938:
107:
309:
326:
poor quality rough cloths seem to have been significant. Exports of hides and particularly salmon, where the Scots held a decisive advantage in quality over their rivals, appear to have held up much better than wool, despite the general economic downturn in Europe in the aftermath of the Black Death. Exports of hides averaged 56,400 a year from 1380 to 1384, but fell to an average of 48,000 over the next five years and to 34,200 by the end of the century.
243:, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from international trade they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship. In general, burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands than nationally or internationally, relying on them for food and raw materials.
193:
developed manufacturing industries in
Scotland for most of this period. As a result, the most important exports were unprocessed raw materials, including wool, hides, salt, fish, animals and coal, while Scotland remained frequently short of wood, iron and, in years of bad harvests, grain, the last of which was brought in large quantities from Ireland and England, particularly in times of dearth. Until the disruption caused by the outbreak of the
49:
certain legal privileges from the crown. They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements and their growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. The most important exports were unprocessed raw materials, including wool, hides, salt, fish, animals and coal, while
Scotland remained frequently short of wood, iron and, in years of bad harvests, grain. Coins replaced
201:
338:. This, and perennial problems in royal finance, led to several debasements of the coinage, with the amount of silver in a penny being cut to almost a fifth between the late fourteenth century and the late fifteenth century. The heavily debased "black money", introduced in 1480, had to be withdrawn two years later and may have helped fuel a financial and political crisis.
22:
321:
valuable agricultural land of the
Borders and Lowlands, meant that this fell in the period 1341–42 to 1342–43 to 2,450 sacks of wool and 17,900 hides. The trade recovered to reach a peak in the 1370s, with an annual average of 7,360 sacks, but the international recession from the 1380s saw a reduction to an annual average of 3,100 sacks. The introduction of
160:(1124–53), there are records of burghs (a Germanic word for a fortress), towns that were granted certain legal privileges from the crown. Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England, and they were run by early burgesses that were usually English or
44:
is limited. In the early Middle Ages the rise of
Christianity meant that wine and precious metals were imported for use in religious rites. Imported goods found in archaeological sites of the period include ceramics and glass, while many sites indicate iron and precious metal working. The slave trade
192:
Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to inhabitants and visitors on market days. In the High Middle Ages there was an increasing amount of foreign trade. However, there were relatively few
268:
through which all wools, woolfells and hides were theoretically channelled. Scots in the town received certain privileges and from 1407 the interests of
Scottish merchants were represented by a "conservator of the Scottish privileges". Relationships with Bruges were often difficult. The involvement
325:
was a serious blow to the wool trade from the early fifteenth century. Despite a levelling off, there was another drop in exports as the markets collapsed in the early-sixteenth century Low
Countries. Unlike in England, this did not prompt the Scots to turn to large scale cloth production and only
93:
was a serious blow to the wool trade from the early fifteenth century. Despite a leveling off, there was another drop in exports as the markets collapsed in the early-sixteenth century Low
Countries. Unlike in England, this did not prompt the Scots to turn to large scale cloth production and only
48:
In the High Middle Ages there was an increasing amount of foreign trade. The increased marine exploitation of the
Highlands and Islands may have been as a result of the arrival of Scandinavian settlers in this period. From the reign of David I, there are records of burghs, towns that were granted
329:
With the Wars of
Independence and changes of Irish land from arable to pastoral farming, new sources of grain were needed. It began to be imported in large quantities, particularly from the Baltic ports, through Berwick and Ayr. There was a growing desire among the court, lords, upper clergy and
114:
There are not the detailed custom accounts for most of the period that exist for
England, that can provide an understanding of foreign trade, with the first records for Scotland dating to the 1320s. Anecdotal and archaeological evidence gives some indication of the nature of trade for the early
320:
Wool and hides were the major exports in the late Middle Ages. From 1327 to 1332, the earliest period for which figures survive, the annual average was 5,700 sacks of wool and 36,100 leather hides. The disruption of the Wars of Independence, which not only limited trade but damaged much of the
123:
went to a port to await ships bearing news, and presumably other items, from Italy. Imported goods found in archaeological sites of the period include ceramics and glass, while many sites indicate iron and precious metal working. The slave trade was also important, with most rural households
140:
Bone evidence indicates that there was a significant growth in the fish trade around 1000 and a move from inshore to deep sea catches. The increased marine exploitation of the Highlands and Islands may have been as a result of the arrival of Scandinavian settlers in this period. Later
246:
The Wars of Independence closed English markets and raised the levels of piracy and disruption to naval trade on both sides. They may have led to an increase in continental trade. Isolated references indicate that Scottish ships were active in
98:. This, and perennial problems in royal finance, led to several debasements of the coinage. The heavily debased "black money", introduced in 1480, had to be withdrawn two years later and may have helped fuel a financial and political crisis.
89:. Wool and hides were the major exports in the late Middle Ages. The disruption of the Wars of Independence meant that this fell in the period 1341–42 to 1342–43, but trade recovered to reach a peak in the 1370s. The introduction of
115:
Middle Ages. The rise of Christianity meant that wine and precious metals were imported for use in religious rites and there are occasional references to journeys to and from foreign countries, such as the incident recorded by
188:
were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. The foundations of around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296.
255:
and the earliest records from the 1330s indicate that five-sixths of this trade was in the hands of Scottish merchants. The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were German merchants of the
57:
in the early fourteenth century, most naval trade was probably coastal and most foreign trade was with England, but the disruption of this era encouraged the opening up of new markers on the continent.
216:
introduced into Scotland in this period became major landholders, particularly in the Borders. They were significant sheep farmers and producers of wool for the markets in Flanders. Some abbeys like
94:
poor quality rough cloths seem to have been significant. There was an increased demand in Scotland for luxury goods, that largely had to be imported, leading to a chronic shortage of
231:, Edinburgh and Perth, but until the end of the period most exchange was done without the use of metal currency and where it was, English coins probably outnumbered Scottish ones.
128:
indicates that the Picts were buying slaves from Britons in what is now southern Scotland. The slave trade in the Irish Sea may have been stimulated by the arrival of the
783:
J. Wubs-Mrozeqicz, "'Alle goede coepluyden...': strategies in the Scandinavian trade policies of Amsterdam and Lübeck, c. 1440–1560", in Hanno Brand, Leos Müller, eds,
1272:
491:
J. H. Barrett, A. M. Locker and C. M. Robert, "'Dark Age Economic' revisited: the English fish-bone evidence 600–1600" in L. Sicking, D. Abreu-Ferreira, eds,
1038:
887:
145:
gained a reputation for the sale of fish, particularly salmon, which was shipped in large Hamburg barrels. The term l'abberdaan was synonymous with cod in
1063:
269:
of Scottish merchants in piracy resulted in embargoes on Scottish traders by the Hanseatic League in 1412–15 and 1419–36. However, trade with Danzig,
1080:
1048:
1277:
1282:
1100:
1058:
1151:
1166:
1115:
164:. They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements, which was sometimes, as in the case of
168:, very extensive. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen,
1161:
61:
The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were merchants in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a
281:
several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remained the major trading partner, from the 1460s trade also developed with
77:
several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remained the major trading partner, from the 1460s trade also developed with
1110:
917:
621:
392:
805:
927:
922:
45:
was also important and in the Irish Sea it may have been stimulated by the arrival of the Vikings from the late eighth century.
1085:
1053:
880:
1075:
857:
836:
815:
792:
771:
750:
729:
699:
669:
645:
587:
566:
545:
524:
500:
479:
458:
434:
413:
371:
1156:
194:
54:
1251:
1141:
1120:
896:
785:
The Dynamics of Economic Culture in the North Sea and Baltic Region: In the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period
220:
had large amounts of land and very large numbers of sheep, probably at least 12,000 in the late thirteenth century.
1287:
1125:
1105:
1090:
937:
873:
227:
in this period, with Scottish coins being struck from the reign of David I and mints were established at Berwick,
106:
1235:
972:
53:, with Scottish coins being struck from the reign of David I. Until the disruption caused by the outbreak of the
197:
in the early fourteenth century, most naval trade was probably coastal and most foreign trade was with England.
1043:
308:
1220:
1173:
1230:
1022:
1204:
1095:
1012:
313:
129:
1225:
997:
294:
1146:
1017:
274:
157:
70:
957:
330:
wealthier merchants for luxury goods, that largely had to be imported, including fine cloth from
169:
807:"Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen": Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe
1189:
1007:
1002:
912:
853:
832:
811:
788:
767:
746:
725:
695:
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641:
617:
583:
562:
541:
520:
496:
475:
454:
430:
409:
388:
367:
1194:
987:
257:
176:
and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. In the south-west,
173:
334:
and Italy, wine, pottery, armour and military equipment. This led to a chronic shortage of
952:
517:
Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900–1850
493:
Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900–1850
538:
Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: A Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures
967:
286:
82:
741:
S. M. Foster, "The topography of peoples lives: geography to 1314", in I. Brown, ed.,
1266:
512:
217:
205:
185:
743:
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707
557:
E. Ewen, "The crafts in thirteenth-century Scotland", in A. Grant, K. J. Stringer,
406:
Scotland after the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000
29:
25:
977:
660:
K. J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100–1300", in J. Wormald, ed.,
124:
containing some slaves. Kings are often mentioned raiding for slaves. A letter of
32:, showing many of Scotland's major trading partners. Scotland is shown bottom left
240:
213:
125:
41:
1199:
865:
515:
and D. Abreu-Ferreirain "Introduction" in L. Sicking, D. Abreu-Ferreira, eds,
261:
120:
116:
62:
270:
200:
165:
21:
992:
962:
331:
228:
161:
146:
142:
982:
335:
302:
290:
278:
177:
150:
95:
86:
74:
829:
Civil Justice in Renaissance Scotland: The Origins of a Central Court
265:
252:
248:
224:
66:
50:
322:
307:
298:
282:
199:
105:
90:
78:
37:
20:
869:
451:
Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800 – 1200
260:
in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a
181:
472:
The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. AD 400–1200
316:(1460–88), whose reign saw a major debasement of the coinage
208:, which became one of the major exporters of Scottish wool
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
305:, where it remained until the late seventeenth century.
273:, Hamburg and Bruges continued. The staple was moved to
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
36:
The information about Scotland's domestic and foreign
722:
Scotland's Black Death: The Foul Death of the English
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
632:
630:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
1244:
1213:
1182:
1134:
1031:
945:
905:
559:Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community
850:A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages
694:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
692:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
656:
654:
582:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989),
561:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998),
540:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
474:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
445:
443:
429:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
408:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003),
881:
8:
764:The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284
364:Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity
888:
874:
866:
810:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012),
766:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003),
664:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005),
346:
1273:Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages
580:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306
297:moved the Staple to the small port of
640:(London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002),
614:Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation
385:Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation
7:
745:(Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
312:A groat of 1482 showing the head of
14:
852:(Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003),
427:From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070
936:
212:New monastic orders such as the
1278:History of international trade
404:K. J. Edwards and I. Ralston,
132:from the late eighth century.
110:Burghs established before 1153
1:
1283:Foreign relations of Scotland
787:(Uitgeverij Verloren, 2007),
1252:History of the British Isles
366:(St. Martin's Press, 1997),
898:Scotland in the Middle Ages
153:in the thirteenth century.
1304:
536:E. Gemmill and N. Mayhew,
69:. The staple was moved to
16:Trade in medieval Scotland
934:
239:In addition to the major
724:(Stroud: Tempus, 2006),
616:(Thrupp: Sutton, 2004),
387:(Thrupp: Sutton, 2004),
223:Coins began to replace
317:
209:
111:
33:
1205:Scandinavian Scotland
1190:Lordship of the Isles
638:A History of Scotland
311:
203:
109:
24:
1157:Wars of Independence
195:Wars of Independence
55:Wars of Independence
1147:Davidian Revolution
662:Scotland: A History
301:in the Province of
848:S. H. Rigby, ed.,
318:
210:
156:From the reign of
112:
34:
1288:Trade in Scotland
1260:
1259:
918:Early Middle Ages
762:D. A. Carpenter,
578:G. W. S. Barrow,
102:Early Middle Ages
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1245:Related articles
1142:Christianisation
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928:Late Middle Ages
923:High Middle Ages
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225:barter goods
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51:barter goods
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35:
30:Olaus Magnus
26:Carta marina
18:
1174:Renaissance
1152:Great Cause
1064:Agriculture
1023:Strathclyde
482:, pp. 21–2.
214:Cistercians
126:St. Patrick
42:Middle Ages
40:during the
1267:Categories
1231:Parliament
1101:Literature
1086:Government
1054:Demography
858:0631217851
837:9004174664
816:074866808X
793:9065508821
772:0195220005
751:074862760X
730:0752437321
700:0748602763
670:0198206151
646:0415278805
588:074860104X
567:074861110X
546:0521027098
525:9004169733
513:L. Sicking
501:9004169733
480:0521547407
459:9004175334
435:0748612343
425:A. Woolf,
414:0748617361
372:0333567617
323:sheep-scab
293:. In 1508
275:Middelburg
121:St Columba
91:sheep-scab
71:Middelburg
1081:Geography
1076:Education
1049:Childhood
978:Dál Riata
913:Sub-Roman
839:, p. 188.
569:, p. 164.
548:, p. 307.
461:, p. 341.
416:, p. 230.
395:, p. 136.
314:James III
271:Stralsund
166:Edinburgh
119:in which
1111:Religion
1096:Language
1091:Identity
1018:Scotland
993:Gododdin
988:Galloway
963:Bernicia
958:Bamburgh
795:, p. 88.
774:, p. 39.
753:, p. 47.
648:, p. 78.
590:, p. 98.
527:, p. 12.
503:, p. 33.
332:Flanders
295:James IV
229:Roxburgh
147:Flanders
143:Aberdeen
1195:Marches
1121:Warfare
1116:Society
1059:Economy
983:Fortriu
336:bullion
303:Zeeland
291:Antwerp
279:Zeeland
218:Melrose
178:Glasgow
170:Berwick
162:Flemish
158:David I
151:Cologne
130:Vikings
117:Adomnán
96:bullion
87:Antwerp
75:Zeeland
1183:Places
1167:Second
1135:Events
1032:Topics
1013:Rhinns
1008:Orkney
856:
835:
814:
791:
770:
749:
728:
698:
668:
644:
620:
586:
565:
544:
523:
499:
478:
457:
433:
412:
391:
370:
266:Bruges
262:staple
253:Danzig
249:Bergen
67:Bruges
63:staple
1221:Court
1162:First
1126:Women
1106:Music
1069:Trade
1003:Moray
998:Isles
342:Notes
299:Veere
283:Veere
174:Perth
79:Veere
38:trade
953:Alba
906:Eras
854:ISBN
833:ISBN
812:ISBN
789:ISBN
768:ISBN
747:ISBN
726:ISBN
696:ISBN
666:ISBN
642:ISBN
618:ISBN
584:ISBN
563:ISBN
542:ISBN
521:ISBN
497:ISBN
476:ISBN
455:ISBN
431:ISBN
410:ISBN
389:ISBN
368:ISBN
289:and
251:and
184:and
149:and
85:and
1226:Law
1044:Art
968:Cat
277:in
264:in
182:Ayr
73:in
65:in
28:by
1269::
973:Cé
707:^
677:^
653:^
629:^
595:^
442:^
349:^
285:,
180:,
172:,
81:,
889:e
882:t
875:v
818:.
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