31:
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44:
645:, and this was not only due to conservatism. The primary reason was a lack of coal supplies around the globe. This was an especially important consideration for frigates, which often operated independently on the far side of the world. The insufficient reliability of early steam engines was also a reason to maintain at least some sails. An often overlooked reason to have sails was the cost of coal. In 1848 the sail frigate
250:
had to follow a different concept: Because of their ability to move against the wind they could be assumed to be able to choose their distance to sail-only ships. Under these circumstances the very heavy guns that were deemed to fire too slowly for close-quarters combat did become useful because they had a high effective range. Meanwhile, the development of heavy shell guns like the
351:
crew. By counting 13 men for every two 32-pounders, the designed complement would be 175 + (8*13) = 284 men, almost matching that of a fifth rate frigate. Another reason to rate the
Cyclops as a frigate was that with her size of 1,190 bm tons, she was of the same size as the fifth rate frigates like
578:
Later on, the French state wanted to establish packet boat lines to New York, the West Indies and Brazil. The French navy wanted to have big steam frigates with heavy artillery. In 1840 these ideas were combined in a law that granted a credit of 28,400,000 francs for the construction of 14 ships of
249:
because of the space taken by the machinery and the paddle wheels. The weight of the machinery and coal these ships carried was a perhaps even more serious problem. It meant that the designers had to limit the weight of all other 'cargo', including artillery. Therefore the armament of steam vessels
237:
mounted on either side or in the center. Paddle steamers were severely limited in the armaments they could mount. Paddle wheel propulsion also had very serious effects on sailing quality. The placement of the machinery and wheels in the middle of the ship conflicted with having the main mast there,
205:
The upper limit for a ship to be still considered a frigate was that it had only one covered gun deck. If a ship had two covered gun decks, it was no longer a frigate, but a ship of the line. A confusing circumstance arose when in the early nineteenth century the forecastle and quarterdecks of most
637:
in comparison with their own fleet of paddle steamers. The basic fighting capabilities of the screw warship were almost as good as those of the traditional sailing ship. Apart from spending weight on machinery and coal, the screw ship retained the full broadside battery lay-out. It therefore had a
372:
of 1829. In 1842 she was lengthened by 63 feet, and was fitted with the largest naval steam engines yet seen, generating nearly 700 horsepower. She had a 330 men crew, and was armed with 10 68-pounders on the main deck, and on the forecastle and quarterdeck: two 85 cwt pivot guns, 10 42-pounders
254:
provided a long range weapon that could sink a ship with a single hit. The only means to counter it was to develop heavier solid shot cannon that had an even higher effective range. All this generally led to equipping early steamers with only a few very heavy guns, both shell guns and solid shot
589:
was the first of these large frigates, and created quite a sensation. She was 70.5 m long between perpendiculars, had a beam of 12.7 m and displaced about 2,800 t. On the trial run she was armed with 20 30-pounders on the main deck, and on the upper deck 2 22 cm and 2 16 cm, and had a
356:
of 1,150 bm tons. As the RN lacked a corvette category, the alternative would have been to rate her as a sloop, but even ship-rigged sloops did not get near her size. When the RN started to use the designation corvette, the
Cyclops and her six near sisters were re-classified as corvettes in the
360:
In 1844 the
Admiralty also discerned steam frigates of the first class, these steam frigates had guns on two decks. The steam frigates of the 'first class' were comparable to regular fourth rate sailing frigates in terms of size, and got near them in armament. The first of these was the paddle
802:
had 40 heavy shell guns, reached an overall length of over 100 m and displaced 5,463 t. A wooden construction proved to be too weak for a ship of this length. The next steps were frigates with an iron or composite hull: the armored frigate and the unarmored frigate.
567:. She was not very useful as a warship, but she was very useful for maintaining communications with Algeria. The subsequent campaign caused a huge demand for frequent and reliable communication with Algeria, and so about two dozen ships were built to the model of
274:. An unintended quality was that the lack of broadside batteries gave them very spacious decks. Combined with being immune to contrary winds, this made them ideal for large scale troop transport. By 1870 most had been scrapped or sold into civilian service.
815:
of 1842 was the first French screw frigate. She was 52 m long, 13.5 m wide, and had a slightly changed sail plan of a 46 gun frigate. She had 18 30-pounders on the gun deck, and 8 80-pounders and 8 other guns on the upper decks. The engine of the
638:
nearly as powerful armament as a sail-only ship. Unlike the paddle ship it had no vulnerable paddle-boxes. The ability to pick a fight or to evade a fight was what made the screw frigate superior to any sail-only ship.
1051:
Modern
History of Warships: Comprising a Discussion of Present Standpoint and Recent War Experiences for the Use of Students of Naval Construction, Naval Constructors, Naval Officers and Others Interested in Naval
730:. She was 70 m long, displaced 4,614 t, and had thirty-four 8-inch 65 cwt and fifty-six 32-pounders. In 1852–1853, the distinction between battleship and frigate was still a matter of size and number of gun decks.
217:
The lower limit for a ship to still be considered a frigate was that its gun deck was covered. If a ship had only a single open gun deck it was considered to be 'corvette build'. If a ship had a single
863:
meant that they could have only one gun deck, and they were technically frigates, even though they were more powerful than existing ships-of-the-line and occupied the same strategic role. The phrase '
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were a bit smaller. Only five first class steam paddle frigates would be built by the Royal Navy. The RN also built some more steam frigates of the second class, surprisingly with guns on two decks.
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had been designed to carry 16 32-pounders on the main deck, but these could not be fitted. Both ships therefore failed to become true frigates, but were nevertheless very successful. The
242:
of paddle frigates was less than ideal. Another characteristic that slowed down these vessels was that the paddle wheels would rotate in the water freely when the ship was sailing.
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as a 'steam frigate' was surprising: she was rigged as a brig (with only two masts), and carried all her guns on the upper deck Other aspects did explain this classification. The
659:, of the same weight of armament, was estimated to cost 88 GBP daily. But, the latter was without the cost of coal, estimated at 4 pounds 5 shillings per hour of steaming.
820:
was 220 hp, giving her a speed of 7.5 knots. Using both sail and engine she could make 10.5 kn. Sailing before the wind, however she reached 12 kn without engines.
170:
for "Perseverance") was the first steam-powered warship to be used in combat operations in history. It was built in 1825 in an
English shipyard for the revolutionary
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By the late 1840s many navies were building screw-driven warships or converting sailing ships to include screw propulsion. In 1852 the French navy commissioned the
332:). On 31 May 1844 the Admiralty then officially adopted the term 'Steam frigate'. All these ships became steam (paddle) frigates of the second class, except for
827:, converted a number of sailing frigates, and built a range of successful corvettes. In 1852 a program for a number of first rate frigates was started. The
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in 1835. The technology of propeller or 'screw' propulsion was proven by 1845 after the Royal Navy evaluated the performance of Smith's seagoing steamship
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also had a sizable fleet of paddle steam frigates. The first of these were imported from
America, but by the time of the Crimean War the Russians were
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843:. On average these ships displaced 3,800 t and reached 12 kn on trials. In 1857 the French government decided to have 6 big and 14 smaller frigates.
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In the late 1850s the screw frigate began to take a different form than traditional ships of the line. The RN's last battleship, the 91 gun
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The improved screw propeller invented by Brunel also enabled the
Victorian Royal Navy to extend the service life of obsolete sail-powered
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Towards the end of the 19th century, the term 'frigate' fell out of use. Armoured vessels were designated as either 'battleships' or '
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The armament of paddle frigates compared badly with their sail-only counterparts. Paddle frigates could not have a traditional full
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This first generation of steam warships were "paddle warships" (in the categories of frigate, sloop, gunvessel or other). They used
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was much smaller at 3,915 t, but nevertheless much longer at 87 m. This development of much longer frigates culminated in
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was commanded by a captain and had at least been planned to have a 'complete' covered gun deck. The crew of 175 men was a
463:. These were two very big steam paddle frigates commissioned in 1841 and 1842. They each displaced 3,220t and had 10 big
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had both been constructed to have a full battery on their gun deck, next to carrying guns on their upper decks. However,
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had 16 guns on two decks, and was therefore comparable to the big frigates of the
English and American navies. See also
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450 hp, and 4 of 220 hp. The frigates built for this service soon proved to be no match for the ships of the
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had 28 32-pounders and 8 heavier guns. The size and armament of
British wooden screw frigates then rapidly increased.
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was a smaller craft that would later be armed with 2 guns. By then the U.S. Navy already had the screw corvette
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was laid down as a steam frigate, but made redundant by screw-driven propulsion before her completion in 1845.
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on the mizzen mast, it was not a ship. Ships were classified as: ships of the line, frigates and corvettes.
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The frigate and corvette were 'ships'. For a vessel to be called a 'ship' it had to have full rigging, i.e.
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832:
675:, the first screw driven battleship. With that all sailing warships had gotten a screw driven equivalent.
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and featured an advanced two-bladed propeller that influenced the design of his later passenger steamer
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big ships were joined to become a complete flush deck above. These ships continued to be frigates, e.g
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878:', while unarmoured vessels including frigates and sloops were classified as 'unprotected cruisers'.
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shell guns and twenty-two 32-pounders. The RN's first battleship designed for steam propulsion was
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By 1840 the Royal Navy had commissioned two ships that had been designed as steam paddle frigates.
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The United States Navy likewise started with a general 'steamer' class. In 1842 it consisted of
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complement of 300 men. However, in actual use this artillery proved to be way more than what
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had failed as a steam frigate. The same could be said of her (near) sisters of 450 hp,
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571:. The side effect was a stagnation in French steam vessel engineering. Continuing the
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British
Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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type meant that France was not developing something that resembled a steam frigate.
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each with 6 heavy guns. The next class were the 'steamers first class', containing
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In general a frigate was commanded by a captain and a corvette by a lieutenant.
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for propulsion. The first functional propeller, a shortened version of the
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laid down in 1858, was 75 m long and displaced 5,700 t. The screw frigate
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583:. A project that lent four of them to a commercial company soon failed.
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was so deep in the water that her gun ports had to be shut permanently.
1405:"Ship found in Arctic 168 years after doomed Northwest Passage attempt"
1295:
Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy
1279:
Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy
887:
852:
109:
97:
1342:(in Dutch and French). Hulst van Keulen, Amsterdam. 1843. p. 820.
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The first small vessel that can be considered a steam warship was the
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could handle. It had to be reduced to 2 80s and 6 30s. It meant that
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would be taken as a model to build six more of these steam frigates (
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By the time that the Royal Navy launched its first screw frigate,
368:
commissioned in 1843. She had been the sailing fifth rate frigate
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enabled construction of screw-powered versions of the traditional
871:. For a time, they were the most powerful type of vessel afloat.
690:, it already had two screw sloops in commission. The 9 gun sloop
186:
officer who had volunteered his services to the Hellenic Navy.
467:. By 1850 the U.S. paddle steamers were divided into classes.
932:
of the Argentinian navy is the last surviving steam and sail
859:
designs. The additional weight of the armour on these first
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of 1853 was 65 m long, displaced 3,125 t, had twenty-eight
1326:(in French). Bureau de la Revue, Paris. 1858. p. 109.
1323:
Revue Britannique, les Paquebots transatlantiques français
563:
of 160 hp and 913t displacement. She was used in the
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The 'screw frigates', built first of wood and later of
1282:. Alexander and Barnard, Washington. 1842. p. 56.
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From 1859, armor was added to ships based on existing
770:
was later rebuilt with a propeller for service in the
557:
The first useful steam vessel of the French Navy was
428:
was not yet armed, but would later also have 4 guns.
255:
guns. These were often mounted on pivots and slides.
1339:
Verhandelingen en Berigten Betrekkelijk het Zeewegen
1177:
The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
831:
class of 5 ships was built according to a design by
523:. Seven other steamers were 'less than first class'
1367:
The Mechanics' museum, register journal and gazette
447:The first steam frigates of the United States were
614:Screw warships were built with steam engines and
258:Paddle frigates were used extensively during the
1370:. Robertson & co, London. 1850. p. 286.
995:Note sur l'état des forces Navales de la France
991:Note sur l'état des forces navales de la France
652:was estimated to cost 64 GBP daily to operate.
1298:. C. Alexander, Washington. 1850. p. 116.
1163:(in French). Paul Dupont, Paris. p. 456.
1015:British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863
84:warships that were not meant to stand in the
8:
471:was designated a steam frigate, and so were
1250:. Henry Colburn, London. 1840. p. 545.
993:(in French), Paul Masgana, Paris, p.
1352:
1308:
972:List of frigate classes of the Royal Navy
919:is currently undergoing restoration as a
393:. Other steam frigates first class, like
1232:
1215:
1203:
886:The only surviving screw frigate is the
42:
29:
1435:
1423:
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379:was followed by even bigger ships like
1160:Revue maritime et coloniale, Volume 42
946:was rebuilt as a museum ship in 1990.
424:(with a horizontal submerged paddle).
1355:, p. Appendice, Annexe A, p. 23.
1311:, p. Appendice, Annexe A, p. 26.
1133:British Cruisers of the Victorian Era
1106:British Cruisers of the Victorian Era
416:of 4 guns, commissioned in 1837, and
222:gun deck, it was at least a frigate.
131:, which was launched in 1815 for the
7:
697:, launched in 1843, was designed by
989:Joinville, M. le prince de (1844),
1048:Hovgaard, William (January 1971).
1003:Les Croiseurs; La Guerre de Course
641:The screw frigate retained a full
25:
1403:Paul Watson (12 September 2016).
1174:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010-12-09).
909:and is now preserved at Chatham.
139:began building a number of small
956:
751:, first commissioned during the
622:, was invented independently by
1157:Ministère de la Marine (1874).
1017:, Seaforth Publishing, p.
837:Georges Baptiste François Allix
823:The French navy next built the
198:on three masts. If it had only
547:List of Russian steam frigates
537:producing their own steamships
487:, each with 9 heavy guns, and
1:
27:Type of steam-powered warship
373:carronades and 4 howitzers.
135:. From the early 1820s, the
92:. Later on the invention of
88:. The first such ships were
1247:The United Service Magazine
1079:Story of the Paddle Steamer
1076:Dumpleton, Bernard (2002).
565:invasion of Algiers in 1830
1485:
354:Seringapatam-class frigate
1130:Friedman, Norman (2012).
1103:Friedman, Norman (2012).
1055:. Conway Maritime Press.
539:. The 1841 steam frigate
176:Greek War of Independence
143:including the armed tugs
1136:. Seaforth. p. 54.
1109:. Seaforth. p. 52.
759:boilers in 1845 for the
336:, which became a sloop.
289:and the slightly larger
1263:Army and Navy Chronicle
699:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
178:, on the order of Capt
34:Russian steam corvette
1013:Winfield, Rif (2014),
905:spent many years as a
190:Frigate classification
54:
40:
1005:(in French), p.
1001:Dislere, Rif (1875),
964:United Kingdom portal
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33:
1266:. 1843. p. 629.
912:The Dutch gunvessel
624:Francis Pettit Smith
444:under construction.
264:Mexican–American War
180:Frank Abney Hastings
121:First steam warships
1082:. Intellect Books.
833:Henri Dupuy de Lôme
829:Impératrice Eugénie
763:. The paddle sloop
761:Franklin expedition
755:, were fitted with
252:ML 8-inch shell gun
404:United States Navy
272:American Civil War
133:United States Navy
64:) and the smaller
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941:Japanese frigate
876:armoured cruisers
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620:Archimedes' screw
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814:
806:
804:
801:
797:
796:
790:
789:
783:
782:
775:
773:
769:
768:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
743:
742:
736:
731:
729:
728:
722:
721:8 inch 65 cwt
718:
717:
711:
707:
706:
705:Great Britain
700:
696:
695:
689:
688:
678:
676:
674:
673:
667:
665:
660:
658:
657:
651:
650:
644:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:John Ericsson
625:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
587:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
520:
514:
512:
506:
502:
500:
494:
492:
486:
484:
478:
476:
470:
466:
465:Paixhans guns
462:
460:
454:
452:
445:
443:
441:
435:
433:
427:
423:
421:
415:
413:
403:
401:
399:
398:
392:
391:
385:
384:
378:
374:
371:
367:
366:
358:
355:
352:those of the
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
288:
287:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
253:
248:
243:
241:
236:
228:
226:
223:
221:
215:
213:
211:
203:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Hellenic Navy
169:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
149:
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:
120:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:steam-powered
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
51:
45:
39:
38:
32:
19:
18:Screw frigate
1436:Dislere 1875
1431:
1424:Dislere 1875
1419:
1410:The Guardian
1408:
1398:
1387:
1381:Being Brunel
1376:
1366:
1360:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1211:
1180:. ABC-CLIO.
1176:
1169:
1159:
1152:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1078:
1071:
1050:
1043:
1014:
1002:
990:
942:
938:
928:
925:
915:
911:
901:
897:
890:
885:
873:
850:
840:
828:
824:
822:
817:
812:
810:
799:
794:
787:
780:
776:
766:
747:
740:
732:
726:
715:
709:
704:
693:
686:
682:
670:
668:
664:wrought iron
661:
655:
648:
640:
633:
613:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
577:
572:
568:
558:
556:
540:
533:Tsarist Navy
531:The Russian
530:
527:Russian Navy
521: (1847)
518:
513: (1843)
510:
504:
501: (1848)
498:
493: (1850)
490:
485: (1850)
482:
477: (1850)
474:
468:
461: (1841)
458:
453: (1841)
450:
446:
442: (1843)
439:
434: (1840)
431:
425:
422: (1842)
419:
414: (1837)
411:
407:
396:
389:
382:
376:
375:
369:
364:
359:
348:
344:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
285:
281:
257:
244:
235:paddlewheels
232:
224:
219:
216:
212: (1846)
209:
204:
193:
161:
159:sloop-of-war
153:
146:
137:British Navy
126:
124:
77:
73:
70:steam sloops
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
49:
36:
1392:HMS Rattler
977:Screw sloop
921:museum ship
807:French Navy
772:Crimean War
753:War of 1812
581:Cunard Line
553:French Navy
491:San Jacinto
475:Susquehanna
469:Mississippi
451:Mississippi
383:Retribution
268:Crimean War
238:and so the
196:square rigs
182:, a former
174:during the
166:(Καρτερία;
60:(including
1469:Ship types
1453:Categories
983:References
943:Kaiyō Maru
841:Souveraine
679:Royal Navy
634:Archimedes
604:l'Infernal
278:Royal Navy
260:Opium Wars
184:Royal Navy
50:Birkenhead
882:Survivors
798:of 1858.
793:HMS
786:HMS
779:HMS
765:HMS
746:HMS
739:HMS
727:Agamemnon
725:HMS
714:HMS
692:HMS
685:HMS
654:HMS
647:HMS
643:sail-plan
542:Kamchatka
519:Allegheny
517:USS
509:USS
497:USS
489:USS
481:USS
473:USS
457:USS
449:USS
440:Princeton
438:USS
430:USS
418:USS
410:USS
395:HMS
388:HMS
381:HMS
363:HMS
318:Gladiator
314:Firebrand
291:HMS
284:HMS
247:broadside
240:sail plan
210:Constance
208:HMS
152:HMS
145:HMS
128:Demologos
116:Evolution
102:corvettes
950:See also
934:corvette
869:ironclad
781:Defiance
716:Euryalus
703:SS
672:Napoleon
656:Terrible
632:SS
600:Asmodéee
511:Michigan
483:Powhatan
459:Missouri
432:Poinsett
390:Terrible
377:Penelope
370:Penelope
365:Penelope
361:steamer
163:Kartería
110:gunboats
98:frigates
1052:Matters
929:Uruguay
916:Bonaire
902:Gannet
892:Jylland
853:frigate
788:Shannon
767:Phoenix
710:Amphion
694:Rattler
687:Amphion
499:Saranac
397:Avenger
357:1850s.
349:reduced
345:Cyclops
341:Cyclops
330:Centaur
322:Sampson
310:Vulture
306:Cyclops
302:Cyclops
293:Cyclops
220:covered
80:, were
1184:
1140:
1113:
1086:
1059:
1025:
914:HNLMS
888:Danish
825:L'Isly
818:Pomone
813:Pomone
800:Mersey
795:Mersey
748:Terror
741:Erebus
649:Thetis
573:Sphinx
569:Sphinx
560:Sphinx
505:Fulton
412:Fulton
334:Gorgon
326:Dragon
298:Gorgon
286:Gorgon
154:Monkey
106:sloops
37:Vityaz
1036:Notes
596:Gomer
592:Gomer
586:Gomer
426:Union
420:Union
168:Greek
147:Comet
1182:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1023:ISBN
939:The
927:ARA
900:HMS
855:and
811:The
744:and
626:and
602:and
515:and
495:and
479:and
455:and
386:and
328:and
270:and
150:and
108:and
76:and
48:HMS
835:.
1455::
1407:.
1223:^
1196:^
1021:,
936:.
923:.
895:.
774:.
737:.
708:.
606:.
549:.
507:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
266:,
262:,
214:.
112:.
104:,
100:,
72:,
68:,
1413:.
1190:.
1146:.
1119:.
1092:.
1065:.
20:)
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