574:Random ballot
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:Apportionment
416:
415:
414:
413:
407:
402:
401:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
363:
359:
354:
353:Antiplurality
351:
348:
344:
339:
336:
333:
329:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
281:Condorcet-IRV
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
265:
260:
256:
254:
249:
245:
244:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:
230:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
208:
201:
196:
195:
188:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Social choice
161:
160:
158:
157:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:Social choice
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2175:
2169:
1957:
1785:Mixed-member
1770:Proportional
1745:Score voting
1686:Ranked pairs
1605:Part of the
1604:
1552:. Retrieved
1542:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1473:
1462:
1453:
1449:Forza Italia
1445:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1414:
1387:
1373:
1362:
1328:
1319:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1276:
1260:Please help
1248:
1225:(see below).
1213:wasted votes
1175:
1152:
1149:Use in Italy
1138:
1119:proportional
1102:
1098:
1057:
1056:
1055:
947:
946:
913:
871:
870:
855:Exaggeration
841:
840:
811:
810:
784:
748:
747:
716:Mixed ballot
710:
671:Compensatory
669:
642:compensatory
639:
634:
618:
580:
579:
538:
537:
508:
507:
478:
477:
465:List-free PR
410:
378:Score voting
369:
368:
314:
313:
301:Ranked pairs
272:
271:
204:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2128:Spoilt vote
1891:Droop quota
1830:Schulze STV
1805:Ruralâurban
1750:STAR voting
1646:Borda count
1441:Paese Nuovo
1374:(June 2024)
1322:August 2024
1223:decoy lists
755:Single vote
658:Conditional
653:Coexistence
502:Quota Borda
492:Schulze STV
450:Closed list
393:STAR voting
338:Borda count
2191:Categories
2147:Comparison
1901:Hare quota
1851:Allocation
1837:Spare vote
1825:Hare-Clark
1795:Party-list
1554:2018-03-04
1507:References
1425:decoy list
1364:Decoy list
1292:newspapers
1281:"Scorporo"
1135:decoy list
860:Truncation
589:Cumulative
412:Party-list
187:By country
178:Comparison
69:newspapers
58:"Scorporo"
2138:Unseating
2133:Sortition
1735:Plurality
1611:Economics
1471:in 2005.
1459:Abolition
1249:does not
767:Dual-vote
460:Panachage
455:Open list
445:List type
323:Plurality
219:Two-round
207:plurality
130:Economics
99:July 2012
2005:Criteria
1958:Scorporo
1607:politics
1490:See also
1139:de facto
1063:Italian:
1058:Scorporo
487:Hare STV
126:Politics
124:A joint
2177:Project
1868:D'Hondt
1820:CPO-STV
1778:Systems
1463:Due to
1415:In the
1369:Discuss
1306:scholar
1270:removed
1255:sources
1165:voting.
1086:) is a
1075:
497:CPO-STV
347:Baldwin
296:Schulze
291:Minimax
209:methods
83:scholar
2171:Portal
2108:Ballot
1884:Quotas
1613:series
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1180:Senate
362:Coombs
132:series
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2101:Other
1920:Mixed
1359:split
1313:JSTOR
1299:books
699:'MMP'
688:'AMS'
90:JSTOR
76:books
1609:and
1476:2018
1285:news
1253:any
1251:cite
1111:list
1072:lit.
640:Non-
594:SNTV
183:List
140:and
128:and
62:news
1933:MMP
1530:doi
1474:In
1367:. (
1264:by
1103:NVT
358:el.
343:el.
332:IRV
328:el.
45:by
2193::
2174:â
1526:23
1524:.
1486:.
1478:,
1371:)
1215:).
1145:.
1090:,
1070:,
694:NZ
683:UK
259:US
248:UK
231:)
224:US
1588:e
1581:t
1574:v
1557:.
1536:.
1532::
1427:(
1335:)
1329:(
1324:)
1320:(
1310:·
1303:·
1296:·
1289:·
1272:.
1258:.
1101:(
1084:'
1078:'
1061:(
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
696::
685::
364:)
355:(
349:)
340:(
334:)
325:(
261::
250::
226::
221:(
189:)
185:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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