787:
38:
331:
738:. The binding agent keeps carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. Carbon particles do not fade over time even when bleached or when in sunlight. One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does not threaten the paper's strength. Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon ink tends to smudge in humid environments and can be washed off surfaces. The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to store it in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).
766:
an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium hyphenate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).
360:. One 12th century ink recipe called for hawthorn branches to be cut in the spring and left to dry. Then the bark was pounded from the branches and soaked in water for eight days. The water was boiled until it thickened and turned black. Wine was added during boiling. The ink was poured into special bags and hung in the sun. Once dried, the mixture was mixed with wine and iron salt over a fire to make the final ink.
413:
27:
558:
650:
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163:
395:
and egg white. Two types of ink were prevalent at the time: the Greek and Roman writing ink (soot, glue, and water) and the 12th century variety composed of ferrous sulfate, gall, gum, and water. Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs. Eventually an
188:
Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw. The recipes and techniques for the production of ink are derived from archaeological analyses or from written texts itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations are believed
765:
Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think
761:
are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State
Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink
659:
There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's health. Certain inks, such as those used in digital printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful. Though ink does not easily cause death, repeated skin contact or ingestion
756:
Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The
773:
increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing
506:
Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of an image.
741:
Recently, carbon inks made from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created. They are similar in composition to traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers and produce electrically conductive patterns.
786:
537:
Dye-based inks can be used for anti-counterfeit purposes and can be found in some gel inks, fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency. These inks react with cellulose to bring about a permanent color change. Dye based inks are used to color hair.
1049:
Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Mouro, Elouan; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen, Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (2020).
827:
The election commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in its election in 2014. In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. Indelible ink itself is not infallible as it can be used to commit electoral
523:, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound is commonly used in ink-jet printing inks.
803:
means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of
265:. The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue, whereas Japanese glue (膠
510:
To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh print. Other methods include harder paper
762:
ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).
519:
inks. Another technique involves coating the paper with a charged coating. If the dye has the opposite charge, it is attracted to and retained by this coating, while the solvent soaks into the paper.
339:
About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate (made by treating iron with sulfuric acid), were mixed with tannin from
176:, an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BC. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early
515:
and more specialized paper coatings. The latter is particularly suited to inks used in non-industrial settings (which must conform to tighter toxicity and emission controls), such as
154:, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
568:
287:, then pour it into a ceramic dish to dry. To use the dry mixture, a wet brush would be applied until it reliquified. The manufacture of India ink was well-established by the
275:
was invented in China, though materials were often traded from India, hence the name. The traditional
Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue,
1536:
832:
by marking opponent party members before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of "indelible" ink washing off voters' fingers in
Afghanistan.
1704:
660:
can cause effects such as severe headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage. These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as
468:
Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a
1150:
897:
1621:
Rouchon-Quillet, V.; Remazeilles, C.; Bernard, J.; Wattiaux, A.; Fournes, L.; et al. (2004), "The Impact of Gallic Acid on Iron Gall Ink
Corrosion",
1329:
are featured in A booke of secrets: shewing diuers waies to make and prepare all sorts of inke... tr. out of Dutch into
Englishe by W.P. , London, 1596.
37:
1677:
902:
1612:
Reißland, Birgit; de Groot, Suzan (August 15–21, 1999), "Ink
Corrosion: Comparison of the Currently Used Aqueous Treatments for Paper Objects",
1357:
1120:
992:
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The logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout
Indonesia
1375:
242:
330:
1596:
1759:
1665:
1572:
1498:
Henk J. Porck and René Teygeler, Preservation
Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).
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1218:
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than dyes. Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color. Pigment molecules typically link together in
547:
1720:
376:
of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.
1052:"Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses"
343:(they grow on trees) and a thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a dull brown.
313:, turns from dark blue-black to brown on drying, and was used as an ink in the Graeco-Roman period and subsequently. Black
1253:
323:
1588:
817:
1710:
1169:
Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to
Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris
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1508:
1461:
629:
587:
572:
2018:
1604:
Martín-Gil J., Ramos-Sánchez MC, Martín-Gil FJ and José-Yacamán M. "Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink".
682:
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can interact with other ink ingredients, potentially allowing greater benefit as compared to pigmented inks from
485:
1156:
601:
1711:
Roman ink article by
Alexander Allen In Smith's Dictionary Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875), in LacusCurtius
1423:
1551:
Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., "Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture", Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.
2133:
1932:
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1814:
1399:
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1927:
1112:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
984:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
688:
Some regulatory bodies have set standards for the amount of heavy metals in ink. There is a trend toward
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299:. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India. Several
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1864:
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391:, Gutenberg's dye was indelible, oil-based, and made from the soot of lamps (lamp-black) mixed with
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Ink uses up non-renewable oils and metals, which has a negative impact on the environment.
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1010:"Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf"
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and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes.
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1139:.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....
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113:
1462:"Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes"
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Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as
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1969:
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is a manuscript, in Arabic, from 1852. It discusses the process of making inks.
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In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed in Europe for the
245:. These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as
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1949:
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Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating
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from at least the 26th century BC. Egyptian red and black inks included
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume. Qualities such as
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Forty Centuries of Ink (David N. Carvalho); A detailed online textbook
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373:
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81:
1555:
N.a. (March 2000), "Bach Scores Turning to Dust in German Library",
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253:. Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern
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404:, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press.
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The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist
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An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye
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The earliest Chinese inks may date to four millennia ago, to the
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2039:
1537:
Afghanistan election: 'indelible' ink washes off voters' fingers
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340:
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211:
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1583:
Manuscripts and Documents: Their Deterioration and Restoration
551:
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327:, Sharon J. Huntington describes these other historical inks:
127:
93:
65:
49:
1676:, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
1155:, National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from
1349:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1460:
Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007),
1690:
Cueppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink."
1692:
Ancient Nepal – Journal of the Department of Archaeology
424:
Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components:
583:
108:. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in
1614:
Preprint from the 9th International Congress of IADA
1352:(Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. 130–144,
170:
under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called
2116:
2032:
2006:
1897:
1786:
1779:
1694:, Number 113, August–September 1989, pp. 1–7.
696:in recent years in response to a demand for better
352:Europe (about AD 800 to 1500) wrote principally on
1716:Ancient and Modern Ink Recipes (David N. Carvalho)
1580:
1268:A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?
1109:Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).
981:Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985).
492:vary depending on the source and type of pigment.
291:dynasty (220–265 AD). Indian documents written in
1732:"A Light Note on the Science of Writing and Inks"
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1257:, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.
1189:.Page 30, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
1017:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan
967:
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955:
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667:, which helps create some inks' color and shine.
364:The reservoir pen, which may have been the first
1424:Canadian Printing Ink Manufacturers' Association
1213:. p. 23. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
249:; these were ground with water and applied with
1509:"Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections"
1270:Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
303:and Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.
72:, and is used to color a surface to produce an
1137:Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti
670:Three main environmental issues with ink are:
582:Please review the contents of the section and
16:Liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes
1753:
8:
1187:The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference
257:, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the
199:, easily collected as a by-product of fire.
1115:. Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
898:Preservation (library and archival science)
1783:
1760:
1746:
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790:A voter's thumb stained with indelible ink
1284:. London: John Murray. pp. 271–273.
1085:
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987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
122:Ink can be a complex medium, composed of
1678:United States Government Printing Office
1205:
1203:
387:. According to Martyn Lyons in his book
329:
940:
903:Preservation of illuminated manuscripts
435:Inks generally fall into four classes:
1135:* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000).
1721:Gorgeous Portrayal Of How Ink Is Made
1370:
1368:
822:National Physical Laboratory of India
184:sutras in India were compiled in ink.
7:
1316:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
1565:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
1230:Sung, Sun & Sun, page 286-288.
14:
648:
556:
542:Health and environmental aspects
295:with ink have been unearthed in
1563:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989).
820:, after being developed at the
548:Environmental issues with paper
261:; being produced from soot and
584:add the appropriate references
334:Oak galls and iron(II) sulfate
1:
1606:Journal of Chemical Education
1400:"First Aid for Ink Poisoning"
1254:The Christian Science Monitor
719:; carbon-based and made from
324:The Christian Science Monitor
1589:University of Virginia Press
818:1962 Indian general election
698:environmental sustainability
218:as pigments, in addition to
1185:Gottsegen, Mark D. (2006).
569:reliable medical references
206:for writing and drawing on
60:that contains at least one
2183:
1282:The Secret Lives of Colour
1280:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
793:
749:
683:Volatile organic compounds
545:
499:
476:structures that are 0.1–2
461:
416:Magnified line drawn by a
368:, dates back to 953, when
18:
1643:10.1007/s00339-004-2541-1
1380:American Chemical Society
1376:"Dyes, Pigments and Inks"
1251:by Sharon J. Huntington,
1209:Smith, Joseph A. (1992).
816:was first applied in the
575:or relies too heavily on
1436:"Ink – Ten Random Facts"
1346:Kipphan, Helmut (2001),
812:. Election ink based on
400:-like ink made of soot,
243:Chinese Neolithic Period
2134:List of writing systems
1845:Broussonetia papyrifera
1832:Folding-book manuscript
1815:Bamboo and wooden slips
1660:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1567:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1314:Books: A living history
1077:10.1073/pnas.2004534117
1008:Tallet, Pierre (2012).
389:Books: A Living History
269:) is from cow or stag.
189:to have been made with
41:Writing ink and a quill
1707:(archived 8 June 2003)
791:
746:Iron gall (common ink)
727:
421:
362:
345:
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238:also used as a drier.
185:
42:
34:
1858:Corypha umbraculifera
1672:Waters, C.E. (1940),
1656:Sircar, D. C. (1996).
1579:Barrow, W.J. (1972),
789:
759:Johann Sebastian Bach
714:
415:
346:
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259:Warring States period
165:
40:
29:
1608:, 2006, 83, 1476–78.
1513:Antara (news agency)
321:; in an article for
30:Bottles of ink from
21:Ink (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
1726:The Huffington Post
1635:2004ApPhA..79..389R
1587:, Charlottesville:
1472:(33): 10088–10089,
1068:2020PNAS..11727825C
1062:(45): 27825–27835.
757:original scores of
532:optical brighteners
2165:Printing materials
2129:History of writing
1616:, pp. 121–129
1557:American Libraries
1312:Lyons, M. (2011).
893:Pharmaceutical ink
878:Inksaving typeface
792:
728:
679:Non-renewable oils
431:Vehicles (binders)
422:
385:Johannes Gutenberg
336:
186:
148:particulate matter
84:. Ink is used for
43:
35:
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2002:
2001:
1945:Photographic film
1623:Applied Physics A
1478:10.1021/ja073745e
1466:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1359:978-3-540-67326-2
1325:Many recipes for
1122:978-0-521-08690-5
994:978-0-521-08690-5
947:Banerji, page 673
858:Fountain pen inks
771:relative humidity
657:
656:
633:
317:was also used in
285:pestle and mortar
279:, lampblack, and
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2139:Written language
2057:Electronic media
2014:Electronic paper
1987:Textile printing
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1773:writing material
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1658:Indian epigraphy
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1440:Ten Random Facts
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1898:Other materials
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1800:Trema micrantha
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1685:Further reading
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1515:. 16 April 2013
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843:Blue Wool Scale
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690:vegetable oils
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848:De-inked pulp
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752:Iron gall ink
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600: –
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594:Find sources:
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565:This section
563:
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1904:Animal skin
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1517:. Retrieved
1503:
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1444:. Retrieved
1442:. 2013-07-15
1439:
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1408:. Retrieved
1403:
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1383:. Retrieved
1379:
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1252:
1249:"Think Ink!"
1244:
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1186:
1165:
1157:the original
1151:
1144:
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1131:
1111:
1104:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1020:
1016:
1003:
983:
976:
943:
853:Election ink
826:
800:
799:
796:Election ink
768:
764:
755:
740:
729:
702:
692:rather than
687:
675:Heavy metals
669:
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619:
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573:verification
566:
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418:fountain pen
388:
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366:fountain pen
363:
347:
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319:ancient Rome
305:
277:carbon black
271:
266:
240:
201:
195:, a kind of
190:
187:
172:
152:fluorescents
140:solubilizers
126:, pigments,
121:
114:lithographic
64:, such as a
45:
44:
2074:Inscription
2007:Impermanent
1970:Clay tablet
1940:Oracle bone
1807:Ficus aurea
1787:Plant-based
1723:– video at
918:Stark's ink
808:to prevent
776:brittleness
736:animal glue
725:animal glue
567:needs more
474:crystalline
470:color range
348:Scribes in
309:, known as
263:animal glue
251:ink brushes
234:ions, with
232:carboxylate
178:South India
144:surfactants
110:letterpress
2154:Categories
2091:Palimpsest
2086:Manuscript
2079:Bas-relief
2024:Skywriting
1980:Wax tablet
1960:Petroglyph
1820:Birch bark
1446:2016-11-29
1410:2019-01-18
1385:2020-05-15
1023:: 147–68.
935:References
923:Tattoo ink
868:Ink eraser
732:gum arabic
665:-Anisidine
609:newspapers
546:See also:
486:saturation
402:turpentine
315:atramentum
281:bone black
180:. Several
136:lubricants
2098:Microform
1992:Silk text
1908:Parchment
1865:Palm leaf
1300:936144129
1029:2049-5021
913:Squid ink
801:Indelible
639:June 2018
528:molecules
521:Cellulose
490:lightness
453:Colorants
428:Colorants
354:parchment
293:Kharosthi
273:India ink
255:inksticks
220:phosphate
192:lampblack
2050:Notebook
1966:Tablets
1955:Geoglyph
1933:Stamping
1928:Intaglio
1870:Borassus
1853:Ola leaf
1780:Enduring
1651:95990608
1519:3 August
1486:17663555
1096:33106396
1034:21 April
836:See also
717:inkstick
715:Chinese
458:Pigments
350:medieval
341:gallnuts
301:Buddhist
297:Xinjiang
247:graphite
228:chloride
124:solvents
117:printing
102:reed pen
62:colorant
58:solution
2069:(baton)
1924:Metals
1882:Papyrus
1769:Writing
1631:Bibcode
1559:: 24–25
1546:Sources
1152:二、墨的發展史
1149:蔡, 玫芬,
1087:7668004
1064:Bibcode
908:Soy ink
863:Gel pen
623:scholar
588:removed
464:Pigment
439:Aqueous
398:varnish
393:varnish
289:Cao Wei
224:sulfate
208:papyrus
168:Ganesha
158:History
92:with a
90:writing
86:drawing
70:pigment
32:Germany
2103:Scroll
2019:Screen
1913:Vellum
1825:Betula
1664:
1649:
1595:
1571:
1484:
1406:. 2018
1356:
1298:
1288:
1217:
1193:
1119:
1094:
1084:
1027:
991:
707:Carbon
625:
618:
611:
604:
596:
513:sizing
488:, and
448:Powder
442:Liquid
396:oily,
374:caliph
372:, the
358:vellum
267:nikawa
230:, and
132:resins
82:design
2067:Shaku
2045:Codex
1975:Slate
1950:Stone
1877:Paper
1794:Amate
1647:S2CID
1013:(PDF)
928:Toner
830:fraud
630:JSTOR
616:books
598:"Ink"
445:Paste
408:Types
311:sepia
216:ocher
106:quill
104:, or
98:brush
80:, or
74:image
56:, or
48:is a
2160:Inks
2108:Sign
2040:Book
1771:and
1674:Inks
1662:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1521:2024
1482:PMID
1354:ISBN
1296:OCLC
1286:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1092:PMID
1056:PNAS
1036:2013
1025:ISSN
989:ISBN
723:and
721:soot
602:news
571:for
496:Dyes
236:lead
214:and
212:iron
197:soot
182:Jain
173:masi
128:dyes
112:and
78:text
1920:Ink
1639:doi
1474:doi
1470:129
1082:PMC
1072:doi
1060:117
734:or
502:Dye
482:hue
383:by
356:or
94:pen
88:or
68:or
66:dye
54:sol
50:gel
46:Ink
2156::
2063:Hu
1645:,
1637:,
1627:79
1625:,
1591:,
1523:.
1480:,
1468:,
1464:,
1438:.
1402:.
1378:.
1367:^
1334:^
1294:.
1202:^
1174:^
1090:.
1080:.
1070:.
1058:.
1054:.
1021:18
1019:.
1015:.
964:^
952:^
824:.
778:.
590:.
484:,
478:μm
226:,
222:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
119:.
100:,
96:,
76:,
52:,
2065:/
1890:)
1884:(
1873:)
1867:(
1861:)
1855:(
1828:)
1822:(
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1668:.
1641::
1633::
1575:.
1488:.
1476::
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1413:.
1388:.
1302:.
1221:.
1197:.
1125:.
1098:.
1074::
1066::
1038:.
997:.
663:p
641:)
637:(
627:·
620:·
613:·
606:·
580:.
420:.
23:.
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