281:(1100–1135). This act of public healing by powerful kings and royal family members encouraged the nickname "King's Evil". After the touching, the sovereign presented the affected person with an angel on a gold-plated coin that was to be hung around the infected person by a ribbon. This was used as a way of warding off the disease. This coin could have weighed as much as 5 grams and was considered a
162:, which is persistent and usually grows with time. The mass is referred to as a "cold abscess", because there is no accompanying local color or warmth and the overlying skin acquires a violaceous (bluish-purple) color. NTM infections do not show other notable constitutional symptoms, but scrofula caused by tuberculosis is usually accompanied by other symptoms of the disease, such as
51:
545:. The book starts by listing the typical symptoms and indications of how far the disease had progressed. It then goes into detail with a number of case studies, describing the specific case of the patient, the various treatments used and their effectiveness. The forty-second edition was printed in 1824.
323:
have all been proven to result in a complete cure of NTM-type infections-- different treatments can cause different side-effects, including facial nerve injury and scarring. Therefore, the course of treatment must be tailored to each patient, taking into account their history as well as the severity
268:
The treatment for mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis consisted primarily of small incisions to remove the surrounding soft tissue and/or the abnormal mass. Until the 18th century, many doctors thought the only way to cure the disease was to be touched by a member of a royal family. In both France
605:
for ten days and had antimicrobial drug therapy for 14 days. Once the patient returned for a follow-up appointment, the lymph node had only slightly decreased in size. Due to this, it had to be completely removed from her neck. Bacterial cultivation of tissue from the excised lymph node resulted in
137:
and other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Unlike the adult cases, only 8% of cases in children are tuberculous. With the stark decrease of tuberculosis in the second half of the 20th century, scrofula became a less common disease in adults, but remained common in children. With the appearance of
264:
King's Evil, as the disease was historically called, was known as a frequent disorder in the 17th century, and was believed to be caused by bad blood coagulating in spongy organs such as the thyroid and the lymph nodes. Physicians also believed the disease could be inherited and could result from
583:
A three-year-old healthy young female presented with a bilateral cervical lymph node enlarged. The patient was admitted to the hospital after tuberculosis skin test became positive and further examination showed several other enlarged lymph nodes near her neck. At the hospital, she underwent an
507:
continued to recommend mercury as the best cure for scrofula, stating it caused an irritation that would counteract the disease and increased the working of the glands. Alternative treatments were also offered. Many rejected the harsh side effects of mercury, claiming their cures were made of
189:
Cervical lymphadenitis is commonly caused by an infection of mycobacteria in the head region. This disease is very inconsistent; cases can have different laboratory findings. Sometimes the disease can occur due to tuberculosis disease. However it is vital that, on a case-by-case basis, it is
390:
With adequate treatment, clinical remission is practically 100%. In NTM infections, with adequate surgical treatment, clinical remission is greater than 95%. It is recommended that persons in close contact with the diseased person, such as family members, be tested for tuberculosis.
318:
The choice of treatment is highly dependent on the specific type of infection, i.e. NTM or tuberculoid. Furthermore, although many different therapeutic options exist, especially with regards to non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections --incision and drainage, aspiration biopsy and
1269:
1254:
1369:
2044:
186:. The fatal outcome some patients experienced in earlier times was due to a cheese-like presentation of the lungs and the King's Evil lesions. It was also associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.
2328:
1362:
251:. Although tuberculous and non tuberculosis lymphadenitis are morphologically identical, the pattern is somewhat distinct from other causes of bacterial lymphadenitis.
2037:
425:, because swine were supposed to be subject to the complaint, or because the line of elevated lymph nodes was thought to resemble the belly of a breastfeeding sow.
1355:
680:"Analysis of the causes of cervical lymphadenopathy using fine-needle aspiration cytology combining cell block in Chinese patients with and without HIV infection"
310:– the plant being hung around the neck of the affected. Figwort does, in fact, contain compounds that can help decrease inflammation, irritation and discomfort.
1820:
2030:
1815:
495:
Physicians, healers, and patent medicine sellers offered a wide range of cures for scrofula or the King's Evil. Since ancient times, the highly toxic
306:), which has nodular roots that resemble the swollen lymph nodes of the affected, was thought to be useful in treating the disease, according to the
1663:
499:
mercury, referred to as cinnabar, quicksilver or calomel, was administered as an ointment or pill or inhaled as a vapor to treat skin diseases.
2125:
1449:
130:
patients (about 50% of cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy). In immunocompetent children, scrofula is often caused by atypical mycobacteria (
116:
of the neck, usually as a result of an infection in the lymph nodes known as lymphadenitis. It can be caused by tuberculous or nontuberculous
2353:
2197:
972:
2268:
269:
and
England, the kings, who were thought to have inherited a miraculous power to cure the illness, touched crowds of infected people. The '
456:
contained a ceremony for this, and it was traditional for the monarch (king or queen) to present to the touched person a coin—usually an
1098:
1565:
1658:
1378:
1082:
920:
2300:
1633:
1985:
68:
1230:
988:
Mandell DL, Wald ER, Michaels MG, Dohar JE (March 2003). "Management of nontuberculous mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis".
190:
determined whether the cause is tuberculous or nontuberculous mycobacteria, as treatment often differs between the two forms.
2338:
2213:
1702:
1692:
1599:
904:
1041:
2343:
1965:
1810:
1443:
1056:
477:
290:
2348:
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2187:
1951:
1857:
1796:
1722:
101:
530:
In the 18th century, Elizabeth
Pearson, an Irish herbalist, proposed a treatment for scrofula involving herbs and a
178:
in about 43% of the patients. As the lesion progresses, skin becomes adhered to the mass and may rupture, forming a
1511:
590:
378:
or total excision (with the risk in the latter procedure, however, often causing unsightly scarring, damage to the
132:
122:
812:"Clinicopathologic correlation of epidemiologic and histopathologic features of pediatric bacterial lymphadenitis"
1842:
1626:
1560:
608:
464:
to about 10 shillings. In
England this practice continued until the early 18th century, and was continued by the
1979:
1643:
1457:
1284:
202:
612:. After she recovered and went home, there were no repeat signs that the infection was back for over a year.
218:
1881:
1867:
1648:
1477:
1419:
585:
374:, but is usually resistant to antibiotics. The affected nodes can be removed either by repeated aspiration,
2192:
1874:
1828:
1776:
1741:
1653:
1604:
1573:
1548:
631:
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340:
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2010:
1913:
1853:
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1766:
1748:
1731:
1150:
496:
469:
449:
437:
339:. Furthermore, surgery may spread the disease to other organs. The best approach is to use conventional
2290:
2280:
1674:
1638:
1616:
1468:
1435:
1408:
846:"A Sad Inheritance of Misery: The Cultural Life of Hereditary Scrofula in Eighteenth-Century England"
503:
taken internally induced vomiting and sweating, reactions believed to cure the disease. In 1830, the
400:
1347:
2273:
2152:
1909:
1804:
1707:
1687:
1594:
1516:
1428:
1273:
928:
596:
489:
441:
298:
552:, recommended several treatments for the King's Evil, or scrofula, in his 1815 home medical guide
2285:
2258:
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2159:
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2001:
1917:
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1697:
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278:
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1005:
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827:
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752:
711:
660:
500:
198:
127:
63:
527:, and cured her within a week. Ironically, Culpepper would himself later die of tuberculosis.
2307:
2263:
2238:
2225:
2142:
2132:
2102:
1931:
1399:
1221:
Healing the Nation's Wounds: Royal Ritual and
Experimental Philosophy in Restoration England
1188:
1180:
1099:"Petition of Mrs. Pearson Respecting Her Discovery For the Cure of Scrofula, or King's Evil"
997:
867:
857:
819:
783:
742:
701:
691:
515:
Examples of treatments recommended between the 17th and 19th century include the following:
142:, however, it has shown a resurgence, and can affect patients at all stages of the disease.
2202:
2182:
1942:
1712:
1492:
1023:
535:
509:
453:
179:
113:
554:
Valuable
Vegetable Medical Prescriptions for the cure of all Nervous and Putrid Disorders
872:
845:
584:
exploration surgery where they excised part of her presented lymph node and drained her
2092:
1589:
1390:
1382:
1193:
1168:
706:
679:
606:
the growth of "atypical
Mycobacteria", which were identified by 16S gene sequencing as
481:
468:
pretenders until the extinction of the House of Stuart with the death of the pretender
286:
245:
1278:
543:
Essay on the Nature and Cure of
Scrophulous Disorders, Commonly Called the King's Evil
2322:
2164:
1579:
1501:
1414:
1220:
621:
524:
89:
965:
The royal doctors, 1485-1714 : medical personnel at the Tudor and Stuart courts
747:
730:
436:, the touch of the sovereign of England or France, could cure diseases owing to the
296:
The royal touch and surgical removal were not the only methods of healing employed:
2233:
2147:
1900:
1834:
1538:
1525:
1028:
Dr
Johnson's Dictionary: The Extraordinary Story of the Book that Defined the World
651:
Moazzez AH, Alvi A (April 1998). "Head and neck manifestations of AIDS in adults".
457:
379:
364:
352:
320:
151:
117:
97:
1335:
897:
European
Monarchy: Its Evolution and Practice from Roman Antiquity to Modern Times
476:
is reported as often touching and healing as many as 1,500 individuals at a time.
1289:
347:. The cocktail-drug treatment of tuberculosis (and inactive meningitis) includes
2137:
1923:
1319:
433:
344:
282:
270:
175:
93:
1300:
1001:
2243:
2174:
1971:
1957:
1621:
1553:
1529:
1263:
823:
696:
568:
465:
444:
is alleged to have cured a girl with it. Scrofula was therefore also known as
429:
360:
348:
248:
237:
230:
1330:
1132:
811:
678:
Sun L, Zhang L, Yang K, Chen XM, Chen JM, Xiao J, et al. (March 2020).
602:
375:
356:
234:
210:
1202:
1184:
1009:
881:
831:
797:
756:
715:
664:
2120:
549:
531:
461:
241:
139:
1246:
862:
221:), or the culture of NTM using specific growth and staining techniques.
17:
2207:
2097:
1683:
1103:
371:
336:
332:
171:
155:
788:
771:
731:"[History of scrofula: from humoral dyscrasia to consumption]"
538:
presented a petition to the House of
Commons advocating her treatment.
50:
2112:
2062:
1258:
1148:
The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France (
404:
206:
167:
967:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. p. 190.
573:
The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France
563:
was advertised to cure scrofula. Swaim's Panacea contained mercury.
523:(1616–1654) claimed to have treated his daughter for scrofula with
1169:"Acute cervical lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium florentinum"
776:
ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
408:
183:
163:
541:
In 1768, the Englishman John Morley produced a handbook entitled
488:
stopped it in the 18th century, though it was briefly revived by
293:
and presented with a piece of gold, unfortunately, to no effect.
244:(caseous necrosis) surrounded by granulomatous inflammation with
1121:
iarchive:2545048R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n141/mode/2up/search/scrofula
921:"Gold coin used in the ceremony of touching for the king's evil"
289:, for example, was treated for scrofula in this way, touched by
159:
2026:
1351:
1167:
Syed SS, Aderinboye O, Hanson KE, Spitzer ED (September 2010).
559:
In the 19th century in the United States, the patent medicine
421:
58:
Scrofula of the neck, showing characteristic bumps on the skin
370:
Scrofula caused by NTM, on the other hand, responds well to
209:
of the mass and the histological demonstration of stainable
1071:
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain
120:. About 95% of the scrofula cases in adults are caused by
327:
Surgical excision of the scrofula does not work well for
484:
in 1712. The kings of France continued the custom until
407:. The alternative name scrofula comes from the medieval
512:
labeled as sarsaparilla were recommended for scrofula.
285:
of great value. At age three the English lexicographer
158:
are the appearance of a chronic, painless mass in the
460:, a gold coin the value of which varied from about 6
1236:
588:
The drained retropharynx grew methicillin-resistant
2224:
2173:
2111:
2061:
2000:
1941:
1899:
1852:
1786:
1765:
1730:
1721:
1672:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1467:
1398:
1389:
1310:
1240:
62:
40:
35:
990:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
810:Rosado FG, Stratton CW, Mosse CA (November 2011).
895:Sturdy DJ (1992). "The Royal Touch in England".
601:After these findings, the patient received oral
571:wrote a book on the history of the royal touch:
277:(1060–1108) and in England during the reign of
27:Abnormal change in size of the neck lymph nodes
2038:
1363:
8:
44:Scrofula, scrophula, struma, the king's evil
1042:"The New York Medical and Physical Journal"
2329:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions
2045:
2031:
2023:
1727:
1506:
1497:
1395:
1370:
1356:
1348:
1237:
770:Bayazit YA, Bayazit N, Namiduru M (2004).
49:
32:
1192:
871:
861:
787:
746:
705:
695:
265:parents' untreated venereal infections.
1664:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
1133:"Chapter 5: The Toadstool Millionaires"
643:
534:and extract of vegetable, and in 1815,
2126:Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies
1450:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
772:"Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis"
508:"natural" or "vegetable" ingredients.
273:' began in France during the reign of
102:nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria
2198:Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
1156:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
948:Encyclopædia Britannica, ed. (1964).
899:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 190.
548:Richard Carter, a frontier healer in
505:New-York Medical and Physical Journal
432:some Western Europeans believed that
213:bacteria in the case of infection by
7:
1057:"What is scrofula? Can it be cured?"
729:Duarte GI, Chuaqui FC (April 2016).
403:in the neck; it is unrelated to the
78:mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis
36:Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis
331:infections, and has a high rate of
1566:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
399:The term 'cervical' refers to the
25:
1659:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
1379:Gram-positive bacterial infection
2301:Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma
2269:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
1634:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
950:Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 13
1986:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
748:10.4067/S0034-98872016000400012
2214:Template:Respiratory pathology
1703:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
1693:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
1600:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
952:. William Benton. p. 108.
112:Scrofula is the term used for
1:
233:pattern of scrofula features
2354:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
1966:Corynebacterium minutissimum
1811:Mycobacterium intracellulare
1444:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
1173:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2296:Postinflammatory lymphedema
2188:Generalized lymphadenopathy
2056:: organ and vessel diseases
1952:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
844:Gallagher, N (April 2024).
2370:
1055:Resor C (March 18, 2020).
1030:. John Murray. p. 11.
1002:10.1001/archotol.129.3.341
591:Staphylococcus epidermidis
567:In 1924, French historian
438:divine right of sovereigns
133:Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
123:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1627:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
1561:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
824:10.5858/arpa.2010-0581-OA
697:10.1186/s12879-020-4951-x
653:American Family Physician
609:Mycobacterium florentinum
341:treatment of tuberculosis
57:
48:
1980:Corynebacterium jeikeium
1644:Tuberculous pericarditis
1458:Actinomyces gerencseriae
428:In the beginning of the
203:needle aspiration biopsy
201:is usually performed by
1649:Urogenital tuberculosis
1478:Propionibacterium acnes
1420:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1111:: 1086–87. 3 July 1815.
735:Revista MĂ©dica de Chile
684:BMC Infectious Diseases
314:20th century to present
240:with central acellular
92:of the cervical (neck)
1654:Tuberculous dactylitis
1605:Tuberculous cellulitis
1185:10.3201/eid1609.100433
632:Tuberculosis treatment
627:Tuberculosis diagnosis
575:(original in French).
308:doctrine of signatures
2339:Henry Benedict Stuart
2254:Congenital lymphedema
2011:Gardnerella vaginalis
1914:Nocardia brasiliensis
1151:Les Rois thaumaturges
450:Book of Common Prayer
395:History and etymology
2291:Factitial lymphedema
2281:Secondary lymphedema
1617:Lichen scrofulosorum
1469:Propionibacteriaceae
1409:Actinomyces israelii
1077:. 1981. p. 26.
401:cervical lymph nodes
84:and historically as
2344:Henry VI of England
2193:Castleman's disease
1910:Nocardia asteroides
1805:Mycobacterium avium
1708:Lepromatous leprosy
1688:Tuberculoid leprosy
1429:Tropheryma whipplei
1227:38 (2000): 377–399.
963:Furdell EL (2001).
929:The British Library
863:10.1017/mdh.2023.37
818:. 135(11):1490–93.
816:Arch Pathol Lab Med
597:Streptococcus mitis
480:touched the infant
442:Henry VI of England
299:Scrophularia nodosa
219:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2349:Henry IV of France
2286:Bullous lymphedema
2259:Lymphedema praecox
2249:Primary lymphedema
2160:Splenic infarction
2002:Bifidobacteriaceae
1943:Corynebacteriaceae
1918:Nocardia farcinica
1755:Aquarium granuloma
1698:Borderline leprosy
1585:Erythema induratum
1311:External resources
1225:History of Science
521:Nicholas Culpepper
474:Henry IV of France
146:Signs and symptoms
69:Infectious disease
2316:
2315:
2226:Lymphatic vessels
2086:DiGeorge syndrome
2054:Lymphatic disease
2020:
2019:
1996:
1995:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1610:Tuberculous gumma
1493:Corynebacterineae
1487:
1486:
1436:Whipple's disease
1345:
1344:
1219:Werrett, Simon. "
1131:Young JH (1961).
974:978-1-58046-051-4
789:10.1159/000081125
448:. From 1633, the
335:and formation of
128:immunocompromised
74:
73:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2361:
2308:Waldmann disease
2274:Milroy's disease
2264:Lymphedema tarda
2239:Lymphangiectasia
2153:Banti's syndrome
2143:Wandering spleen
2133:Accessory spleen
2103:Thymic carcinoma
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
1932:Rhodococcus equi
1728:
1595:Prosector's wart
1507:
1502:Mycobacteriaceae
1498:
1400:Actinomycetaceae
1396:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1238:
1233:at MedPix Images
1207:
1206:
1196:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:Bloch M (1973).
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1112:
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719:
709:
699:
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669:
668:
648:
525:lesser celandine
510:Patent medicines
414:, diminutive of
126:, most often in
96:associated with
80:, also known as
53:
33:
21:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2220:
2203:Kikuchi disease
2183:Lymphadenopathy
2169:
2107:
2057:
2051:
2021:
2016:
1992:
1937:
1887:
1848:
1782:
1761:
1717:
1713:Histoid leprosy
1668:
1515:
1512:M. tuberculosis
1483:
1463:
1385:
1376:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1306:
1305:
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1075:Reader's Digest
1069:
1068:
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1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1024:Henry Hitchings
1022:
1021:
1017:
987:
986:
982:
975:
962:
961:
957:
947:
946:
942:
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914:
907:
894:
893:
889:
850:Medical History
843:
842:
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809:
805:
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768:
764:
728:
727:
723:
677:
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672:
650:
649:
645:
640:
618:
581:
561:Swaim's Panacea
536:Sir Gerard Noel
454:Anglican Church
446:the King's evil
397:
388:
329:M. tuberculosis
316:
262:
257:
227:
215:M. tuberculosis
196:
150:The most usual
148:
114:lymphadenopathy
110:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2365:
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2093:Ectopic thymus
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2058:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1843:M. haemophilum
1839:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1723:Nontuberculous
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Lupus vulgaris
1587:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1534:Ghon's complex
1522:
1520:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1391:Actinomycineae
1387:
1386:
1383:Actinomycetota
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1266:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:Classification
1235:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1214:External links
1212:
1209:
1208:
1159:
1138:
1123:
1114:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1047:
1033:
1015:
996:(3): 341–344.
980:
973:
955:
940:
912:
905:
887:
836:
803:
762:
721:
670:
659:(8): 1813–22.
642:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
617:
614:
580:
577:
565:
564:
557:
546:
539:
528:
482:Samuel Johnson
396:
393:
387:
384:
324:of infection.
315:
312:
302:(common name:
287:Samuel Johnson
261:
258:
256:
253:
246:multinucleated
229:The classical
226:
223:
205:or excisional
195:
192:
147:
144:
109:
106:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2366:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:Splenic tumor
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:MAI infection
1819:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Scrofuloderma
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Actinomycosis
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(9): 1486–7.
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1124:
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1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1084:9780276002175
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
944:
941:
930:
926:
922:
916:
913:
908:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
804:
799:
795:
790:
785:
782:(5): 275–80.
781:
777:
773:
766:
763:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
644:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
622:Scrofuloderma
620:
619:
615:
613:
611:
610:
604:
600:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:retropharynx.
578:
576:
574:
570:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
423:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:King Philip I
272:
266:
259:
254:
252:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
193:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
136:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:lymphadenitis
88:, involves a
87:
83:
79:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2334:Tuberculosis
2234:Lymphangitis
2148:Splenomegaly
2009:
1978:
1964:
1950:
1930:
1908:
1901:Nocardiaceae
1882:M. abscessus
1880:
1873:
1868:M. fortuitum
1866:
1841:
1835:Buruli ulcer
1827:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1775:
1747:
1740:
1673:
1572:
1543:
1539:Pott disease
1526:Tuberculosis
1510:
1476:
1456:
1442:
1427:
1407:
1329:
1318:
1294:
1283:
1268:
1253:
1224:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1070:
1065:
1050:
1036:
1027:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
964:
958:
949:
943:
932:. Retrieved
924:
915:
896:
890:
853:
849:
839:
815:
806:
779:
775:
765:
741:(4): 503–7.
738:
734:
724:
687:
683:
673:
656:
652:
646:
607:
595:
589:
582:
579:Case studies
572:
566:
553:
542:
514:
504:
494:
445:
427:
419:
415:
411:
398:
389:
382:, or both).
380:facial nerve
369:
365:streptomycin
353:pyrazinamide
328:
326:
321:chemotherapy
317:
303:
297:
295:
279:King Henry I
267:
263:
260:17th century
228:
214:
197:
188:
182:and an open
149:
131:
121:
118:mycobacteria
111:
98:tuberculosis
85:
81:
77:
76:The disease
75:
2138:Polysplenia
2076:Hyperplasia
1924:Nocardiosis
1875:M. chelonae
1829:M. ulcerans
1777:M. gordonae
1742:M. kansasii
1320:MedlinePlus
856:(1): 1–21.
497:heavy metal
434:royal touch
367:("PIERS").
351:along with
345:antibiotics
283:touch piece
249:giant cells
176:weight loss
100:as well as
94:lymph nodes
86:king's evil
41:Other names
2323:Categories
2244:Lymphedema
2175:Lymph node
2081:Hypoplasia
1972:Erythrasma
1958:Diphtheria
1749:M. marinum
1622:Tuberculid
1554:Rich focus
1549:Meningitis
1530:Ghon focus
1296:DiseasesDB
934:2020-12-15
906:3515062335
690:(1): 224.
638:References
569:Marc Bloch
519:Herbalist
478:Queen Anne
430:Modern Age
418:, meaning
361:ethambutol
349:rifampicin
333:recurrence
291:Queen Anne
238:granulomas
231:histologic
1675:M. leprae
1574:cutaneous
1331:eMedicine
603:linezolid
492:in 1825.
490:Charles X
462:shillings
386:Prognosis
376:curettage
357:isoniazid
271:touchings
255:Treatment
235:caseating
225:Pathology
211:acid-fast
199:Diagnosis
194:Diagnosis
64:Specialty
2121:Asplenia
1798:M. avium
1517:M. bovis
1231:Scrofula
1203:20735941
1026:(2005).
1010:12622546
882:38486500
873:11046006
832:22032579
798:15583442
757:27401383
716:32171271
616:See also
550:Kentucky
532:poultice
486:Louis XV
470:Henry IX
466:Jacobite
412:scrĹŤfula
337:fistulae
242:necrosis
156:symptoms
140:HIV/AIDS
82:scrofula
18:Scrofula
2208:Tonsils
2098:Thymoma
2071:Abscess
1800:complex
1684:Leprosy
1639:Miliary
1336:ent/524
1290:D014388
1194:3294984
1104:Hansard
1044:. 1830.
707:7071630
665:9575321
501:Mercury
472:. King
452:of the
372:surgery
304:Figwort
172:malaise
108:Disease
2113:Spleen
2063:Thymus
1325:001354
1201:
1191:
1081:
1008:
971:
903:
880:
870:
830:
796:
755:
714:
704:
663:
420:brood
416:scrĹŤfa
405:cervix
363:, and
207:biopsy
168:chills
1544:brain
1301:31259
1279:017.2
1264:A18.4
925:BL.uk
458:angel
409:Latin
343:with
184:wound
180:sinus
164:fever
152:signs
2212:see
1285:MeSH
1274:9-CM
1199:PMID
1079:ISBN
1006:PMID
969:ISBN
901:ISBN
878:PMID
828:PMID
794:PMID
753:PMID
712:PMID
661:PMID
594:and
174:and
160:neck
154:and
1816:MAP
1270:ICD
1255:ICD
1223:".
1189:PMC
1181:doi
998:doi
994:129
868:PMC
858:doi
820:doi
784:doi
743:doi
739:144
702:PMC
692:doi
422:sow
2325::
1858:RG
1854:R4
1788:R3
1767:R2
1732:R1
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1381::
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854:68
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780:66
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359:,
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1257:-
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1059:.
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759:.
745::
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217:(
135:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
