114:
266:
362:
detection are usually modified with certain materials (carbon, bismuth or gold among others) to increase their sensitivity. To improve their detection, these modifiers are attached to the SPEs surface. The most widely used is bismuth due to its great yield and improved sensitivity, reaching the level
236:
because it has stable electrochemical potential under numerous measurement conditions. This makes silver/silver chloride ink a good choice for a variety of medical and industrial applications that require conductive ink, such as biometric monitoring or heavy metal detection. The properties of the ink
402:
On the other hand, a correct manufacturing process is important to avoid low reproducibilities, to encourage mineral binders or insulating polymers that achieve a high resistance of SPE, and to use inks that do not significantly affect the kinetics of the reactions that take place. In manufacturing,
243:
ink. The electrodes composition is usually confidential information from the manufacturing company, however, there are key elements for the electrodes composition such as binders, used to improve the affinity of the substrate and ink, and solvents employed to improve the viscosity for the printing
278:
Screen-printed electrodes offer several advantages such as low cost, flexibility of their design, great reproducibility of the process and of the electrodes obtained, the possibility of manufacturing them with different materials and the wide capacity of modification of the work surface. Another
342:
Drinking water is contaminated due to the increased use of herbicides. To achieve selective detection, the most common method is the immunoassay which, combined with SPEs, is detected directly avoiding the cleaning and reuse of active
49:
cells arises from the need to reduce the size of the devices, that implies a decrease of the sample volume required in each experiment. In addition, the development of SPEs has enable the reduction of the production costs.
763:
MartĂn-Yerga, Daniel; PĂ©rez-Junquera, Alejandro; GonzĂĄlez-GarcĂa, MarĂa Begoña; Perales-Rondon, Juan V.; Heras-Vidaurre, Aranzazu; Colina-SantamarĂa, Alvaro; HernĂĄndez-Santos, David; Fanjul-Bolado, Pablo (2018).
293:: their quick detection from electrochemical biosensors based on SPE is a challenge because they easily penetrate plants, animals and humans through their membranes and skins, producing toxic side effects.
176:
The electrode manufacturing process involves the sequential deposition of different layers of conductive and/or insulating inks on the substrates of interest. The process consists of several stages:
531:
Gonzålez Diéguez, Noelia; Heras
Vidaurre, ArĂĄnzazu; Colina SantamarĂa, Ălvaro (2017). "EspectroelectroquĂmica UV-Vis con electrodos serigrafiados. Estudio y determinaciĂłn de neurotransmisores".
106:. It is the electrode that completes the circuit of the three-electrode cell, as it allows the passage of current. It enables the analysis of processes in which electronic transfer takes place.
187:
needed to produce a proper adhesion. Drying can be done in an oven at temperatures between 300 and 1200 °C, or in cold cured ink with a subsequent UV light photocuring process.
42:) used in the manufacture of the electrode determines its selectivity and sensitivity. This fact allows the analyst to design the most optimal device according to its purpose.
53:
One of the principal advantages is the possibility of modifying the screen-printed electrodes, modifying the composition of its inks by adding different metals,
173:
or complexing agents. The electrode ink composition is chosen according to the final application and the selectivity and sensitivity required for the analysis.
403:
surface treatments are used to remove organic contaminants from the ink. This improves their electrochemical properties by increasing the surface roughness.
117:
Screen-printed electrode with the three electrode system, reference electrode (RE), working electrode (WE) and auxiliary or counter electrode (AE or CE)
72:
is one of the oldest methods of reproduction. The screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are presented as a single device in which there are three different
94:
It allows the application of a known potential, which is independent of the analyte and other ions concentration. Its potential is constant, and the
353:
detection of heavy metals, due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. The most common toxic metal ions are Pb (II) and Hg (II)
286:
Currently, they are used as a support to produce portable electrochemical biosensors for environmental analysis. Some applications are:
26:
substrates, allowing quick in-situ analysis with high reproducibility, sensitivity and accuracy. The composition of the different inks (
317:
have been designed. Micro-electrodes combined with screen-printing technology have been used to manufacture nitrite-sensitive sensors.
557:
248:
particles and the printing and drying conditions could affect the electron transfer and the analytical yield of the carbon sensors.
667:
Fanjul-Bolado, Pablo; HernĂĄndez-Santos, David; Lamas-Ardisana, Pedro JosĂ©; MartĂn-PernĂa, Alberto; Costa-GarcĂa, AgustĂn (2008).
258:
ink is currently generating more interest due to the formation of self-assembling monolayers (SAM) by means of strong Au-S bonds.
113:
265:
190:
The process can be repeated if complex structures are required using the appropriate material for the specific design.
22:(SPEs) are electrochemical measurement devices that are manufactured by printing different types of ink on plastic or
283:
determination of specific analytes. In addition, screen-printed electrodes avoid tedious cleaning processes.
627:"Manufacture and evaluation of carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrodes as electrochemical tools"
325:: Organophosphate pesticides are harmful to humans and animals because they inhibit the activity of many
698:
398:. During the last years SPE have been used to generate in-situ SERS substrates for analytical purposes.
726:"Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assaysâA review"
816:
811:
383:
233:
101:
89:
765:
725:
668:
626:
587:
504:
426:
745:
646:
607:
563:
553:
496:
446:
427:"Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications"
387:
367:
210:
95:
81:
669:"Electrochemical characterization of screen-printed and conventional carbon paste electrodes"
785:
777:
737:
680:
638:
599:
488:
438:
46:
166:
69:
279:
advantage is the possibility of connection to a portable instrumentation allowing the
805:
476:
229:
inks are also used. Some ink components induce differences in detection and analysis.
202:, therefore, their printing and manufacturing characteristics should be highlighted:
781:
684:
603:
508:
766:"Quantitative Raman spectroelectrochemistry using silver screen-printed electrodes"
162:
121:
The three electrodes could be printed on different types of substrates (plastic or
61:, etc., which is useful for the preparation of multitude electrochemical analyses.
642:
442:
378:
electrodes are used for detection due to their high affinity. However, the use of
382:
electrodes produces structural changes on the surface caused to the formation of
425:
Renedo, O. DomĂnguez; Alonso-Lomillo, M.A.; MartĂnez, M.J. Arcos (2007-09-15).
741:
492:
500:
567:
371:
337:
330:
320:
314:
301:
232:
Silver/silver chloride ink. Silver/silver chloride is an industry preferred
154:
146:
73:
749:
650:
625:
Fanjulbolado, P; Queipo, P; Lamasardisana, P; Costagarcia, A (2007-12-15).
611:
450:
475:
Taleat, Zahra; Khoshroo, Alireza; Mazloum-Ardakani, Mohammad (July 2014).
390:
measurements in water easier because no electrode preparation is required.
547:
306:
245:
222:
214:
138:
39:
350:
310:
297:
280:
269:
Screen printed electrodes with gold, carbon and silver ink respectively
194:
On the other hand, as mentioned above, the most commonly used inks are
184:
170:
122:
58:
23:
790:
326:
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226:
206:
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158:
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31:
27:
305:: their detection at low levels is of great importance due to their
237:
can be adjusted by changing the ratio of silver to silver chloride.
264:
112:
477:"Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008â2013)"
379:
375:
359:
255:
251:
218:
142:
35:
183:
Drying of the printed films, thus eliminating possible organic
126:
386:. Commercially available screen-printed gold electrodes make
699:"Ag/AgCl (Silver Silver Chloride) Screen Printed Electrodes"
588:"Planar electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications"
85:. Their response is sensitive to the analyte concentration.
724:
Li, Meng; Li, Yuan-Ting; Li, Da-Wei; Long, Yi-Tao (2012).
137:, however, they can be based on other metals such as
125:) and could be manufactured with a great variety of
552:. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España.
180:Film deposition usually on plastic or ceramic.
349:: simple and economic devices are needed for
209:ink. This ink acts as a conductor, while the
129:. The most common inks are those composed of
8:
789:
244:process. The type, size or charge of the
586:Laschi, Serena; Mascini, Marco (2006).
412:
533:Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Burgos
7:
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592:Medical Engineering & Physics
98:potential is measured against it.
782:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.060
685:10.1016/j.electacta.2007.12.044
604:10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.05.006
103:Auxiliary or counter electrode
1:
643:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.035
443:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.03.050
396:Generation of SERS substrates
309:. SPEs capable of detecting
363:of parts per billion (ppb).
333:based on SPEs have emerged.
274:Advantages and applications
833:
16:Printed measurement device
742:10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.018
549:QuĂmica analĂtica moderna
493:10.1007/s00604-014-1181-1
20:Screen-printed electrodes
370:is the most problematic
213:are printed mainly with
546:Harvey, David. (2002).
329:. Nowadays, inhibition
45:The evolution of these
730:Analytica Chimica Acta
270:
118:
358:Pb (II): Sensors for
347:Heavy metal detection
268:
157:can be modified with
116:
57:, complexing agents,
770:Electrochimica Acta
673:Electrochimica Acta
234:reference electrode
153:. In addition, the
90:Reference electrode
705:. 17 November 2020
291:Phenolic compounds
271:
211:working electrodes
119:
679:(10): 3635â3642.
487:(9â10): 865â891.
481:Microchimica Acta
96:working electrode
82:Working electrode
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167:carbon nanotubes
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598:(10): 934â943.
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217:inks, although
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70:Screen printing
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47:electrochemical
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707:. Retrieved
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776:: 183â190.
343:components.
161:, metallic
65:Description
817:Biosensors
812:Electrodes
806:Categories
791:10259/4935
703:Almax - RP
407:References
338:Herbicides
331:biosensors
322:Pesticides
155:electrodes
74:electrodes
736:: 31â44.
709:12 August
501:0026-3672
372:pollutant
366:Hg (II):
315:phosphate
302:phosphate
147:palladium
750:22704470
651:18371659
612:16822696
568:52938858
509:98195936
451:19073018
307:toxicity
246:graphite
223:platinum
215:graphite
185:solvents
171:polymers
139:platinum
59:polymers
40:platinum
631:Talanta
431:Talanta
388:mercury
384:amalgam
368:mercury
351:in-situ
327:enzymes
311:nitrite
298:Nitrite
281:in-situ
159:enzymes
123:ceramic
55:enzymes
24:ceramic
748:
649:
610:
566:
556:
507:
499:
449:
241:Carbon
227:silver
207:Silver
200:carbon
196:silver
151:copper
135:carbon
131:silver
32:silver
28:carbon
505:S2CID
254:ink.
746:PMID
711:2021
647:PMID
608:PMID
564:OCLC
554:ISBN
497:ISSN
447:PMID
380:gold
376:gold
360:lead
313:and
300:and
256:Gold
252:Gold
225:and
219:gold
198:and
143:gold
133:and
127:inks
36:gold
786:hdl
778:doi
774:264
738:doi
734:734
681:doi
639:doi
600:doi
489:doi
485:181
439:doi
149:or
808::
784:.
772:.
768:.
744:.
732:.
728:.
701:.
677:53
675:.
671:.
659:^
645:.
635:74
633:.
629:.
606:.
596:28
594:.
590:.
576:^
562:.
517:^
503:.
495:.
483:.
479:.
459:^
445:.
435:73
433:.
429:.
415:^
221:,
169:,
165:,
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141:,
76::
38:,
34:,
30:,
794:.
788::
780::
752:.
740::
713:.
687:.
683::
653:.
641::
614:.
602::
570:.
535:.
511:.
491::
453:.
441::
340::
92:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
