Restoration (Scotland) - Knowledge (XXG)

1650: 1484:. Under the Commonwealth the English judges who took over the running of the legal system were hostile to the use of torture and often sceptical of the evidence it produced, resulting in a decline in witchcraft prosecutions. In an attempt to gain support among the landholding orders, Sheriff's courts were re-established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656. The result was a wave of witchcraft cases, with 102 in the period 1657–1659. The limitations on prosecutions were fully reversed with the Restoration, and there was a flood of over 600 cases, thought to be the largest outbreak in Scottish history. This alarmed the restored Privy Council, leading it to insist on the necessity of its commission for an arrest or prosecution, and the banning of judicial torture. Prosecutions began to decline as trials were more tightly controlled by the judiciary and government, torture was more sparingly used and standards of evidence were raised. The exposure of 82: 1113: 1421:

and tobacco from Virginia and Maryland. Exports across the Atlantic included linen, woollen goods, coal and grindstones. The English protective tariffs on salt and cattle were harder to disregard and probably placed greater limitations on the Scottish economy, despite attempts of the King to have them overturned. Scottish attempts to counter this with tariffs of their own, were largely unsuccessful as Scotland had relatively few vital exports to protect. Attempts by the Privy Council to build up luxury industries in cloth mills, soap works, sugar boiling houses, gunpowder and paper works, proved largely unsuccessful. However, by the end of the century the

869: 678: 1083:, newly raised to be Earl of Middleton, was appointed as Commissioner. A new parliament met on 1 January 1661, later known by its presbyterian critics as the "drunken parliament", it passed 393 Acts, particularly supporting the episcopalian structure of the church favoured by Middleton and the authority of the king over government and parliament. In 1663 Middleton attempted to pass an act that would have compelled all office holders to declare that the two covenants were unlawful and seditious. This was a direct attack on former covenanters like the King's favourite Lauderdale and as a result Middleton was recalled and replaced with Rothes. 663:, who continued to gain new local political powers. There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland, which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk. The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture. As in England, sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals. Scotland produced notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists. The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life. 1267: 821: 1039:. Soon an entire bench of bishops had been assembled. During the parliamentary session of 1662 the Church of Scotland was restored as the national church and all office-holders were required to renounce the Covenants. Church ministers were forced to accept the new circumstances or lose their livings. Up to a third, at least 270, of the ministry refused. Most of the vacancies occurred in the south-west of Scotland, an area particularly strong in its Covenanting sympathies. Some of the ministers also took to preaching in the open fields in 76: 1511: 1057: 997: 1366:. It was dominated by the Presbyterians. There was a faction that supported James, including many episcopalians, but these were divided by James' attempts to achieve tolerance for Roman Catholics. A letter from James, received on 16 March, contained a threat to punish all who rebelled against him and declaring the assembly illegal, resulted in his followers to abandon the convention, leaving the Williamites dominant. On 4 April the Convention formulated the 1395: 1380:

the church. The General Assembly of 1692 refused to reinstate even those Episcopalian ministers who pledged to accept Presbyterianism. However, the king issued two acts of indulgence in 1693 and 1695, allowing those who accepted him as king to return to the church and around a hundred took advantage of the offer. All but the hardened Jacobites would be given toleration in 1707, leaving only a small remnant of Jacobite episcopalians.

1440: 1170: 40: 513: 1340: 1376:. These suggested that James had forfeited the crown by his actions (in contrast to England, which relied on the legal fiction of an abdication) and offered it to William and Mary, which William accepted, along with limitations on royal power. On 11 May William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland as co-regents, as William II and Mary II. 1456:

restored to authority along with the monarchy and the traditional institutions of the Privy Council and Parliament. However, Rosalind Mitchison argues that their authority was used much more cautiously due to the events of the civil war period. As feudal distinctions declined the barons and tenants-in-chief merged to form the

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the Pope in effigy and took down the heads of executed Covenanters that were hanging above the city gates. The crisis was resolved when James fled from England on 23 December, leading to an almost bloodless revolution. Although there had been no significant Scottish involvement in the coup, most members of the

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limited the ability of the Scots to engage in what would have been lucrative trading with England's growing colonies, but these were often circumvented, with Glasgow becoming an increasingly important commercial centre, opening up trade with the American colonies: importing sugar from the West Indies

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Rothes acted as a client of Lauderdale. In 1663 parliament passed an "Act Against Separation and Disobedience to Ecclesiastical Authority", popularly known as the "Bishop's Dragnet". It declared dissenting ministers as seditious persons and allowed the imposition of heavy fines on those who failed to

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The final settlement, completed by William's Second parliament in 1690, restored Presbyterianism and abolished the bishops, who had generally supported James. Remaining ministers outed in 1662 were restored, bringing an end to the persecution of the Cameronians, and leaving only a remnant outside of

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and masters were made responsible for their tenants and servants and from 1677 they had to enter bonds for the conduct of everyone living on their land. In 1678 3,000 Lowland militia and 6,000 Highlanders, known as the "Highland Host", were billeted in the Covenanting shires as a form of punishment.

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George Mackenzie made efforts to make prosecutions ineffective. There may also have been a growing popular scepticism, and, with relative peace and stability, the economic and social tensions that may have contributed to accusations were reduced, although there were occasional local outbreaks until

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recovered from the disruption of the preceding decades with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. All saw the establishment or re-establishment of chairs of mathematics. Astronomy

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they were fired on by soldiers, resulting in some deaths. The city guard was called out, but the Abbey was stormed by a large mob. The Catholic furnishings placed there when it was restored as a chapel for James were torn down and the tombs of the Stuart kings desecrated. A crowd of students burnt

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indicated the strength of anti-Catholic feeling. The king's attempts to obtain toleration for Catholics led to the issuing of Letters of Indulgence in 1687, which also allowed freedom of worship to dissident Protestants, allowing "outed" Presbyterian ministers to return to their parishes. This did

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on several market crosses, which informed servants of the government that they pursued the lives of its members at the risk of their own. In response to this new element of outright political sedition, the Scottish Privy Council authorised extrajudicial field executions of those caught in arms or

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Lauderdale attempted a more conciliatory policy, issuing Letters of Indulgence in 1669, 1672 and 1679. These allowed evicted ministers to return to their parishes, if they would avoid political dissent. One-hundred and fifty refused to accept the offer and some episcopalians were alienated by the

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restoration of the monarchy in Scotland, but without any safeguards as to the constitutional position in the country. Scottish notables were in a weak position in negotiations with the crown as to what the settlement would be. Charles II gave Monck the title Duke of Albemarle in gratitude for his

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was passed that included heavy fines for about 700 former adherents to the Covenant. The exceptions act specified that if an excluded person did not pay the fines by the date specified he (they were all men) would lose the benefit of the general pardon, but on timely payment he would "enjoy the

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The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable, although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs. The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power, although they may have

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As military commander of the Commonwealth's largest armed force, Monck was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II. After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Monck remained aloof from the political manoeuvring in London that led to the brief establishment of a regime under the protector's son

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The nobility had been dominant in the politics of Scotland in the first half of the seventeenth century, culminating in their triumph in the period of the Bishops' Wars. However, they lost this status in the Commonwealth period, as the Protectorate regime largely ruled without them. They were

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Under the Commonwealth, the country had been relatively highly taxed, but gained access to English markets. After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re-established, along with its customs duties. Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688, as land owners

1027:, but an Act passed later the same day renewed the discipline of kirk sessions, presbyteries and synods, suggesting that a compromise between the crown and the Presbyterians was possible. The Restoration of episcopacy was proclaimed by the Privy Council of Scotland on 6 September 1661. 740:

a bigger threat than the Royalists and when the First Civil War ended in 1647, negotiated to restore Charles to power. In return, he agreed to impose Presbyterianism in England and suppress the Independents but refused to become a Presbyterian himself. This split the Covenanters into

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Charles died in 1685 and his brother succeeded him as James VII of Scotland (and II of England). James put Catholics in key positions in the government and even attendance at a conventicle was made punishable by death. He disregarded parliament, purged the council and forced through

920:, sometime called Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston, John Swinton, sometime called of Swinton, James Guthrie, William Govan, John Home and William Dundas, James Campbell, sometime called of Ardkinglas and James Campbell, sometime called of Orinsay". An additional act called the 837:

and after its fall the subsequent contest for power between the army leaders. When this proved incapable of producing a stable government in 1659 Monck opened negotiations with Charles II and began a slow march south with his army. After reaching London he restored the English

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inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 and the hostility of the Kirk, meant that theatre had struggled to survive in seventeenth-century Scotland. After the Restoration there were attempts to revive Scottish drama. In 1663 Edinburgh lawyer William Clerke wrote

791:, with Scottish representatives sitting in the London Parliament. Final ratification of the terms was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union was not legally finalised until 1657. Scotland was ruled by a military administration under 1472:

tax. The passing of a series of improving statues, that allowed landholders to move boundaries, roads and carry out enclosures also benefited this group, as did legislation that returned virtual serfdom for groups such as miners and saltworkers.

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over foreign trade was partially ended by and Act of 1672, leaving them with the old luxuries of wines, silk, spices and dyes and opening up trade of increasingly significant salt, coal, corn and hides and imports from the Americas. The English

1425:, stretching down from the Highlands through south-west Scotland to north-east England, had become firmly established. Famine had become relatively rare in the second half of the seventeenth century, with only one year of dearth in 1674. 811:

in 1654, Monk's administration deliberately widened divisions within the kirk; the effects dominated Scottish political life during the Restoration and beyond, as those previously expelled returned to power and excluded their opponents.

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in 1651). The Restoration "presented an occasion of universal celebration and rejoicing throughout Scotland". Charles II summoned his parliament on 1 January 1661, which began to undo all that been forced on his father Charles I. The

1649: 1315:, it was clear that his policies would outlive him. An invitation by seven leading Englishmen led William to land in England with 40,000 men on 5 November. In Edinburgh there were rumours of Orange plots and on 10 December the 1619:(c. 1645–1731) worked as a mason on Bruce's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace. In 1683 he was appointed Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works, responsible for the palace's maintenance. With his father-in-law, the master mason 850:

Charles was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 (for the second time: the first having been more than ten years earlier on 6 February 1649). He was not crowned again in Scotland (having been previously crowned at

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The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture already adopted in continental Europe. Its pioneer was

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Unlike England, 95% of Scots belonged to the kirk and shared the same Calvinist doctrine; conflict was primarily over governance, with the victors expelling their opponents. The General Assembly was split between

795:, which managed to enforce law and order and a degree of religious toleration. However, it did so using English judges, rather than Scots law, as well as being expensive, making it unpopular in both kingdoms. 1552:. The Duke of Albany brought with him a company of actors when he was resident at Holyrood as commissioner. He was also joined by a group of Irish players, who brought their own costumes. He encouraged court 1540:, a play about the restoration of a legitimate dynasty in Florence after many years of civil war. It was performed at the Tennis-Court Theatre at Holyrood Palace before commissioner Rothes. Thomas Sydsurf's 1092:

attend the parish churches. Soon after parliament was dismissed and would not be recalled for six years. In 1666 a group of dissenters from Galloway captured the government's local military commander, Sir

1548:. Sydsurf was also manager from 1667 of the Tennis-Court Theatre and ran a company of players in Edinburgh's Cannongate. The repertoire followed that in London and there were no new Scottish plays after 655:, which was dominated by the Presbyterians. It offered William and Mary the crown, and after the defeat of James' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk. 81: 842:

that had existed at the beginning of the civil wars. This body, having received assurances from Charles II, voted for a restoration of the monarchy in England and then dissolved itself. This created a

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ended with defeat in 1651, Cromwell decided the only way to guarantee peace was to destroy the power of the kirk and the Scottish landed elite. Part of the solution was making Scotland part of the

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compromise. The failure to reach an accommodation led to a return to severity. Preaching at a conventicle was made punishable by death and attendance was punishable by severe sanctions. In 1674

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began in 1642. However, many Scots were concerned by the consequences of Royalist victory for the kirk and viewed union with England as the best way to ensure its survival. In October 1643, the

888:. It was a general pardon for most types of crime that may have been committed by Scots, between 1 January 1637 and before 1 September 1660, during what the Act calls "the late troubles" (the 1104:

to Barbados. There were then a series of arrests of suspected persons. The rising resulted in the fall of Rothes as Commissioner and Lauderdale now returned from London to take up the role.

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in 1679 and who worked on Bruce's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace. From 1674 the London plasterers George Dunsterfield (fl. 1660–1676) and John Houlbert (fl. 1674–1679) worked for Bruce at

600:, governor-general in Scotland, was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II, who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660. There was a general pardon for offences during the 1726:

and painted portraits of both Scottish and English subjects, including his sensitive portrait of William Bruce (1664) and styled himself as "king's painter". His full-length painting of

2767: 908:) it contained many more exceptions than the English act. The act did not reverse the provisions of any previous act passed by the same Scottish Parliament or the provisions of the 977: 613: 1787:

Immediately after the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The

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The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of a large number institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life. These included the

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around the doorways and gates. These may have included Jan van Sant Voort, a Dutch carver known to have been living in Leith, who supplied Bruce with a carved heraldic

1676:'s (1648–1721) bronze statue at Windsor, the first in Britain to depict a monarch in classical dress. John Van Ost (fl. 1680–1729) supplied lead garden statuary for 1212:

Conventicle and his followers now separated themselves from all other Presbyterian ministers. Cargill was captured and executed in May 1681. The government passed a

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closer to Lutheranism; this is why a series of attempted unions in the 17th century, whether by James VI, Charles I, Covenanters or Episcopalians were unsuccessful

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Scotland had a much higher rate of witchcraft prosecutions for its population than either England or the European average. The overwhelming majority were in the

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of 1679–1681, during which the English "Country Party" attempted to exclude the openly Catholic James from the three British thrones. He took up residency in

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The King's first political action in Scotland was to appoint officers of state and members of the privy council without reference to parliament. The royalist

4549: 3733: 1635:(1680s). Smith's country houses followed the pattern established by Bruce, with hipped roofs and pedimented fronts, in a plain but handsome Palladian style. 1576: 1518: 952:(1621?–1679) was condemned to forfeiture and imprisonment in Edinburgh Castle, where he remained for some years before being released. In 1661 John Home of 4564: 4369: 3620: 937: 604:, but four individuals were excepted and executed. Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law, parliament and 4138: 3743: 929: 913: 754: 1068: 647:

of the Netherlands, James' Protestant son-in-law, invaded England in 1688, James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and

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for Roman Catholics, alienating his Protestant subjects. The failure of an invasion, led by the Earl of Argyll and timed to co-ordinate with the

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The decisions of the Court of Session: from its first institution to the present time: digested under proper heads, in the form of a dictionary

1271: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1208:, renouncing Charles II as king. Cameron was killed the next month. Cargill excommunicated the king, Duke of Albany and other royalists at the 777: 389: 1100:, they had dwindled to less than a third of that number. Of fifty prisoners, thirty-three were executed, two after torture, and the rest were 4374: 4096: 3998: 3773: 3687: 3600: 3544: 3438: 3379: 3024: 2898: 2861: 2756: 1080: 1076: 1060: 981: 617: 264: 776:, agreed to restore him to the English throne. In return, he accepted the Covenant and was forced to disown a rising by the Royalist leader 677: 2773: 1336:

went to London to offer their services to William. On 7 January 1689, they asked William to take over the responsibilities of government.

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Factionalism in the Kirk during the Cromwellian Invasion and Occupation of Scotland, 1650 to 1660: The Protester-Resolutioner Controversy

2832: 1464:, a post that had enjoyed an expanded role that was only partly reversed at the Restoration. They also gained authority through becoming 4131: 3667: 3652: 3584: 3568: 825: 792: 597: 449: 142: 976:

and bishops, and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of

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and bishops, and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of

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and II of England. He survived attempted rebellions, but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies. When

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those who refused to swear loyalty to the king. This more intense phase of persecution, later known in Protestant historiography as "

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Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law, parliament and kirk, but also regained the

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Brown, K. M.; et al., eds. (2007–2012). "Decreet of forfeiture against John Home of Kello (NAS. PA6/16, 21 May 1661)".

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in the 1670s, giving the palace its present appearance. After the death of Charles II in 1685, Bruce lost political favour.

1266: 820: 4213: 3924: 570: 494: 284: 239: 4419: 4188: 4175: 3988: 3889: 3850: 3605: 1734:(c. 1680) is an early example of what became a standard format of Scottish portrait. Also important was the miniaturist 1644: 1557: 1359: 1193: 652: 527: 304: 299: 289: 152: 55: 3961: 1772:

in 1681, and three professors of medicine were appointed at the University of Edinburgh in 1685. James VII created the

4248: 4243: 4143: 4091: 3410: 3194: 1669: 1316: 1312: 804: 736:, who opposed any state-ordered church. The Covenanters and their English allies considered the Independent-dominated 499: 319: 120: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4258: 4238: 3954: 1750:(c. 1610–c. 1691), who was commissioned in 1684 to paint images of 110 kings for Holyroodhouse and similar work at 1297: 1096:, and marched on Edinburgh. They probably numbered at the most 3,000 men and by the time they were defeated at the 1012: 904: 889: 722: 706: 601: 309: 147: 1327:, planning an abortive escape to Ireland (he was later captured as he embarked for France). As rioters approached 4559: 4519: 4514: 4118: 4101: 3831: 1569: 1146: 1121: 166: 1510: 1296:

not extend to field conventicles and the Society People continued to endure hardship, with their last minister,

1035:, who was in London to represent the interests of the Resolutioners, changed sides and accepted the position of 4569: 4461: 4356: 4316: 4273: 3351: 3100:

Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800

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Devine, T. M. (2012). "The rise and fall of the Scottish Enlightenment". In Devine, T. M.; Wormald, J. (eds.).

1747: 1480:, where the kirk had more control, despite the evidence that basic magical beliefs were very widespread in the 1036: 949: 873: 750: 339: 107: 4336: 4081: 3934: 3811: 3718: 3052: 2728:

Anderson, R. (2003). "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980". In Bryce, T. G. K.; Humes, W. M. (eds.).

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The King sent his brother and heir to Edinburgh largely to remove him from London as a result of the

1138: 1101: 1028: 1000: 909: 694: 454: 442: 372: 249: 97: 1200:. Reduced in number, hiding out in the moors, they became increasingly radical. On 22 June 1680 the 4466: 4364: 4308: 4113: 3944: 3919: 3881: 3873: 3763: 1821: 1711: 1657: 1526: 1494: 1158: 1075:

became President of the council. A new Scottish Council was created in London, which was headed by

985: 961: 957: 857: 621: 359: 354: 349: 332: 64: 1451:(1685), one of the many tracts published in Scotland arguing against sceptical views of witchcraft 1157:. The rebellion eventually led to the fall of Lauderdale, who was replaced by the King's brother, 4481: 4341: 4321: 4263: 4010: 3785: 3298: 1600: 1596: 1481: 1347: 1304: 1284: 753:, he installed the Kirk Party as the government of Scotland, who then expelled Engagers from the 728:

Royalists and moderates in both countries rejected this on nationalist grounds, as did religious

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Smith, D. J. (2007). "Keyboard music in Scotland: genre, gender, context". In J. Porter (ed.).

1780:, planned since 1682, was opened in 1689. The offices of Royal Physician, Geographer Royal and 1394: 4444: 4154: 3657: 3540: 3536: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3453: 3434: 3394: 3375: 3330: 3311: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3222: 3180: 3157: 3125: 3103: 3084: 3020: 2976: 2954: 2935: 2913: 2894: 2878: 2857: 2836: 2817: 2798: 2752: 2733: 1841: 1828:

implies differences in governance and doctrine but this was not the case in the 17th century.

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Sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals. The equestrian statue of Charles II outside

1632: 1477: 476: 407: 1684:. William Bruce favoured Dutch carvers for his realisation of Kinross House, where there are 4427: 4379: 4331: 4203: 4198: 4043: 4033: 3821: 3790: 3738: 3723: 3535:. Early modern. Vol. 6 (2, illustrated, reprint, reissue ed.). Routledge. p. 1825: 1739: 1673: 1588: 1399: 1237: 1178: 1024: 956:

had his estates sequestrated for being with the English army against the King's army at the

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Browning, Andrew (1996). "228. Order of Council for the Restoration of Episcopacy, 1661".

1715: 1612: 1417: 1324: 1182: 1141:. The incident led to a rising that grew to 5,000 men. They were defeated by forces under 852: 839: 746: 733: 517: 203: 1544:, was first performed in London in 1667 and then in Edinburgh the year after and drew on 764:, the Engagers and Kirk Party viewed monarchy as divinely ordered, making this an act of 1439: 4281: 4183: 4028: 3173: 3150: 3074: 3064: 2997: 2791: 1797: 1731: 1677: 1661: 1328: 1196:

called themselves the Society People, but would become known after their leader as the

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was appointed as the first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh and he co-founded the

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The Edinburgh magazine, and literary miscellany, a new series of The Scots magazine

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Brown, I. (2011). "Public and private performance: 1650–1800". In Brown, I. (ed.).

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in England, demonstrated the strength of the regime. However a riot in response to

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and seasons of plays at the Tennis-Court Theatre, one of which included acting by

2872: 1714:(1617–1694) had been trained by the first significant native artist in Scotland, 4165: 3978: 1793: 1727: 1697: 1653: 1584: 1412: 1311:, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, but when in 1688, James produced a male heir, 1040: 3365:. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews. 3198: 1339: 4471: 4432: 4048: 3806: 3415: 3001: 2891:

A Companion to Tudor Literature Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture

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Annals of the persecution in Scotland: from the restoration to the revolution

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A few members of the previous regime were tried and found guilty of treason.

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Thomas, A. (2012). "The Renaissance". In Devine, T. M.; Wormald, J. (eds.).

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The king's majesty's gracious and free pardon, act of indemnity and oblivion

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benefit of his majesty's pardon and indemnity to all intents and purposes".

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was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the

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Scottish Society, 1707–1830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation

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Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as

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Defining Strains: The Musical Life of Scots in the Seventeenth Century

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Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas

1840:, nominated by congregations. The kirk was Calvinist in doctrine, the 760:

This alliance ended with the execution of Charles in January 1649; as

3120:"The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting", in J. Goodare, ed., 1700:, Berwickshire and at Holyroodhouse. Dunsterfield was also active at 1553: 1154: 1149:

on 22 June. Two ministers were executed and 250 followers shipped to

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passed since August 1660. It explicitly mentions the forfeitures of "

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exercised their power with more caution. It also saw the rise of the

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of the Episcopalian establishment, culminating in the persecution of

1603:. Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at 713:

took control of government and initially remained neutral when the

2889:"Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart Scotland", in K. Cartwright, ed., 1648: 1607:, built on the Loch Leven estate he had purchased in 1675. As the 1509: 1457: 1438: 1411:

promoted better tillage and cattle-raising. The monopoly of royal

1393: 1338: 1265: 1168: 1111: 1055: 1032: 995: 867: 819: 676: 660: 38: 1796:

at St. Andrews and at King's and Marischal colleges in Aberdeen.

1303:

It was believed that the king would be succeeded by his daughter

1240:", led to dissenters being summarily executed by the dragoons of 803:, who were willing to readmit former Engagers and Royalists, and 725:, which agreed to union in return for Scottish military support. 596:

As military commander of the Commonwealth's largest armed force,

3010:. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 237–239. 2871:

Edinburgh Magazine staff (July–December 1819). "December 1819".

1469: 902:, it legislated for a general pardon with exceptions, but (like 3846: 3557: 1003:, a Resolutioner and then archbishop, who was murdered in 1679 2469: 2467: 2465: 1718:

of Aberdeen (1589/90–1644). Wright also studied in Rome with

1591:(1632–1723), particularly the latter's interpretation of the 2575: 2573: 2571: 2789:

Clifford, T. (1991). "Introduction". In Pearson, F. (ed.).

2486: 2484: 2482: 1583:

to the country. Bruce was influenced by English architects

1185:

the early 1680s, running what was in effect a small court.

705:, the first in a series between 1638 and 1651 known as the 628:

led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the

2814:

A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840

2416: 2414: 896:). The act was structured in a similar way to the English 876:

in Edinburgh, one of four exceptions to the general pardon

1832:

meant rule by bishops, usually appointed by the monarch;

1579:(c. 1630–1710) who was the key figure in introducing the 745:, who were willing to accept this, and the Kirk Party or 3362:

Act containing some exceptions from the act of indemnity

3077:"Sculpture and Scotland 1540–1700", in F. Pearson, ed., 2377: 2375: 2159: 2071: 2069: 1488:

as frauds in 1662 removed a major form of evidence. The

922:

Act containing some exceptions from the act of indemnity

2910:

Architect Royal: the Life and Work of Sir William Bruce

2674: 2672: 1595:. Bruce built and remodelled country houses, including 1007:

Presbyterians had hoped that Charles would implement a

828:, who was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II 3350:. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, 1611:

Bruce undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of

1011:

settlement for the kirk, as Charles had agreed to the

964:

of 1688 the estates were restored to his son George.

577:

in the British Isles that included the return of the

2060: 2044: 2042: 1493:

the statute supporting prosecutions was repealed in

4418: 4355: 4307: 4272: 4229: 4174: 4067: 4019: 3880: 3799: 3701: 3593: 3327:

Royalists at War in Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1650

2033: 860:made all legislation back to 1633 "void and null". 3172: 3149: 3079:Virtue and Vision: Sculpture in Scotland 1540–1990 3073: 2877:. Printed for Archibald Constable and Co. p. 2793:Virtue and Vision: Sculpture in Scotland 1540–1990 2790: 2769:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 2354: 2342: 2306: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2186: 2171: 1982: 1945: 1933: 1660:, an early example of the full-length portrait in 3036:Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 3017:World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary 1256:James VII and the Glorious Revolution (1685–1689) 1137:In 1679 a group of Covenanters killed Archbishop 1120:, Edinburgh, where prisoners were held after the 2111: 1521:and one of the first Palladian houses in Britain 772:, King of Scotland and Great Britain and in the 749:, who were not. After Cromwell's victory in the 3507:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 3221:. Berkeley CA: University of California Press. 3219:Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation 1460:. Under the Commonwealth they had supplied the 1231:In 1684 the remaining Society People posted an 3431:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 3424:. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3171:Mackie, J. D.; Lenman, B.; Parker, G. (1991). 2854:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 1390:Economy of Scotland in the early modern period 32:Restoration of the Scottish Catholic hierarchy 3858: 3569: 1244:, or sentenced to transportation or death by 1153:, 200 drowning when their ship went down off 1063:, Charles II's first Commissioner in Scotland 1043:, often attracting thousands of worshippers. 789:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 535: 8: 984:and ended with the King's brother and heir, 944:hanged 1 June 1661, and Archibald Johnston ( 816:End of the republic and return of Charles II 807:, who refused. After defeating the Royalist 620:and ended with the King's brother and heir, 46:, restored to the throne of Scotland in 1660 1161:, known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany. 988:(known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany). 3865: 3851: 3843: 3576: 3562: 3554: 3308:Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution 2772:. University of St Andrews. Archived from 2732:(2 ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 2663: 1672:(1684/5) was a lead replica of Dutch-born 1079:. Former Covernanter and royalist soldier 542: 528: 49: 3257:Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 2749:The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama 2591: 2473: 2420: 2405: 2393: 2330: 2210: 1957: 1885: 1873: 1069:William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn 1046: 3344:Scottish Parliament (9 September 1662). 3297:. Vol. 13. Scotland: Bell. p. 3199:"The influence of Calvinism on politics" 2690: 2639: 1994: 1802:Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 1609:Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works 3533:English Historical Documents: 1660–1714 3359:Scottish Parliament (September 1662b). 2835:. Allison-Antrim Museum. Archived from 2627: 2615: 2603: 2562: 2538: 2514: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2381: 2366: 2147: 2135: 2018: 2006: 1921: 1897: 1866: 1813: 1300:, being captured and executed in 1688. 667:Background: civil wars and Commonwealth 63: 52: 2702: 2651: 2579: 2099: 2087: 2075: 1909: 1738:(fl. 1668–1708), who worked mainly in 1226:Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll 1222:Lord President of the Court of Session 1145:, the King's illegitimate son, at the 1047:Charles II's commissioners (1661–1685) 626:restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy 561:, and the subsequent three decades of 3393:(9 ed.). Yale University Press. 2678: 2550: 2526: 2502: 2490: 2318: 2294: 2198: 2048: 1853:Also called the First Anglo-Scots War 7: 2971:"Introduction", in J. Goodare, ed., 2930:"Beginnings to 1700" in W. Findley, 1784:were founded between 1680 and 1682. 768:. In February, the Scots proclaimed 689:, from a satirical English pamphlet. 4550:History of Christianity in Scotland 3586:Scotland in the early modern period 2912:. Roundwood Press. pp. 73–78. 2730:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution 1792:was facilitated by the building of 206:(1371–1652) (1660–1707) 4565:17th-century Reformed Christianity 3467:Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham (1994). 3411:"Swinton, John (1621?-1679)" 3391:Architecture of Britain, 1530–1830 3122:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context 3083:. National Galleries of Scotland. 3061:The Scots Worthies: In two volumes 2973:The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context 2797:. National Galleries of Scotland. 2123: 1764:Education in early modern Scotland 1542:Tarugo's Wiles or the Coffee House 1242:James Graham, Laird of Claverhouse 1224:resigned and the leading nobleman 1173:James, Duke of Albany in the 1660s 1077:James Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale 25: 3469:Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790 3293:Morison, William Maxwell (1803). 3063:. Vol. 2. MacPhun. pp. 1293:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 3421:Dictionary of National Biography 3007:Dictionary of National Biography 2355:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2343:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2307:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2283:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2271:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2259:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2247:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2235:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2223:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2187:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 2172:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 1983:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 1946:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 1934:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1991 1742:, but also painted portraits in 1435:Society in early modern Scotland 1362:, which convened on 14 March in 511: 80: 74: 3490:. Manchester University Press. 3124:. Manchester University Press. 2975:. Manchester University Press. 1531:The loss of a royal court when 1350:depicted on the ceiling of the 1307:, a Protestant and the wife of 1262:Glorious Revolution in Scotland 899:Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 673:Scotland under the Commonwealth 176:(843–878; 889–1040) 3509:. Edinburgh University Press. 3408:Swinton, Robert Blair (1898). 3259:. Edinburgh University Press. 3102:. Cambridge University Press. 3047:. University of Edinburgh PHD. 2953:. Mainstream Publishing/RIAS. 2934:. Edinburgh University Press. 2751:. Edinburgh University Press. 685:nose to the grindstone of the 1: 4555:Political history of Scotland 3238:James II; A study in kingship 3059:(1828). "IV. William Govan". 2932:A History of Scottish Theatre 2723:. Hugh Paton. pp. 50–51. 2160:Edinburgh Magazine staff 1819 1623:(1633–1710), Smith worked on 1443:Reprint of the title page of 886:Act of indemnity and oblivion 864:General pardon and exceptions 571:Convention of Estates of 1689 3999:Colonization of the Americas 3734:Seventeenth-century religion 3274:Mitchison, Rosalind (2002). 3255:Mitchison, Rosalind (1983). 1746:. Visiting artists included 1645:Art in early modern Scotland 1285:Duke of Monmouth's rebellion 693:In 1638, reforms imposed by 681:The Scots holding the young 265:Colonization of the Americas 3786:Union with England Act 1707 3452:. Purdue University Press. 3433:. Oxford University Press. 2856:. Oxford University Press. 1770:Royal College of Physicians 1317:Lord Chancellor of Scotland 1313:James Francis Edward Stuart 1116:The Covenanter's Prison in 1073:John Leslie, Earl of Rothes 27:The Restoration in Scotland 4586: 3994:Economy in the Middle Ages 3955:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3744:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 2990:Gordon, Alexander (1890). 1789:five Scottish universities 1761: 1642: 1567: 1524: 1432: 1387: 1259: 1165:Duke of Albany (1679–1685) 1013:Solemn League and Covenant 916:, late marquis of Argyll, 890:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 723:Solemn League and Covenant 707:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 670: 602:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 29: 4097:Convention of the Estates 3471:. Yale University Press. 3325:Robertson, Barry (2014). 3278:(3 ed.). Routledge. 2893:. John Wiley & Sons. 2816:. Yale University Press. 2061:Scottish Parliament 1662b 1570:Estate houses in Scotland 1560:, the future Queen Anne. 1538:Marciano or the Discovery 1147:Battle of Bothwell Bridge 1122:Battle of Bothwell Bridge 936:), beheaded 27 May 1661, 847:part in the Restoration. 573:. It was part of a wider 460:Scottish Episcopal Church 4540:17th century in politics 3352:University of St Andrews 3043:Holfelder, Kyle (1998). 2112:Howie & M'Gavin 1828 2034:Scottish Parliament 1662 1233:Apologetical Declaration 1037:Archbishop of St Andrews 880:On 9 September 1662 the 751:Second English Civil War 608:, but also regained the 395:Scottish Socialist Party 3486:Whatley, C. A. (2000). 3152:Scotland: a New History 3139:Jackson, Clare (2003). 3098:Houston, R. A. (2002). 3015:Grossman, Mark (2007). 2886:Edwards, K. A. (2010). 2594:, pp. 330 and 333. 1704:, Fife and probably at 1517:, built for himself by 1323:, quit the capital for 1228:was forced into exile. 1188:The dissenters, led by 1143:James, Duke of Monmouth 1098:Battle of Rullion Green 948:) hanged 22 July 1663. 905:Cromwell's Act of Grace 785:Third English Civil War 715:First English Civil War 616:. These began with the 390:Scottish National Party 115:During the Roman Empire 4450:Court of the Lord Lyon 3389:Summerson, J. (1993). 3306:Morrill, John (1990). 2993:"Guthrie, James" 2951:William Adam 1689–1748 2831:Crooks, Gordon (ed.). 2719:Aikman, James (1842). 1665: 1522: 1466:Commissioner of Supply 1452: 1449:Satans Invisible World 1407: 1374:Articles of Grievances 1355: 1334:Scottish Privy Council 1275: 1174: 1125: 1108:Lauderdale (1666–1679) 1071:became Chancellor and 1064: 1017:Treaty of Breda (1650) 1004: 992:Restoration Episcopate 877: 829: 690: 425:National football team 47: 4545:Charles II of England 4087:Estates of Parliament 3276:A History of Scotland 3236:Miller, John (1978). 3217:McCoy, F. N. (1974). 3175:A History of Scotland 3148:Lynch, James (1992). 3117:Levak, B. P. (2002). 1782:Historiographer Royal 1652: 1513: 1462:Justices of the Peace 1442: 1397: 1342: 1269: 1172: 1115: 1059: 1052:Middleton (1661–1663) 999: 974:Lords of the Articles 871: 823: 680: 641:James VII of Scotland 610:Lords of the Articles 234:Scandinavian Scotland 42: 4194:Early modern warfare 3925:Wars of Independence 3505:Wormald, J. (1991). 3206:Theology in Scotland 3072:Howarth, D. (1991). 3034:Harris, Tim (2005). 2968:Goodare, J. (2002). 2949:Gifford, J. (1989). 2927:Findlay, W. (1998). 2908:Fenwick, H. (1989). 2833:"Covenanter Martyrs" 1774:Order of the Thistle 1281:religious toleration 1246:Sir George Mackenzie 1202:Sanquhar Declaration 910:Committee of Estates 455:Scottish Reformation 240:Wars of independence 18:Scottish Restoration 3984:Glorious Revolution 3945:Union of the Crowns 3920:Davidian Revolution 3874:Kingdom of Scotland 3764:Massacre of Glencoe 3759:Glorious Revolution 2839:on 15 December 2018 2812:Colvin, H. (1995). 2776:on 22 February 2014 2654:, pp. 198–199. 2582:, pp. 755–758. 2529:, pp. 253–254. 2517:, pp. 644–145. 2493:, pp. 166–180. 2459:, pp. 168–169. 2447:, pp. 644–645. 2396:, pp. 254–255. 2345:, pp. 252–253. 2333:, pp. 118–119. 2309:, pp. 239–241. 2273:, pp. 238–239. 2261:, pp. 237–238. 2249:, pp. 235–236. 2237:, pp. 233–234. 2189:, pp. 231–234. 2138:, pp. 237–239. 2090:, pp. 237–239. 1985:, pp. 241–246. 1948:, pp. 221–224. 1936:, pp. 225–226. 1888:, pp. 223–224. 1712:John Michael Wright 1658:John Michael Wright 1527:Theatre in Scotland 1360:Scottish Convention 1159:James, Duke of York 986:James, Duke of York 980:. These began with 962:Glorious Revolution 960:in 1651. After the 958:battle of Worcester 882:Scottish parliament 858:Rescissory Act 1661 701:or kirk led to the 653:Scottish Convention 651:. William called a 622:James, Duke of York 518:Scotland portal 260:Glorious Revolution 104:) 12,000 BC–700 BC 4487:Saint Andrew's Day 4457:Royal coat of arms 4322:Church of Scotland 4149:Secretary of State 4139:Acts of Parliament 4011:Union with England 3448:Tobin, T. (1972). 2693:, p. 219–228. 1666: 1601:Prestonfield House 1597:Thirlestane Castle 1523: 1453: 1408: 1356: 1276: 1175: 1126: 1087:Rothes (1663–1666) 1065: 1005: 930:Archibald Campbell 918:Archibald Johnston 914:Archibald Campbell 878: 830: 809:Glencairn's rising 719:English Parliament 699:Church of Scotland 691: 581:to the thrones of 495:Edinburgh timeline 285:The Scots language 216:Acts of Union 1707 153:History (timeline) 48: 4535:1680s in Scotland 4530:1670s in Scotland 4525:1660s in Scotland 4502: 4501: 4405:Scottish baronial 4214:Lord High Admiral 4155:Regiam Majestatem 3905:Early Middle Ages 3840: 3839: 3546:978-0-415-14371-4 3440:978-0-19-162433-9 3381:978-3-03910-948-7 3026:978-0-8160-7477-8 2900:978-1-4051-5477-2 2863:978-0-19-162433-9 2758:978-0-7486-4107-9 2642:, pp. 12–13. 2618:, pp. 73–78. 2606:, pp. 57–58. 2565:, pp. 62–73. 2476:, pp. 88–90. 2408:, pp. 86–70. 2114:, pp. 73–75. 1842:Church of England 1778:Advocates Library 1758:Intellectual life 1728:Lord Mungo Murray 1682:Drumlanrig Castle 1654:Lord Mungo Murray 1633:Drumlanrig Castle 1577:Sir William Bruce 1402:at Cotkerse near 1358:William called a 1309:William of Orange 1118:St Giles Kirkyard 1061:Earl of Middleton 982:Earl of Middleton 645:William of Orange 618:Earl of Middleton 589:in the person of 552: 551: 500:Glasgow timeline 477:Islam and Muslims 212:(1652–1660) 200:(1306–1371) 194:(1292–1296) 188:(1058–1286) 182:(1040–1058) 16:(Redirected from 4577: 4560:Scottish royalty 4520:1660 in Scotland 4515:1660 in politics 4204:Royal Scots Navy 4199:Royal Scots Army 4189:Medieval warfare 3989:Maritime history 3930:Late Middle Ages 3915:Late Middle Ages 3910:High Middle Ages 3867: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3791:Jacobite risings 3724:Marian civil war 3587: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3555: 3550: 3520: 3501: 3482: 3463: 3444: 3425: 3413: 3404: 3385: 3366: 3355: 3340: 3321: 3302: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3232: 3213: 3203: 3190: 3178: 3167: 3155: 3144: 3143:. Boydell Press. 3135: 3113: 3094: 3082: 3068: 3057:M'Gavin, William 3048: 3039: 3030: 3011: 2995: 2986: 2964: 2945: 2923: 2904: 2882: 2867: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2827: 2808: 2796: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2762: 2743: 2724: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2102:, p. 50–51. 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1818: 1776:in 1687 and the 1674:Grinling Gibbons 1670:Parliament House 1589:Christopher Wren 1238:the Killing Time 1179:Exclusion Crisis 835:Richard Cromwell 755:General Assembly 634:The Killing Time 563:Scottish history 544: 537: 530: 516: 515: 514: 472:Jews and Judaism 465:Great Disruption 385:Local government 192:House of Balliol 186:House of Dunkeld 84: 78: 68: 50: 21: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4570:The Restoration 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4414: 4351: 4303: 4292:Scottish people 4287:Scottish Gaelic 4268: 4225: 4170: 4144:Lord Chancellor 4092:General Council 4071: 4063: 4015: 3876: 3871: 3841: 3836: 3795: 3769:Seven ill years 3729:Union of Crowns 3697: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3547: 3530: 3527: 3525:Further reading 3517: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3460: 3447: 3441: 3428: 3407: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3374:. Peter Laing. 3369: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3324: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3286: 3273: 3267: 3254: 3248: 3235: 3229: 3216: 3201: 3197:(Autumn 2009). 3195:Macleod, Donald 3193: 3187: 3170: 3164: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3097: 3091: 3071: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3014: 2998:Stephen, Leslie 2989: 2983: 2967: 2961: 2948: 2942: 2926: 2920: 2907: 2901: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2811: 2805: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2765: 2759: 2746: 2740: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2664:Waterhouse 1994 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2480: 2472: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2178: 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2757: 2744: 2738: 2725: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705:, p. 373. 2695: 2683: 2681:, p. 262. 2668: 2666:, p. 123. 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2592:Summerson 1993 2584: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2505:, p. 286. 2495: 2478: 2474:Mitchison 1983 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2421:Mitchison 1983 2410: 2406:Mitchison 1983 2398: 2394:Mitchison 2002 2386: 2371: 2359: 2357:, p. 226. 2347: 2335: 2331:Mitchison 1983 2323: 2321:, p. 297. 2311: 2299: 2287: 2285:, p. 239. 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2225:, p. 232. 2215: 2213:, p. 253. 2211:Mitchison 2002 2203: 2201:, p. 216. 2191: 2176: 2164: 2162:, p. 582. 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2078:, p. 111. 2065: 2053: 2038: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1997:, p. 226. 1987: 1962: 1960:, p. 213. 1958:Holfelder 1998 1950: 1938: 1926: 1924:, p. 162. 1914: 1902: 1890: 1886:Mitchison 2002 1878: 1876:, p. 125. 1874:Robertson 2014 1865: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1798:Robert Sibbald 1762:Main article: 1759: 1756: 1732:Highland dress 1678:Hopetoun House 1662:Highland dress 1643:Main article: 1640: 1637: 1568:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1550:Tarugo's Wiles 1546:Spanish comedy 1525:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1388:Main article: 1385: 1382: 1369:Claim of Right 1329:Holyrood Abbey 1272:Earl of Argyll 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1204:was posted in 1190:Donald Cargill 1166: 1163: 1109: 1106: 1088: 1085: 1081:John Middleton 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1031:, minister of 993: 990: 969: 966: 946:Lord Warriston 934:Earl of Argyll 865: 862: 817: 814: 738:New Model Army 671:Main article: 668: 665: 579:Stuart dynasty 550: 549: 547: 546: 539: 532: 524: 521: 520: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 446: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 312: 310:Historiography 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 207: 201: 198:House of Bruce 195: 189: 183: 180:House of Moray 177: 174:House of Alpin 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 139: 138: 133: 128: 118: 112: 111: 110: 94: 93: 90: 89: 86: 85: 71: 70: 61: 60: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428:National flag 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4327:Country dance 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4119:Privy Council 4117: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4059:Orange-Nassau 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4004:Darien scheme 4002: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3833: 3832:Privy Council 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779:Darien scheme 3777: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3739:Bishops' Wars 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3516:0-7486-0276-3 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3497:0-7190-4541-X 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478:0-300-05833-0 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3459:0-911198-30-X 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3400:0-300-05886-1 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329:. Routledge. 3328: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3285:0-415-27880-5 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3266:0-7486-0233-X 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3228:0-520-02447-8 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3186:0-14-013649-5 3182: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3163:0-7126-9893-0 3159: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3131:0-7190-6024-9 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3109:0-521-89088-8 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3090:0-903598-14-0 3086: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038:. Allen Lane. 3037: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2982:0-7190-6024-9 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2960:1-85158-296-7 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941:0-7486-6220-0 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2919:0-8390-0156-8 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2823:0-7486-4107-6 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2804:0-903598-14-0 2800: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2739:0-7486-1625-X 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691:Anderson 2003 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640:Clifford 1991 2636: 2633: 2630:, p. 29. 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541:, p. 17. 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435:, p. 32. 2434: 2429: 2426: 2423:, p. 79. 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2384:, p. 16. 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2369:, p. 17. 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297:, p. 99. 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2174:, p. 29. 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2150:, p. 42. 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2063:, Exceptions. 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2021:, p. 78. 2020: 2015: 2012: 2009:, p. 14. 2008: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995:Grossman 2007 1991: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912:, p. 15. 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:observatories 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1752:Glamis Castle 1749: 1748:Jacob de Wett 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1706:Kellie Castle 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Caroline Park 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Holyroodhouse 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1558:Princess Anne 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1519:William Bruce 1516: 1515:Kinross House 1512: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1490:Lord Advocate 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1423:drovers roads 1419: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1400:drover's road 1398:A section of 1396: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Earl of Perth 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1298:James Renwick 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1250:Lord Advocate 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:Bishops' Wars 1023:gains of the 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 991: 989: 987: 983: 979: 978:commissioners 975: 967: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:William Govan 939: 938:James Guthrie 935: 931: 926: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 875: 874:James Guthrie 872:Execution of 870: 863: 861: 859: 854: 848: 845: 841: 836: 827: 822: 815: 813: 810: 806: 802: 801:Resolutioners 796: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:Bishop's Wars 700: 696: 688: 684: 679: 674: 666: 664: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:commissioners 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 545: 540: 538: 533: 531: 526: 525: 523: 522: 519: 509: 508: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 478: 475: 473: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 439: 438: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 409: 404: 403: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 374: 369: 368: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 334: 329: 328: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 270:Enlightenment 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 225: 224: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 163: 162: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 96: 95: 88: 87: 83: 77: 73: 72: 69: 62: 57: 51: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4467:Crown Jewels 4462:Royal Banner 4375:Early Modern 4357:Architecture 4274:Demographics 4153: 4132:Early Modern 4021:Royal Houses 3973: 3967:Commonwealth 3950:Jacobean era 3800:Institutions 3774:Colonisation 3753: 3749:Commonwealth 3714:Rough Wooing 3688:Witch trials 3601:Architecture 3532: 3506: 3487: 3468: 3450:The Assembly 3449: 3430: 3419: 3390: 3371: 3361: 3346: 3326: 3307: 3294: 3275: 3256: 3240:. Menthuen. 3237: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3174: 3151: 3140: 3121: 3118: 3099: 3078: 3075: 3060: 3044: 3035: 3016: 3005: 2972: 2969: 2950: 2931: 2928: 2909: 2890: 2887: 2873: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2837:the original 2813: 2792: 2778:. Retrieved 2774:the original 2768: 2748: 2729: 2720: 2698: 2686: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2628:Howarth 1991 2623: 2616:Fenwick 1989 2611: 2604:Gifford 1989 2599: 2587: 2563:Findlay 1998 2558: 2553:, p. 5. 2546: 2539:Jackson 2003 2534: 2522: 2515:Goodare 2002 2510: 2498: 2457:Wormald 1991 2452: 2445:Goodare 2002 2440: 2433:Edwards 2010 2428: 2401: 2389: 2382:Houston 2002 2367:Whatley 2000 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2167: 2155: 2148:Morison 1803 2143: 2136:Swinton 1898 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2056: 2019:Jackson 2003 2014: 2007:Jackson 2003 2002: 1990: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1922:Morrill 1990 1917: 1905: 1898:Macleod 2009 1893: 1881: 1869: 1849: 1834:Presbyterian 1833: 1830:Episcopalian 1829: 1826:Episcopalian 1822:Presbyterian 1816: 1786: 1767: 1710: 1667: 1631:(1685), and 1621:Robert Mylne 1573: 1564:Architecture 1549: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1475: 1454: 1448: 1409: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1352:Painted Hall 1302: 1277: 1232: 1230: 1187: 1176: 1136: 1127: 1094:James Turner 1090: 1066: 1041:conventicles 1009:Presbyterian 1006: 971: 950:John Swinton 940:and Captain 927: 921: 903: 897: 885: 879: 849: 843: 831: 826:George Monck 797: 793:George Monck 782: 759: 730:Independents 727: 692: 683:Charles II's 657: 638: 598:George Monck 595: 559:Commonwealth 554: 553: 450:Christianity 340:Architecture 254: 210:Commonwealth 143:Early Modern 36: 4166:Covenanters 4123:Government 3979:Popish Plot 3974:Restoration 3962:Interregnum 3940:Reformation 3935:Renaissance 3900:Roman times 3895:Prehistoric 3754:Restoration 3719:Reformation 3709:Renaissance 3626:agriculture 3416:Lee, Sidney 3310:. Longman. 3179:. Penguin. 3156:. Pimlico. 3053:Howie, John 3002:Lee, Sidney 2703:Devine 2012 2652:Thomas 2012 2580:Colvin 1995 2100:Aikman 1842 2088:Gordon 1890 2076:Harris 2005 1910:Miller 1978 1736:David Paton 1698:Thirlestane 1617:James Smith 1585:Inigo Jones 1354:, Greenwich 1344:William III 1198:Cameronians 1139:James Sharp 1102:transported 1029:James Sharp 1001:James Sharp 894:Interregnum 884:passed the 747:Whiggamores 721:signed the 711:Covenanters 575:Restoration 420:Rugby union 275:Romanticism 255:Restoration 250:Reformation 245:Renaissance 121:Middle Ages 98:Prehistoric 65:History of 4509:Categories 4472:Scots pine 4433:Union Flag 4410:Neoclassic 4365:Vernacular 3827:Parliament 3668:Literature 3653:Government 3616:Demography 3317:0582016754 2679:Lynch 1992 2551:Tobin 1972 2527:Brown 2011 2503:Lynch 1992 2491:Levak 2002 2319:Lynch 1992 2295:Smith 2007 2199:McCoy 1974 2049:Brown 2012 1690:cornucopia 1406:, Scotland 1404:Blairlogie 1021:Covenanter 1015:under the 968:Settlement 805:Protesters 783:After the 770:Charles II 762:Calvinists 687:Engagement 591:Charles II 567:Revolution 565:until the 380:Devolution 360:Philosophy 355:Literature 315:Demography 44:Charles II 4482:St Andrew 4390:Palladian 4342:Mythology 4231:Geography 3648:Geography 3638:Education 3611:Childhood 2843:13 August 2036:, Pardon. 1808:Footnotes 1804:in 1681. 1724:Velázquez 1702:Balcaskie 1664:, c. 1680 1629:Edinburgh 1482:Highlands 1364:Edinburgh 1289:Louis XIV 766:blasphemy 695:Charles I 489:By region 295:Education 290:Economics 4445:Heraldry 4400:Georgian 4395:Jacobean 4385:Churches 4370:Medieval 4347:Religion 4176:Military 4127:Medieval 4107:Guardian 4102:Monarchy 4069:Politics 3890:Timeline 3663:Language 3658:Identity 3004:(eds.). 1836:rule by 1740:plumbago 1708:, Fife. 1694:overdoor 1686:festoons 1533:James VI 1486:prickers 1478:Lowlands 1372:and the 1214:Test Act 1206:Sanquhar 1151:Barbados 1131:heritors 892:and the 844:de facto 824:General 778:Montrose 743:Engagers 443:Religion 415:Football 373:Politics 350:The Kilt 305:Maritime 300:Military 236:793–1468 108:Iron Age 102:timeline 67:Scotland 56:a series 54:Part of 4494:Unicorn 4477:Thistle 4420:Symbols 4380:Castles 4332:Cuisine 4309:Culture 4254:Palaces 4249:Islands 4244:Castles 4209:History 4114:Peerage 4044:Balliol 4034:Dunkeld 3882:History 3683:Warfare 3678:Society 3621:Economy 3418:(ed.). 2713:Sources 1820:Today, 1720:Poussin 1605:Kinross 1593:Baroque 1554:masques 1506:Theatre 1501:Culture 1429:Society 1384:Economy 1348:Mary II 1210:Torwood 1124:in 1679 697:on the 649:Mary II 630:Bishops 587:Ireland 583:England 333:Culture 4264:Shires 4259:Places 4239:Burghs 4054:Stuart 4039:Sverre 3702:Events 3643:Family 3594:Topics 3543: 3513: 3494: 3475: 3456: 3437: 3397: 3378: 3333: 3314: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3225: 3183: 3160: 3128: 3106: 3087: 3023: 2979: 2957: 2938: 2916: 2897: 2860: 2820: 2801: 2780:29 May 2755: 2736: 2124:Crooks 1838:Elders 1458:lairds 1413:burghs 1319:, the 1248:, the 1155:Orkney 954:Kelloe 709:. 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