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the French off from one of the main advantages of
Scottish traders, that of acceptance into an Indian clan. They gained a network of kin and customers within that clan and superior information from their wives as to the state of affairs, needs, and political developments of their Indian clans. The marriages ensured a connection to the kinfolk of the trader's wife in various villages, providing some protection against ill treatment and a guaranteed customer base. They generally refrained from preaching Christianity to their customers or interfering with their customs. The Spanish established missions at their trading posts and tried to convert the Indians. As Martin states, "Scottish resident traders, most of them with Native American wives and offspring, connected themselves to the existing culture instead of proscribing or attacking it". This policy worked so well that by the
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830:, or bribes, to the Indians, which increased the traders' popularity. They were more popular among the Indians, especially as the French required them to journey to Fort Toulouse or other French outposts to receive presents. By being official gift givers, the traders could avoid using their own resources for presents to the Indians. This secondary occupation of the traders allowed them to function as a valuable conduit between the Indians and the heads of the colonies, this enabled them to transmit Government policy, reassurances and proposals to the Indians, thus gaining their trust and custom. One of the most well-documented traders who also functioned as an ambassador to the Indians was
847:
on the trade and supplying the
Indians, we thought it proper to join in one company", this was to cut back on competition which would drive down profits, to reduce risk for each trader and also to combine the various, often complementary, skills and experience of the individual traders. It allowed them to keep several traders stationed at any one time in the Indian country to smooth out any difficulties which might emerge with the Indians. The best and most successful example of this is the company of the "Gentlemen of Augusta" or Brown, Rae and Company, which by 1755 had gained three-quarters of the
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27:
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617:. The Indian trade was conducted largely to fill the high European and later colonial demand for deerskins and other animal pelts trapped by Indians in return for European trade goods. These pelts were shipped to Europe and used in the leather-making industry. The trade had been developing since the seventeenth century and Scottish traders played an important part in its advance.
818:
stated , the
Indians "every day tell our traders that if they were in a position to supply them with the things that they need, they would never permit the English to come upon their land". British, or Scottish, traders offered better credit terms, a reliable source of supply, and a wider variety and better quality of goods than their competitors.
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controlled the
Florida Indian trade (which was Spanish territory following an exchange with Britain after the war) by offering credit which United States traders were unable to equal. Great Britain had a superior capacity to produce and deliver high quality goods desired by the Indians to that of the
753:
The willingness of Scots traders to accept and take advantage of Indian customs was also important. They often lived in Indian villages on the frontier and took Indian wives. This is in contrast to their main competitors, French traders, who generally did not marry among the Indian tribes. . This cut
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The Scots traders development of a different way of carrying out the Indian trade was a major factor in its expansion. They formed trading companies with minor traders working on behalf of the company, instead of the practice of sole traders working on their own. As "for the more effectual carrying
817:
collected
British trade goods as examples of what their customers wanted. The ability of Scottish traders to sustain the delivery of trade goods even in time of war also influenced their customers, as the French and Spanish had difficulty in supplying the Indians. As the French Governor of Louisiana
901:
as
Governors. The preponderance of Scots in positions of authority in the successive colonial administrations became an important resource to provide various Scots traders with connections, government contracts, a conduit to those making policy, aid in gaining trading licences and other potentially
804:. Scots traders made use of the London credit facilities, and the informal extended network of other Scots merchants and their financial resources. The extension of credit to those importing trade goods and to Indians purchasing goods prior to deliver of pelts, which had to be shipped across the
873:. These innovations of the largely Scottish Augusta company allowed its members, together with other Scottish traders such as Macartan and Campbell; Crooke, MacIntosh and Jackson and others, to effectively monopolise the Southern Indian trade until the 1760s .
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The Scots were partial to dealing with fellow Scots or those with a clan connection. The traders had access to kin who could carry trade goods to the
Indians and, theoretically, be honest and support the trade with Indian villages. Also, once
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Indian country, especially after the
Yamasee War. This cut down on the worst abuses of the Indian trade and removed much friction between Indians, traders and colonial authorities, at least until the trade was reorganised in the wake of the
859:
as a trading tool, the designation of certain Indian villages as exclusive bases for the trade and other beneficial practices. These practices were soon adopted by other traders and trading companies throughout the
788:”. Scots dealt with their own kind also was part of the tobacco trade, for many of the same reasons: the need to trust employees and business associates and a sentimental attachment to the old clan structures.
779:
were issued, it ensured that, due to the practice of Scots selling on their licences, there was always a large
Scottish presence in the Indian trade. As the first Southern Superintendent of Indian Affairs
122:
737:... because of their wild manners, of their manly sports, of their eastern costume, so much resembling their own" . This together with similarly structured societies, based in both cases upon
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One reason was due to similarities in culture and dress between the
Indians and Scots. This is evidenced by the recollection, quoted by Cashin, that "the Indians were greatly attached to the
1079:
855:
trade. The Gentlemen of Augusta also avoided obvious and institutionalised exploitation of the Indians. This is shown by the company's establishment of set prices, the abandonment of
745:
ties and bonds of kinship, is thought to have led to a greater trust and willingness to trade and socialise with the Scots ahead of other traders with little in common to themselves.
826:
The British colonial authorities often relied on Scottish traders as messengers, translators, sources of information, and informal agents of the Empire. They used traders to carry
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Another factor in the Scottish grip on the Indian trade was the numerous appointees among Colonial administrators and Governors who were from Scotland. Examples included
56:
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and sold before revenues were derived, was of paramount importance. This held true even after 1783 and United States independence. For instance, the Scots firm of
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that was greatly influenced, and at least partially dominated, by Scottish traders and their firms. This trade, primarily in deerskins but also in
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tradition in the central interior of the continent. Venturing into the other's territories was considered an international provocation.
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Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Panton, Leslie & Company and John Forbes & Company 1783–1847,
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Martin, J.W., "'Southeastern Indians and the English Trade in Skins and Slaves'," in C. Hudson and C.C. Tesser (eds)
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by the American Revolution and War of Independence. From then on, the Montreal-based traders in the
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tribe to British traders and in laying the groundwork for the Choctaw revolt against the French.
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There were several reasons why Scots were able to make inroads into the Indian trade.
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The Forgotten Centuries Indians and Europeans in the American South 1521–1704,
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said, "Licences on the present footing may as well be given to men living in
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1707, Scots gained access to the manufacturing and financial centres of the
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Deerskins & Duffels; Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815,
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John Stuart and the Struggle for Empire on the Southern Frontier,
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Transatlantic deerskin trade between Scots and Native Americans
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End of "Scottish" trade, start of American and Canadian trades
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Scottish merchants became predominant in the city of Montreal
1017:(Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 1996).
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French or Spanish. At one time the commander of the French
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Soltow, J.H., "Scottish Traders in Virginia, 1750–1775,"
1010:(Charlotte : University of Wisconsin Press, 1974).
989:(Pensacola : University Presses of Florida, 1986).
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996:(Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 1988).
885:(born in County Meath, in the Kingdom of Ireland) and
1031:(Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1990).
975:(Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1982).
968:(Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1996).
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Before the Seven Years' War and American Revolution
1003:(Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1994).
982:(Athens : University of Georgia Press, 1992).
48:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
994:The Economy of British West Florida, 1763–1783,
1080:History of indigenous peoples of North America
1008:The Fur Trade in Colonial New York 1686–1776,
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670:introducing citations to additional sources
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599:was a significant commercial activity in
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660:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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953:Colonial history of the United States
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902:valuable assistance in their trade.
980:Lachlan McGillivray, Indian Trader,
247:(1371–1652) (1660–1707)
889:as Indian Superintendents, and of
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1075:Economic history of North America
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802:Kingdom of Great Britain
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436:Scottish Socialist Party
34:This article includes a
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681:"Scottish Indian trade"
431:Scottish National Party
156:During the Roman Empire
63:more precise citations.
930:had to concentrate on
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877:Political appointments
466:National football team
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760:Alexander McGillivray
634:Cultural similarities
275:Scandinavian Scotland
762:, the leader of the
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496:Scottish Reformation
281:Wars of independence
832:Lachlan McGillivray
770:Familial advantages
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626:Foundation of trade
595:The trans-Atlantic
559:Scotland portal
301:Glorious Revolution
145:) 12,000 BC–700 BC
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928:North West Company
597:trade in deerskins
536:Edinburgh timeline
326:The Scots language
257:Acts of Union 1707
194:History (timeline)
36:list of references
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1027:Wright Jr, J.L.,
924:Thirteen Colonies
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356:Demography
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918:in 1759,
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853:Chickasaw
786:Cheapside
662:talk page
530:By region
336:Education
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866:Carolina
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57:improve
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42:, or
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