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can include an overview of the entire page. In scrollbars like those used in phone contact lists made up of the letters of the alphabet, the letter corresponding to the current area can be displayed larger or highlighted in some way. While these are stable and provided by the application, some applications and search engines allow for the use of relevance markers provided or added by the user. These can be strictly visual or can automatically stop action within the scrollbar once each marker is reached. These can be emphasized with color or even sound to further assist the user in finding what they need within the content.
404:
fingers toward the top of the trackpad will cause the page to scroll up towards the top of the page; conversely, moving their fingers toward the bottom of the trackpad will cause the page to scroll down towards the bottom. If the user "flicks" their fingers by moving their two fingers very quickly across the trackpad and then releasing their fingers, the page will continue to scroll in the direction in which they flicked until it eventually slows down and stops, either because one of the scroll limits is reached or because the scroll speed slows down so much that it eventually simply stops. This feature is called inertia.
569:
indicator are limited by the predetermined settings in visibility, amount, and style. If attempting to scroll while performing an action such as highlighting, the scroll amount may not correspond to the desired amount, overshooting or prompting the user to reposition multiple times. Overshooting can also occur when attempting to position near the top or the bottom of a single page within a larger set. An attempted small scroll adjustment by the user may result in a larger one as the scrolling activates an automatic action jumping to the next page.
335:, contain scrollbars with on screen directional arrows for purposes of scrolling. Clicking on the arrows scrolls a small amount of the content, often single lines, at a time, and pressing and holding on them with the cursor continuously scrolls over more area on the page until released. Sometimes, both arrow buttons appear next to each other for quick, precise manipulation without having to drag the thumb or move the mouse great distances to the other arrow (this was offered as an option in
469:
395:-enabled machines have a scrolling mechanism on the side of their touchpad, as shown in the picture. To use this mechanism, a finger is placed on the scroll area and moved up and down or left and right in order to scroll around the page. Again, depending on the computer's scrolling settings, moving the finger in certain directions along these scrolling areas could result in different corresponding scrolling directions.
78:. They are present in a wide range of electronic devices including computers, graphing calculators, mobile phones, and portable media players. The user interacts with the scrollbar elements using some method of direct action, the scrollbar translates that action into scrolling commands, and the user receives feedback through a visual updating of both the scrollbar elements and the scrolled content.
193:
removed, and the elevator track could be clicked in instead to move to the next section. Upon pressing the thumb, dragging it would bring it to that particular point unless movement was made far out of the scrollbar before release, aborting the action. An empty scrollbar was displayed when a window was not in focus or if the entire document was visible within the window.
98:'s .NET documentation refers to it as "scroll box" or "scroll thumb"; in other environments it is called "elevator", "quint", "puck", "wiper" or "grip"; in certain environments where browsers use agnostic language to the scrollbar terminology, the thumb is referred to as the 'pea' for vertical movement of the bar and still use 'puck' for horizontal movement.
586:
compound navigation/selection task. The study found that users can perform these tasks faster and in parallel when they use both hands, but not necessarily when they use both hands simultaneously. They also found that the more related the tasks were that they user was doing with each of their hands, the faster they performed the tasks they were asked to do.
561:
interactions. In terms of design, if the window size is already small, the visible content area will be further reduced by the presence of a scrollbar. While some more recent disappearing scrollbars help mitigate this problem, more traditional ones do not avoid it, especially when there are both horizontal and vertical bars present.
105:-specific tools. Depending on the GUI, the size of the thumb can be fixed or variable in size; in the later case of proportional thumbs, its length would indicate the size of the window in relation to the size of the whole document, indicated by the full track. While proportional thumbs were available in several GUIs, including
289:(and some previous OS X versions), scrollbars do not show up on the user interface until the user uses another scrolling technique, such as the two-finger scroll or using the arrow keys. Therefore, the user must scroll using one of these methods first, and then move their cursor over to the thumb, wherever it appears.
304:
A scroll wheel on a conventional mouse may also be used. Moving the wheel in a desired direction moves the content in the same direction. Most mice contain scroll wheels that only scroll up and down, but some mice contain scroll wheels that allow the user to scroll in any direction (up, down, left or
192:
had a light gray rectangle with a "scroll box" thumb, "gray area" track, and arrows pointing in opposite directions towards the content that would be exposed when the respective arrow was pressed. Arrows would scroll a single unit upon one click or auto repeat upon continuous press. Page buttons were
177:
moved the scrollbar to the right to get it out of the way and reduce visual clutter. Scroll arrows pointed inwards in the direction the content would move based on user studies, and + and – buttons allowed for scrolling by pages. The thumb was a fixed size diamond, independent of how much of document
153:
changed its shape to a double-headed arrow to allow for scrolling. Pressing the left or top red button scrolled the content up, and the line next to the cursor went to the top of the window. Pressing the right or bottom blue button scrolled the content down, and the line at the top of the window went
258:
removed the buttons from the end of the bar and was designed to look more like the iOS scrollbar. With the same release of Mac OS X 10.7, Apple introduced "natural scrolling," which means that the screen moves in the same direction as the user's fingers are moving when they use the two finger scroll
169:
had a scrollbar that appeared on the left side of the window as the cursor moved towards the left. The bar's shaded thumb showed the percentage of content visible and was controlled by the middle button. The left button scrolled up to move the selected position to the top edge of the window, and the
161:
included a stable scrollbar on the left side of the focus window. Clicking at the right half of the scrollbar moved the content up, and the left half moved the content down. The center thumb of the bar could be dragged smoothly and showed the percentage of the content visible; the first proportional
420:
Some scrollbars include a visual position indicator to help determine where the scrolling action has gone or will go to in the content. For multipage content, an indicator of the current page number vs the total page number can be included next to the thumb as scrolling occurs, and wider scrollbars
313:
The arrow buttons on the keyboard may be clicked to scroll up, down, left, or right on a page. This scrolling technique usually results in the screen scrolling very slowly in comparison to the other scrolling techniques. Clicking the arrow buttons would result in the page continuing to scroll until
266:
for Macs, disappearing scrollbars were introduced. The placement within a document was not longer visible when the mouse was outside the bar area even if the window in question was in focus. The purpose of this change was to conform to Macs’ standard design practices of hiding the scrollbar when it
200:
used a proportionally-sized "scroll box" thumb, but otherwise operated identically to the
Macintosh. The net result was a modern scrollbar that looked and felt no different from the scrollbar in Windows today. GEM allowed the mouse to be moved far away from the scrollbar after clicking and holding,
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There is not often an indication of where in the content a scroll has reached unless the scrolling action is stopped to view the content. This makes it difficult regardless of whether or not the user knows what they are looking for or the general organization of the content. Those that do have an
412:
Many variations on the traditional scrollbar design and usage have been proposed or implemented. To avoid limiting window visibility with scrollbars while still allowing for functionality, the use of a software tether (thin line) associated with movement of the mouse pointer around the tether has
223:
moved the scrollbar back to the left side of the window. The thumb was proportionally sized with arrows together at the bottom of the bar. Actions auto repeated, and the alt-key would move content by window. The thumb could be dragged, and using the alt-key while dragging would slow its movement.
85:
along a trough (or track) to move the body of the document. This can be placed vertically, horizontally, or both in the window depending on which direction the content extends past its boundaries. Two arrows are often included on either end of the thumb or trough for more precise adjustments. The
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tested different two-handed interactions, including scrolling, clicking, and resizing. In their study, clicking and resizing were done in parallel. Their first experiment called for participants to perform a selection/positioning task, and their second experiment requested that participants do a
459:
dragging a scrollbar with the left mouse button operates in the usual way, but dragging with the right button causes the pointer to disappear and both scrollbars to be manipulated simultaneously. Many GUI operations in RISC OS perform a related but slightly different function when right clicked.
403:
A more modern scrolling technique is using the two-finger scroll on a Mac trackpad. In this technique, the tips of two fingers from the same hand are placed on the surface of the trackpad and moved accordingly. If the user has their trackpad scrolling direction set to "natural," moving their two
564:
In terms of use, many common issues have to do with accuracy. Mapping between the scrollbar and display is linear, so accuracy of use is relative to the size of the content. Navigation through a smaller document is then simpler than navigation through a larger document. This also means that all
416:
The inclusion of visual and operational clues within the scrollbar display area can indicate which directions allow for scrolling movement as well as which interactions with the scrollbar are available. This can be a blank field to signal a list's end, disabling of scrolling buttons, and color
322:
The trough above or below the thumb can be clicked in order to immediately jump to that point on the page, or page-by-page for multipage content. After clicking the trough, scrolling automatically begins and then stop once the thumb has reached the position of the mouse pointer. This scrolling
560:
Computer literate users are often familiar with scrollbars, but those with limited knowledge may not intuitively understand them, especially given more recent variations, without assistance. Regardless of literacy, multiple issues can be found across various types of scrollbars and their
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created an elevator thumb with arrow keys directly on it. Clicking on the track moved by pages, and auto repeat would push the pointer along. Cable anchors were placed at the beginning and end of the document, and the center of the elevator could be dragged.
121:. A proportional thumb that completely fills the trough indicates that the entire document is being viewed, at which point the scrollbar may temporarily become hidden. The proportional thumb can also sometimes be adjusted by dragging its ends, such as in
31:
231:
included a conventional scrollbar where text extended past screen boundaries with use of both a draggable thumb and arrows that could be tapped with a stylus. It also had two physical buttons for scrolling up and scrolling down respectively.
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right), including diagonal directions. While scrolling up and down, the direction in which the page scrolls in response to the direction that the user scrolls the scroll wheel can differ depending on the computer's scrolling settings.
374:
Another scrolling technique with scrollbars is to look at which mouse button was pressed. For instance, a left-click on the down arrow might cause the window to scroll down, while a right click in the same place would scroll up (e.g.
440:
Another example for simultaneous two-dimensional scrolling is an alignment program for protein sequences. Initially, the horizontal scroll-bar looks like a conventional one. But then the scroll-bar offers three additional features:
280:
Dragging the thumb is historically the traditional way of manipulating a scrollbar. By moving the cursor over to the thumb on the screen and then pressing and holding, the thumb can be dragged. This is often done using either a
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included a regular scrollbar in the web browser and other applications, though it was only for output and could not be interacted with. In contacts, a scrollbar of letters was provided to jump through content.
429:
Special scroll-bar like graphical control elements allow panning around a two-dimensional space by simply moving a single rectangle in any direction on the plane. For example, the GtkScrollpane from
285:
or the left click button on a conventional mouse or touchpad. Moving the cursor while pressing down moves the scrollbar's thumb to see different sections of the page. On applications native to
141:
which is another visually similar yet functionally different object. The slider is used to change values, but does not change the display or move the area that is shown as a scrollbar does.
339:); one of them may also be duplicated so as to show at both ends of the bar, providing familiarity for those used to both separate and adjacent buttons. These arrow buttons existed until
81:
Although scrollbar designs differ throughout their history, they usually appear on one or two sides of the viewing area as long rectangular areas containing a bar (or thumb) that can be
154:
down to the cursor. Holding down the middle yellow button changed the cursor to a thumb, allowing for jumping to that percentage of the document with an indicator of current placement.
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technique is faster than others and is best used when the user has to scroll through a lot of content at once, or when the user knows where exactly on a page they need to scroll to.
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been proposed. Similarly, the scrollbar can be directly placed within the content where it is useful, both decreasing space used and reducing required pointer movements.
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so that all of the content can be viewed, even if only a fraction of the content can be seen on a device's screen at one time. It offers a solution to the problem of
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gesture. If the user's fingers move up the trackpad, the content on the page goes up, allowing the user to read content further down the page, and vice versa.
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package. In this case it would adjust both the position and the zooming of the document, where the size of the thumb represents the degree of zooming applied.
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McCrickard, D.S.; Catrambone, R. (1999). "Beyond the scrollbar: An evolution and evaluation of alternative navigation techniques".
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introduces trough marks in the vertical scrollbar to indicate places in the document where a particular search term was found.
476:
The ability and specific methods needed to customize the look and function of scrollbars can vary significantly based on which
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Beard, David V.; Walker II, John Q. (1990). "Navigational techniques to improve the display of large two-dimensional spaces".
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portions of a document are emphasized equally, and importance of each portion is not recognized by use of the scrollbar.
989:
197:
106:
1014:
Mishra, Umakant (2014). "10 Inventions on scrolling and scrollbars in
Graphical User Interface A TRIZ based analysis".
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91:
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736:
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923:"User interface component and method of navigating across a boundary coupled to a scroll bar display element"
296:, moving the mouse away too far from the thumb while dragging it will reset the scrolling position to prior.
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Also in 1985, Viewpoint used the right button to move content by percent or by window rather than by page.
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to a known or unknown location within a two-dimensional information space. It was also known as a
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379:), or the middle button could be used to place the thumb precisely. This form requires less fine
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Scrollbars have also been enhanced to encode information about list entries. For example,
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you are attempting to customize. A common method of altering the look of the scrollbar in
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The knob can not only be moved left and right but also up and down for vertical scrolling.
286:
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directives to change the scrollbar colors. These are non-standard and supported only by
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right button scrolled down to move the top edge of the window to the selected position.
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is visible. Clicking in the thumb elevator region would jump to that part of document.
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1177:"Computer system, user interface component and method utilizing non-linear scroll bar"
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1051:"Method and system for providing an intelligent visual scrollbar position indicator"
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used a proportional thumb and moved both arrow buttons to the bottom of the bar.
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Berstis, Viktors; James, Donald A.; Radhakrishnan, Sockalinga; Xavier, James.
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Trough marks in the vertical scrollbar during search in Google Chrome browser
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where they were dropped in favor of trackpad gestures and scroll-wheel mice.
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879:"Here's Why Mac OS X Lion's "Natural Scrolling" Feels So Horribly Unnatural"
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WebKit also provides many pseudo-classes to modify the style of scrollbars.
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Buxton, William; Myers, Brad (April 1986). "A Study in Two-Handed Input".
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Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel (2004). "Designing interaction, not interfaces".
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followed later in the year, also with proportionally-sized scroll boxes.
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had arrows pointing up and down, page buttons, and a fixed size thumb.
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Additional functions may be found, such as zooming in/out or various
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Proceedings of the working conference on
Advanced visual interfaces
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is not immediately needed for information hierarchical purposes.
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117:, even in the mid 1980s, Microsoft did not implement them until
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in which continuous text, pictures, or any other content can be
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Examples of horizontal and vertical scrollbars around a text box
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86:"thumb" has different names in different environments: on the
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in a predetermined direction (up, down, left, or right) on a
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Proceedings SIGCHI '86: Human
Factors in Computing Systems
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959:
Workaround for Having No
Scrollbar Arrows in Mac OS X Lion
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In 1974, moving the cursor to the left margin while using
1158:"Replacement of traditional scroll bar with a "more" bar"
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Scrollbar-Base-Color – Cascading Style Sheets
Properties
990:"How To Use Windows 8's Gestures on a Laptop Trackpad"
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Dix, Alan (Spring 1998). "Hands across the screen".
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Proceedings 1999 IEEE Symposium on Visual
Languages
504:-based browsers, there are pseudo-elements called:
331:Many applications, such as Microsoft Word and
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8:
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445:It provides an overview of the entire scene.
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824:"Steve Jobs' New 'machine for the '90's'".
314:one of the scroll limits has been reached.
135:A scrollbar should be distinguished from a
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1227:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
433:is implemented in the text viewers gv and
201:to reduce hand-eye coordination problems.
1686:List of graphical user interface elements
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1007:
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793:. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
94:platform it is called "thumb" or "knob";
622:
1220:
1196:"Computer keyboard scroll bar control"
1028:
1017:
632:Behaviour & Information Technology
897:"Word 2016 For Mac Quick Start Guide"
716:Lampson, Butler W. (September 1979).
366:can be used for per-page navigation.
7:
1246:Hiding the scrollbar on an HTML page
791:Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines
1049:Rowley, Daniel S.; Chapman, Leigh.
942:"Scroll bar input device for mouse"
921:Bates, Cary Lee; Day, Paul Reuben.
698:Apple Publications Style Guide 2008
763:. Xerox Corporation. October 1983.
744:. Xerox Corporation. October 1979.
738:How To Use the Smalltalk-76 System
90:it is called a "scroller"; on the
25:
813:. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
354:programs, the additional buttons
725:. Xerox Corporation. p. 34.
27:Graphical user interface element
1217:. Boston, MA. pp. 321–326.
1079:Opera's Settings File Explained
524:::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece
971:"Windows' Scrolling Behaviour"
1:
1175:Bates, Cary L.; Day, Paul R.
789:Apple Computer, Inc. (1992).
1433:Head-up display in computing
719:Alto Non-Programmer's Guide
496:versions 5.x or higher and
494:Microsoft Internet Explorer
448:The height can be enlarged.
173:Between 1981 and 1982, the
1758:
1742:Graphical control elements
1282:Graphical control elements
757:Interlisp Reference Manual
534:::-webkit-scrollbar-corner
514:::-webkit-scrollbar-button
417:changes in the scrollbar.
847:. 3Com Corporation. 1997.
644:10.1080/01449299008924259
529:::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb
519:::-webkit-scrollbar-track
425:Simultaneous 2D-scrolling
807:XView Programming Manual
1721:Zoomable user interface
885:. Business Insider Inc.
370:Different mouse buttons
327:On-screen arrow buttons
262:In the 2015 version of
145:History and progression
1526:Client-side decoration
1125:10.1109/VL.1999.795913
1027:Cite journal requires
703:June 12, 2009, at the
556:Limitations and issues
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130:video editing software
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1604:Breadcrumb navigation
667:10.1145/989863.989865
606:Interaction technique
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44:interaction technique
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1119:. pp. 270–277.
1102:"Styling Scrollbars"
804:Heller, Dan (1990).
482:software application
1194:Holehan, Steven D.
509:::-webkit-scrollbar
408:Alternative designs
391:Additionally, some
318:Clicking the trough
1463:Progress indicator
1438:HUD in video games
996:. How-To Geek LLC.
877:Hamburger, Ellis.
866:. Apple Inc. 2011.
841:PalmPilot Handbook
661:. pp. 15–22.
474:
74:in the very first
36:
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1576:Window decoration
1531:Disclosure widget
1335:Data input-output
1296:Adjustment handle
860:iPhone User Guide
577:A 1986 report by
540:::-webkit-resizer
294:Microsoft Windows
16:(Redirected from
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1674:Related concepts
1655:Inspector window
1640:Alert dialog box
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1536:Frame / Fieldset
1316:Hamburger button
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1200:Google Patents
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1181:Google Patents
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1162:Google Patents
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1029:|journal=
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638:(6): 451–466.
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579:William Buxton
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237:Mac OS X 10.0
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1660:Modal window
1592:Navigational
1468:Progress bar
1428:Balloon help
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1387:Radio button
1382:List builder
1357:Cycle button
1347:Color picker
1306:Context menu
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778:(37): 19–22.
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1681:File viewer
1650:File dialog
1599:Address bar
1362:Date picker
994:How to Geek
940:Shu, Andy.
596:Scroll lock
103:application
1645:Dialog box
1509:Containers
1490:Status bar
1397:Search box
828:: 6. 1988.
776:Interfaces
676:1581138679
617:References
583:Brad Myers
488:is to use
337:Mac OS 8.5
333:PowerPoint
309:Arrow keys
287:OS X 10.11
183:Apple Lisa
175:Xerox Star
127:non-linear
123:Sony Vegas
119:Windows 95
68:navigation
18:Scroll box
1706:Scrolling
1701:Mouseover
1609:Hyperlink
1583:Workspace
1521:Tree view
1516:Accordion
1392:Scrollbar
1367:Grid view
1352:Combo box
1223:cite book
901:Microsoft
611:Scrolling
500:. And in
486:Web pages
435:ghostview
254:In 2011,
235:In 2001,
229:PalmPilot
219:In 1989,
213:Open Look
211:In 1988,
196:In 1985,
190:Macintosh
167:Interlisp
165:In 1980,
159:Smalltalk
157:In 1977,
96:Microsoft
40:scrollbar
1736:Category
1629:Special
1541:Menu bar
1478:Throbber
1412:Text box
1377:List box
1342:Checkbox
1326:Pie menu
701:Archived
590:See also
283:trackpad
64:viewport
52:scrolled
1631:windows
1566:Toolbar
1551:Popover
1500:Tooltip
1485:Sidebar
1448:Infobar
1407:Spinner
1143:5715116
685:3395621
573:Studies
457:RISC OS
393:Windows
377:RISC OS
203:AmigaOS
115:PC/GEOS
111:AmigaOS
83:dragged
1571:Window
1556:Ribbon
1402:Slider
1301:Button
1141:
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683:
673:
601:Slider
502:WebKit
244:iPhone
138:slider
72:handle
60:window
48:widget
42:is an
1546:Panel
1495:Toast
1453:Label
1139:S2CID
864:(PDF)
845:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
681:S2CID
498:Opera
271:Usage
151:Bravo
62:, or
1716:WIMP
1443:Icon
1321:Menu
1229:link
1129:ISBN
1033:help
826:BYTE
671:ISBN
581:and
538:and
431:GTK+
360:and
348:BeOS
246:and
221:NeXT
125:, a
113:and
92:Java
76:GUIs
1561:Tab
1121:doi
663:doi
640:doi
490:CSS
480:or
455:In
346:In
292:On
248:iOS
198:GEM
107:GEM
46:or
1738::
1225:}}
1221:{{
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1024::
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38:A
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1035:)
1031:(
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903:.
687:.
665::
646:.
642::
636:9
363:⏩
357:⏪
20:)
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