338:
567:) brought further English influence. In the nineteenth century new areas of public policy that had not been part of Scottish law, in areas such as public health, working conditions, the protection of investors, were legislated for by the British Parliament, challenging the uniqueness of the system. Acts of the Parliament began to create unified legal statutes applying in both England and Scotland, particularly when conformity was seen as necessary for pragmatic reasons (such as the
37:
212:
early as 1214 they were holding court to hear a variety of cases. Feudal lords were also normally permitted to hold court where disputes between their tenants, including criminal matters, were adjudicated. By the 14th century some of these feudal courts had developed into "petty kingdoms" where the King's courts did not have authority, except for cases of treason.
216:, towns which had been given this special status usually by the King, also had their own set of local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters. The burghs themselves established their own separate court system by authority of the King to administer and enforce these laws. The burgh laws were collected as the
416:
also traces its history to the 15th and early 16th century with the establishment of a specialised group of councillors to the King evolving from the King's
Council who dealt solely with the administration of justice. In 1528, it was established that the Lords of Council not appointed to this body
246:
attempted to abolish
Scottish laws that were contrary to English law, as he had done in Wales. King Edward I also reformed the legal institutions of Scotland during this period with the organisation of a Scottish government in September 1305. He also sent out pairs of justices, one Englishman and
211:
Sheriffs were appointed by the King in the south and over time spread north. Their scope gradually developed and they were fully established across mainland
Scotland by 1300. The sheriffs were originally appointed by the King as royal administrators and tax collectors but their powers grew and as
224:
also played an important role in
Scotland as they had exclusive jurisdiction over matters such as marriage, contracts made on oath, inheritance and legitimacy. These courts, unlike their lay counterparts, were generally staffed by educated men who were trained in both
424:
The growing activity of the parliament and the centralisation of administration in
Scotland called for the better dissemination of Acts of the parliament to the courts and other enforcers of the law. There was still a great reliance on the old laws, codified in the
271:
grew as he called them more frequently and its composition shifted to include more representation from the burghs and lesser landowners. In 1399, a
General Council established that the King should hold a parliament at least once a year for the next three years so,
435:
among others, which persisted. Throughout the late 15th century various unsuccessful attempts were made to form commissions of experts to codify, update or define Scots law. The legal uncertainty which this situation created prompted increased reliance on the
399:
the beginnings of a legal profession began to develop and the administration of criminal and civil justice was centralised. The
Parliament of Scotland was normally called on an annual basis during this period, with the notable exception of King
280:
enacted a code of law that drew upon older practices, but it was also dominated by current events and focused on military matters and the conduct of the war. Nevertheless, the Act also codified procedures for criminal trials and protections for
475:
on the
Scottish common law. The general practice during this period, as evidenced from records of cases, seems to have been to defer to specific Scottish laws on a matter when available and to fill in any gaps with provisions from the
582:
usually has a minimum of two
Scottish justices to ensure that some Scottish experience is brought to bear on Scottish appeals. Scots law has continued to change and develop, with the most significant change coming under
471:. In 1532, when the College of Justice established rules of practice and a closed list of ten lawyers permitted to appear before them, six had studied law abroad. This also expanded the influence of Roman law and the
254:
legal developments in
Scotland appeared to have slowed, likely affected by the widespread social turmoil. There is some evidence that there were attempts to codify the law of the time and a small number of reforming
2188:
159:
It is difficult to say with any certainty to what degree contemporary Scots law still incorporates these customary sources. There is evidence to suggest that as late as the 17th century marriage laws in the
233:
and offered a more sophisticated form of justice. Litigants seem to have preferred to bring disputes before the ecclesiastical courts or an ecclesiastical arbiter rather than the lay courts in Scotland.
774:"Item, it is ordained that each year the king shall hold a parliament so that his subjects are served by the law, which shall begin on the morning after All Hallows' day , for the next three years."
769:
463:, filling the need for experts in advocacy, pleading and court procedure. The study of law was popular in Scotland and many students travelled to Continental Europe to study
2757:
1893:
208:
over many parts of the south and east, which eventually spread northward. As feudalism began to develop in Scotland a number of separate court systems developed.
571:). Appeal decisions by English judges raised concerns about this appeal to a foreign system, and in the late 19th century Acts allowed for the appointment of
1555:
2183:
1646:
1149:
2031:
2307:
1526:
559:
then reinvigorated Scots law as a university-taught discipline. The transfer of legislative power to London and the introduction of appeal to the
1656:
1407:
2787:
1570:
1380:
1253:
2987:
2210:
1945:
1477:
572:
2121:
1925:
1821:
1497:
1243:
579:
564:
3024:
3004:
2762:
1781:
2911:
2868:
2168:
1903:
1640:
1565:
1482:
1288:
1208:
1047:
1009:
89:
2158:
94:
The nature of Scots law before the 12th century is largely speculative but most likely was a folk-right system applying a specific
368:
in Scottish civil matters. The recognition of the sovereign authority of the Scottish Kings was connected to the influence of the
337:
2734:
1233:
1218:
1198:
584:
575:. At the same time, a series of cases made it clear that no appeal lay from the High Court of Justiciary to the House of Lords.
68:. The various historic sources of Scots law, including custom, feudal law, canon law, Roman law and English law have created a
2227:
1585:
1375:
1258:
1037:
2941:
2801:
2435:
1995:
1666:
1402:
1392:
988:
954:
360:
and development of existing legal institutions. In 1469, the Parliament of Scotland affirmed the ultimate authority of King
304:
was passed requiring those who administered justice in Scotland to learn Latin and study law for at least 3 years at school.
144:
2811:
2796:
2237:
1741:
1691:
1613:
1228:
1142:
377:
251:
1985:
1888:
1835:
1786:
1746:
1543:
1521:
1188:
1052:
2300:
2195:
2131:
1990:
1935:
1397:
1387:
1360:
1203:
540:
525:
2792:
2365:
2126:
1920:
1628:
1622:
1472:
1417:
1298:
765:
2971:
2806:
2743:
2701:
2572:
2385:
2205:
2200:
1882:
1550:
1365:
2951:
2864:
2136:
2116:
2051:
1965:
1898:
1856:
1816:
1771:
1636:
1538:
1504:
1335:
1135:
468:
289:
69:
2660:
2410:
317:(on procedure at the baron courts). Both of these important texts, as they were copied, had provisions from
2916:
2772:
2627:
2582:
2497:
2111:
1726:
1509:
1422:
1412:
1293:
1238:
77:
2675:
2632:
2492:
2457:
2293:
2000:
1791:
1575:
1487:
1445:
1273:
568:
556:
517:
417:
were to be excluded from its audiences and it was also this body that four years later in 1532 became the
297:
268:
260:
2637:
2895:
2891:
2873:
2173:
2088:
2060:
2036:
1876:
1801:
1736:
1516:
1467:
1320:
1308:
529:
521:
460:
388:, came under attack from the Stewart Dynasty which consequently extended the reach of Scots common law.
381:
380:
of 1438 was an attempt to limit papal authority in France and recognise the sovereign authority of King
361:
353:
293:
221:
161:
2527:
2487:
1970:
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2845:
2727:
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2617:
2542:
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2150:
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1454:
1436:
1248:
1193:
401:
264:
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2355:
2992:
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2232:
1955:
1950:
1930:
1848:
1796:
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1714:
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1492:
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1350:
1330:
1283:
1223:
1213:
1180:
1170:
588:
513:
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396:
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243:
197:
169:
149:
139:
61:
28:
2655:
455:
Men educated in the law also became increasingly important alongside the early development of the
36:
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2041:
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1681:
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1618:
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1355:
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1263:
505:
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418:
307:
From the 14th century we have surviving examples of early Scottish legal literature, such as the
301:
205:
156:(‘Laws of the Four Burghs’) was promulgated sometime between 1135–57 and regulated Lothian law.
606:
242:
During the period of English control over Scotland there is some evidence to suggest that King
98:
legal tradition to a certain culture inhabiting a certain corresponding area at the time, e.g.
2859:
2467:
2447:
2350:
2269:
2222:
2017:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1940:
1766:
1671:
1661:
1370:
1345:
1340:
1043:
1005:
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950:
489:
427:
329:
inserted or developed, demonstrating the influence which both these sources had on Scots law.
309:
119:
41:
2931:
2882:
2854:
2836:
2665:
2462:
2073:
2068:
2005:
1871:
1731:
1632:
509:
413:
173:
967:
176:, established what is approximately the boundaries of contemporary mainland Scotland. The
2956:
2816:
2720:
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2537:
2512:
2370:
2274:
2098:
2078:
1696:
1580:
533:
409:
349:
277:
220:
by 1270, though the laws applied by the burgh courts and the sheriff courts were similar.
181:
165:
135:
99:
1068:
Cultures of law in urban Northern Europe : Scotland and its neighbours c.1350-c.1650
448:
and there are a number of examples of statutes from this period which clearly drew from
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2567:
2517:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2400:
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2390:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2083:
560:
357:
185:
177:
115:
65:
3018:
2921:
2680:
2622:
2562:
2552:
2532:
2522:
2507:
2502:
2452:
2420:
2405:
2380:
2316:
2102:
1866:
1806:
1775:
1651:
501:
365:
123:
188:
were acquired in 1469, completing what is today the legal jurisdiction of Scotland.
17:
2966:
2936:
2592:
2547:
2472:
2442:
1861:
1811:
1756:
1325:
385:
95:
1021:
2767:
439:
412:, and their authority remained largely undisturbed. The evolution of the modern
371:
324:
73:
263:
evidencing at least some concern for remedying deficiencies in the law. Under
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1268:
2782:
2777:
2712:
1605:
464:
449:
445:
318:
230:
226:
201:
53:
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embodied in civil and canon law, which had the advantage of being written.
1915:
1686:
1158:
256:
131:
127:
111:
107:
57:
1117:. East Linton: Tuckwell, 1996 (reprint: Havertown: Birlinn, Ltd., 2022).
56:
from its early beginnings as a number of different custom systems among
2024:
282:
2012:
1127:
1097:
The spiritual jurisdiction in reformation Scotland: a legal history
1039:
A History of Private Law in Scotland: I. Introduction and Property
504:. Article 19 of the Act confirmed the continuing authority of the
405:
336:
213:
172:
and its subjugation of the surrounding cultures, completed by the
103:
35:
2285:
2716:
2289:
1131:
356:
in 1371, was defined by the growing authority and power of the
152:(r. 1124 – 1153) and regulating Welsh and Gaelic custom. The
80:
but also has its own unique legal institutions and sources.
404:, and its membership was further defined. The number of
60:'s early cultures to its modern role as one of the three
802:
408:
also continued to expand, including the introduction of
247:
one Scotsman, to oversee different regions in Scotland.
882:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 515 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
816:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 512 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
744:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 514 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
720:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 511 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
693:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 510 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
684:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 509 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
675:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 508 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
645:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 505 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
618:
Stair, vol. 22, para. 504 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26
343:
The Actis and Constitutiounis of the Realme of Scotland
766:
Legislation - Records of the Parliaments of Scotland
44:
is the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law.
2980:
2904:
2825:
2750:
2694:
2646:
2608:
2323:
2149:
2097:
2059:
2050:
1847:
1834:
1713:
1604:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1307:
1179:
1054:The Laws of Scotland: Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia
142:. The earliest preserved Scottish law code is the
1092:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP; Cary: Oxford UP, 2015.
804:The Records of the Parliament of Scotland to 1707
740:
738:
543:was now unrestricted in altering laws concerning
1102:Andrew R. C. Simpson & Adelyn L. M. Wilson.
949:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005),
553:evident utility of the subjects within Scotland
1066:Jackson W. Armstrong & Edda Frankot, eds.
609:, Georgetown Law Library, Retrieved 2011-10-22
2728:
2301:
1143:
1120:Reinhard Zimmermann & Kenneth Reid, eds.
300:were also founded following the wars and the
8:
1090:Enlightenment, legal education, and critique
516:in Scotland. Article 3, however, merged the
1086:Selected essays on the history of Scots law
1075:Selected essays on the history of Scots law
437:
369:
322:
313:(on procedure at the royal courts) and the
168:religious principles. The formation of the
164:still reflected Gaelic custom, contrary to
2735:
2721:
2713:
2308:
2294:
2286:
2056:
1844:
1840:
1719:
1450:
1441:
1313:
1150:
1136:
1128:
833:
831:
752:
750:
728:
726:
288:Scotland's three oldest universities, the
1115:Scotland and the Low Countries, 1124–1994
662:
660:
545:public right, policy and civil government
274:"that his subjects are served by the law"
1124:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
607:Scottish Legal History: A Research Guide
599:
384:. Various customary laws, such as the
364:and rejected the authority of imperial
1036:Reid, Kenneth; Zimmerman, Reinhard.
983:(London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002),
7:
2988:Legal services in the United Kingdom
1478:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
1122:A history of private law in Scotland
573:Scottish Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
580:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
565:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1070:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2021.
200:began the gradual introduction of
134:of Caithness and the islands, and
25:
1904:Scottish Qualifications Authority
1641:Office of the Accountant of Court
1566:Member of the Scottish Parliament
1042:. Oxford University Press, 2000.
90:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
1110:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2017.
1099:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2019.
1081:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
376:in Scots law. For example, the
1024:, BBC News, 30 September 2009.
145:Leges inter Brettos et Scottos
1:
1022:Profiles: UK Supreme Justices
378:Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
285:from ejection from the land.
252:Wars of Scottish Independence
72:, which shares elements with
1254:Colonisation of the Americas
204:in Scotland and established
70:hybrid or mixed legal system
3005:United Kingdom law category
551:, only alterations for the
541:Parliament of Great Britain
526:Parliament of Great Britain
276:. In 1318, a parliament at
3041:
2869:English administrative law
1926:Inventions and discoveries
1629:Supreme Courts of Scotland
1079:Law, lawyers, and humanism
87:
52:traces the development of
26:
3025:Legal history of Scotland
3001:
2758:Parliamentary sovereignty
2744:Law of the United Kingdom
2254:
2201:Scottish Episcopal Church
1883:Curriculum for Excellence
1843:
1722:
1316:
1166:
1004:(London: Pimlico, 1992),
587:and the formation of the
196:In the 12th century King
1637:High Court of Justiciary
290:University of St Andrews
2896:English civil procedure
2773:Law of Northern Ireland
2211:Free Church of Scotland
1498:International relations
947:Modern Scottish Culture
528:, with its seat in the
391:From the reign of King
2912:British Virgin Islands
2366:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1792:Royal Bank of Scotland
1488:Great Seal of Scotland
1113:Grant G. Simpson, ed.
1104:Scottish legal history
1002:Scotland a New History
807:, Retrieved 22-10-2011
569:Sale of Goods Act 1893
557:Scottish Enlightenment
518:Parliament of Scotland
438:
370:
345:
323:
298:University of Aberdeen
269:Parliament of Scotland
267:the importance of the
261:Parliament of Scotland
154:Leges Quatuor Burgorum
45:
2089:British Sign Language
1556:Members of Parliament
1483:Deputy First Minister
1321:Anglo-Scottish border
1289:Industrial Revolution
981:A History of Scotland
530:Palace of Westminster
522:Parliament of England
461:ecclesiastical courts
433:Quoniam Attachiamenta
382:Charles VII of France
340:
315:Quoniam Attachiamenta
294:University of Glasgow
222:Ecclesiastical courts
180:were added after the
162:Highlands and Islands
88:Further information:
39:
2878:English criminal law
2846:English contract law
2032:World Heritage Sites
1229:Wars of Independence
1084:John W. Cairns, ed.
1073:John W. Cairns, ed.
555:were permitted. The
238:Wars of Independence
148:, promulgated under
50:history of Scots law
18:Scottish feudal laws
2609:States with limited
1822:International trade
1376:Mountains and hills
1284:Highland Clearances
1259:Glorious Revolution
1224:Davidian Revolution
1171:Outline of Scotland
589:Scottish Parliament
514:Court of Justiciary
494:Kingdom of Scotland
386:Law of Clan MacDuff
259:were passed by the
170:Kingdom of Scotland
140:Lothian and Borders
62:legal jurisdictions
29:History of Scotland
2887:English family law
2763:Constitutional law
2179:Church of Scotland
1971:Royal National Mòd
1909:Education Scotland
1682:Scots property law
1677:College of Justice
1586:Secretary of State
1408:Biosphere reserves
1279:Lowland Clearances
1264:1707 Acts of Union
506:College of Justice
498:Kingdom of England
457:College of Justice
419:College of Justice
352:, founded by King
346:
302:Education Act 1496
206:feudal land tenure
78:Northern Irish law
46:
3012:
3011:
2993:British penal law
2710:
2709:
2283:
2282:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2238:Ethnic minorities
2196:Roman Catholicism
2145:
2144:
1830:
1829:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1692:Prison population
1672:Sheriff principal
1667:Solicitor General
1662:Procurator fiscal
1571:Political parties
1431:
1430:
1209:Early Middle Ages
1095:Thomas M. Green.
968:Act of Union 1707
547:, but concerning
490:Act of Union 1707
428:Regiam Majestatem
310:Regiam Majestatem
42:Regiam Majestatem
16:(Redirected from
3032:
2972:English case law
2855:English land law
2837:English tort law
2737:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2647:Dependencies and
2583:Northern Ireland
2324:Sovereign states
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2263:
2184:General Assembly
2074:Scottish English
2069:Highland English
2057:
1946:Oldest buildings
1845:
1841:
1787:Renewable energy
1732:Bank of Scotland
1720:
1633:Court of Session
1614:Advocate General
1544:Military history
1522:Local government
1451:
1442:
1314:
1234:Late Middle Ages
1219:High Middle Ages
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1025:
1019:
1013:
998:
992:
977:
971:
964:
958:
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
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871:
865:
862:
856:
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847:
844:
838:
835:
826:
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808:
800:
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745:
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718:
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691:
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628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
604:
510:Court of Session
443:
414:Court of Session
410:burghs of barony
375:
328:
265:Robert the Bruce
184:in 1263 and the
174:Battle of Carham
21:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2976:
2957:Anglo-Saxon law
2905:Related systems
2900:
2826:Parallel fields
2821:
2817:Retained EU law
2802:Competition law
2788:Civil liberties
2746:
2741:
2711:
2706:
2690:
2648:
2642:
2628:Northern Cyprus
2610:
2604:
2498:North Macedonia
2319:
2314:
2284:
2279:
2266:
2259:
2242:
2141:
2093:
2079:Scottish Gaelic
2046:
1951:Performing arts
1826:
1701:
1697:Police Scotland
1600:
1581:Scotland Office
1427:
1388:Protected areas
1303:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1063:
1061:Further reading
1033:
1028:
1020:
1016:
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995:
978:
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631:
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622:
617:
613:
605:
601:
597:
486:
350:Stewart dynasty
335:
333:Stewart dynasty
240:
194:
182:Battle of Largs
136:Anglo-Saxon law
102:for the Gaels (
92:
86:
33:
31:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
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2812:Commercial law
2809:
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2797:insolvency law
2790:
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1473:First Minister
1470:
1465:
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1439:
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1418:Municipalities
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993:
979:R. Mitchison,
972:
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561:House of Lords
485:
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358:Scottish Kings
334:
331:
239:
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218:Leges burgorum
193:
190:
186:Northern Isles
178:Outer Hebrides
85:
82:
66:United Kingdom
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
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2751:Common fields
2749:
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2661:Faroe Islands
2659:
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2631:
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2206:Baptist Union
2204:
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2199:
2197:
2194:
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2110:
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2038:
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2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:national flag
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
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1979:
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1776:North Sea oil
1773:
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1652:Lord Advocate
1650:
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1579:
1577:
1576:Republicanism
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
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1274:Enlightenment
1272:
1270:
1267:
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1262:
1260:
1257:
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1080:
1076:
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1069:
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1051:
1049:
1048:0-19-829941-9
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:0-7126-9893-0
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
973:
969:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:M. Gardiner,
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
921:
915:
912:
906:
903:
897:
894:
888:
885:
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849:
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834:
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828:
822:
819:
813:
810:
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799:
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790:
787:
781:
778:
775:
771:
768:, 1399/1/13.
767:
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729:
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723:
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714:
708:
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594:
592:
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586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:private right
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Great Britain
499:
495:
491:
484:Great Britain
483:
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451:
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124:Yr Hen Ogledd
121:
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109:
105:
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83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
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51:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3003:
2833:Scots delict
2638:Transnistria
2600:Vatican City
2169:Christianity
2159:Baháʼí Faith
2052:Demographics
1996:coat of arms
1966:Prostitution
1899:Universities
1881:
1857:Architecture
1817:Unemployment
1812:Silicon Glen
1772:Oil industry
1757:Harris Tweed
1647:Crown Office
1539:Armed forces
1517:Independence
1505:Human rights
1336:Conservation
1326:Central Belt
1244:Early modern
1121:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1053:
1038:
1017:
1001:
996:
980:
975:
970:, Wikisource
962:
946:
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851:
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821:
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773:
761:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
602:
577:
563:(now to the
552:
548:
544:
538:
524:to form the
492:unified the
487:
477:
472:
454:
432:
426:
423:
390:
347:
342:
314:
308:
306:
287:
273:
249:
241:
217:
210:
195:
158:
153:
143:
93:
49:
47:
32:
2947:New Zealand
2768:English law
2676:Isle of Man
2611:recognition
2558:Switzerland
2493:Netherlands
1727:Agriculture
1591:Nationalism
1510:LGBT rights
1413:Environment
1294:Romanticism
1249:Reformation
1239:Renaissance
1204:Middle Ages
1199:Roman times
1194:Prehistoric
936:Reid, p. 73
927:Reid, p. 70
918:Reid, p. 68
909:Reid, p. 67
900:Reid, p. 66
891:Reid, p. 65
873:Reid, p. 55
864:Reid, p. 54
855:Reid, p. 52
846:Reid, p. 56
837:Reid, p. 50
825:Reid, p. 46
793:Reid, p. 41
784:Reid, p. 40
770:Translation
756:Reid, p. 38
732:Reid, p. 36
711:Reid, p. 30
702:Reid, p. 24
666:Reid, p. 23
654:Reid, p. 20
636:Reid, p. 16
627:Reid, p. 15
478:ius commune
473:ius commune
440:ius commune
372:ius commune
341:1566 book,
325:ius commune
250:During the
122:Britons of
106:and men of
74:English law
2962:Common law
2807:Labour law
2528:San Marino
2488:Montenegro
2468:Luxembourg
2448:Kazakhstan
2351:Azerbaijan
2189:Moderators
2132:Scientists
2018:regimental
1961:Placenames
1956:Philosophy
1931:Literature
1561:Parliament
1493:Government
1463:Devolution
1446:Government
1403:Ecoregions
1393:Waterfalls
1269:Jacobitism
1088:, vol. 2:
1077:, vol. 1:
1031:References
1000:M. Lynch,
989:0415278805
955:0748620273
585:devolution
578:Today the
100:Brehon law
27:See also:
2932:Hong Kong
2917:Australia
2783:Welsh law
2778:Scots law
2666:Gibraltar
2463:Lithuania
2174:Christmas
2127:Musicians
2122:Inventors
2061:Languages
2037:Festivals
1877:Education
1802:Transport
1742:Companies
1737:Charities
1468:Elections
1356:Highlands
1309:Geography
1108:1000–1707
1106:, vol.1:
1012:, p. 357.
991:, p. 314.
957:, p. 100.
591:in 1999.
520:with the
469:civil law
465:canon law
450:Roman law
446:Canon law
444:found in
362:James III
354:Robert II
319:Roman law
231:Canon law
202:feudalism
192:Feudalism
116:Welsh law
96:customary
54:Scots law
3019:Category
2981:See also
2686:Svalbard
2671:Guernsey
2618:Abkhazia
2588:Scotland
2543:Slovenia
2538:Slovakia
2513:Portugal
2371:Bulgaria
2270:Category
2218:Hinduism
2164:Buddhism
2151:Religion
1981:Surnames
1921:Identity
1916:Hogmanay
1894:Colleges
1752:Forestry
1687:Udal law
1596:Unionism
1551:Monarchs
1455:Politics
1437:Politics
1371:Lowlands
1189:Timeline
1159:Scotland
500:to form
496:and the
402:James IV
395:to King
366:notaries
321:and the
296:and the
257:statutes
244:Edward I
166:Catholic
130:for the
128:Udal law
112:Ayrshire
108:Galloway
58:Scotland
2942:Ireland
2793:Company
2578:England
2568:Ukraine
2518:Romania
2478:Moldova
2436:Ireland
2431:Iceland
2426:Hungary
2416:Germany
2411:Georgia
2401:Finland
2396:Estonia
2391:Denmark
2376:Croatia
2361:Belgium
2356:Belarus
2346:Austria
2341:Armenia
2336:Andorra
2331:Albania
2261:Outline
2233:Sikhism
2228:Judaism
2137:Writers
2117:Artists
2025:unicorn
1986:Symbols
1936:Museums
1889:Schools
1872:Cuisine
1849:Culture
1836:Society
1797:Tourism
1762:Housing
1747:Fishing
1715:Economy
1527:History
1381:Highest
1361:Islands
1351:Geology
1331:Climate
1214:Kingdom
1181:History
397:James V
393:James I
283:vassals
198:David I
150:David I
120:lowland
84:Origins
64:of the
2967:Equity
2922:Canada
2860:Trusts
2681:Jersey
2623:Kosovo
2563:Turkey
2553:Sweden
2533:Serbia
2523:Russia
2508:Poland
2503:Norway
2483:Monaco
2453:Latvia
2421:Greece
2406:France
2381:Cyprus
2275:Portal
2112:Actors
2099:People
2042:Comedy
2013:tartan
1991:anthem
1807:Whisky
1619:Courts
1532:Cities
1299:Modern
1046:
1008:
987:
953:
534:London
406:burghs
292:, the
214:Burghs
2937:India
2892:Scots
2883:Scots
2874:Scots
2865:Scots
2851:Scots
2842:Scots
2656:Åland
2593:Wales
2548:Spain
2473:Malta
2443:Italy
2223:Islam
2084:Scots
2001:flags
1976:Sport
1941:Music
1867:Clans
1767:Media
1423:Munro
1398:Glens
1366:Lochs
1346:Flora
1341:Fauna
595:Notes
278:Scone
227:Roman
132:Norse
104:Scoti
2894:and
2885:and
2876:and
2867:and
2853:and
2844:and
2835:and
2795:and
2103:list
1623:List
1044:ISBN
1006:ISBN
985:ISBN
966:See
951:ISBN
539:The
512:and
488:The
467:and
459:and
431:and
348:The
229:and
118:for
110:and
76:and
48:The
40:The
1862:Art
1606:Law
138:in
114:),
3021::
1639:,
1635:,
830:^
772::
749:^
737:^
725:^
659:^
536:.
532:,
508:,
452:.
421:.
126:,
2736:e
2729:t
2722:v
2309:e
2302:t
2295:v
2105:)
2101:(
1778:)
1774:(
1643:)
1631:(
1625:)
1621:(
1151:e
1144:t
1137:v
20:)
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