183:
331:
1969:
1997:
2037:
1955:
2047:
2025:
1983:
1941:
31:
2011:
457:
Rozendaal, Danaë M. A.; Bongers, Frans; Aide, T. Mitchell; Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban; Ascarrunz, Nataly; Balvanera, Patricia; Becknell, Justin M.; Bentos, Tony V.; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Cabral, George A. L.; Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofia; Chave, Jerome; César, Ricardo G.; Chazdon, Robin L.; Condit, Richard
145:
followed by shrubs and bushes. Over time, trees that were characteristic of the original forest begin to dominate the forest again. It typically takes a secondary forest 40 to 100 years to begin to resemble the original old-growth forest; however, in some cases a secondary forest will not succeed,
222:
When forests are harvested, they either regenerate naturally or artificially (by planting and seeding select tree species). The result is often a second growth forest which is less biodiverse than the old growth forest. Patterns of regeneration in secondary forests show that species richness can
272:
Deforestation is one of the main causes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to climate change. Though preserving old-growth forests is most effective at maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, secondary forests may play a role in
300:
and soil of secondary forests is anticipated to be released into the atmosphere. In other places, forest restoration – namely the development of secondary forests – has been a governmental priority in order to meet national and international targets on biodiversity and carbon emissions.
117:
Secondary forestation is common in areas where forests have been degraded or destroyed by agriculture or timber harvesting; this includes abandoned pastures or fields that were once forests. Additionally, secondary forestation can be seen in regions where forests have been lost by the
239:
Low to moderate disturbances have been shown to be extremely beneficial to increase in biodiversity in secondary forests. These secondary disturbances can clear the canopies to encourage lower canopy growth as well as provide habitats for small organisms such as insects, bacteria and
365:. In addition to soil nutrient levels, two areas of concern with tropical secondary forest restoration are plant biodiversity and carbon storage; it has been suggested that it takes longer for a tropical secondary forest to recover its biodiversity levels than its carbon pools. In
227:
and identities of species can take much longer to recover. Artificially restored forests, in particular, are highly unlikely to compare to their old-growth counterparts in species composition. Successful recovery of biodiversity is also dependent upon local conditions, such as
564:
Leite, Márcio
Fernandes Alves; Liu, Binbin; Gómez Cardozo, Ernesto; Silva, Hulda Rocha e; Luz, Ronildson Lima; Muchavisoy, Karol Henry Mavisoy; Moraes, Flávio Henrique Reis; Rousseau, Guillaume Xavier; Kowalchuk, George; Gehring, Christoph; Kuramae, Eiko Eurya (March 2023).
369:, growth of new forests from abandoned farmland exceeded loss of primary rainforest in 1990. However, due to the diminished quality of soil, among other factors, the presence of a significant majority of primary forest species fail to recover in these second-growth forests.
277:. Despite the species loss that occurs with primary forest removal, secondary forests can still be beneficial to ecological and anthropogenic communities. They protect the watershed from further erosion and provide habitat; secondary forests may also buffer
213:
Secondary forests can also be classified by the way in which the original forest was disturbed; examples of these proposed categories include post-extraction secondary forests, rehabilitated secondary forests, and post-abandonment secondary forests.
126:
systems of agriculture. While many definitions of secondary forests limit the cause of degradation to human activities, other definitions include forests that experienced similar degradation under natural phenomena like fires or landslides.
42:, Canada, is generally considered to have second and third growth characteristics. This photo shows regeneration, a tree growing out of the stump of another tree that was felled in 1962 by the remnants of
313:
have led to efforts to reduce and combat deforestation in places like Panama and
Indonesia. Natural and human-assisted growth of secondary forests can offset carbon emissions and help countries meet
98:
because the dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. Secondary forests are notably different from primary forests in their composition and
1584:
310:
1355:
109:
The legal definition of what constitutes a secondary forest vary between countries. Some legal systems allows certain degree of subjectivity in assigning a forest as secondary.
248:
and intentionally planting/seeding native species can be combined with natural regeneration to restore biodiversity more effectively. This has also been shown to improve
158:. Depending on the forest, the development of primary characteristics that mark a successful secondary forest may take anywhere from a century to several millennia.
182:
979:
82:
forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests. Secondary forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from forest
1394:
174:
most of the forests of the United States – especially those in the eastern part of the country – as well as forests of Europe consist of secondary forest.
2086:
1063:
527:
302:
952:
378:
973:
159:
210:
layer, whereas primary forests have several. Species composition in the canopy of secondary forests is usually markedly different, as well.
264:
that favor bacterial communities rather than the fungal communities seen in old-growth forests or naturally regenerated secondary forests.
285:
and increase connectivity between them. Secondary forests may also be a source of wood and other forest products for rural communities.
1056:
1014:
306:
256:
and livelihoods. Some of these techniques are less successful at restoring original plant-soil interactions. In certain cases (as in
1288:
1268:
567:"Microbiome resilience of Amazonian forests: Agroforest divergence to bacteria and secondary forest succession convergence to fungi"
1945:
624:
1042:
1360:
224:
330:
1433:
1243:
1049:
742:"Secondary disturbances of low and moderate severity drive the dynamics of eastern Canadian boreal old-growth forests"
43:
39:
665:
Chazdon, Robin L. (2008-06-13). "Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands".
1757:
1399:
1350:
1035:
102:; however, they may still be helpful in providing habitat for native species, preserving watersheds, and restoring
794:"Soil Carbon Stocks Decrease following Conversion of Secondary Forests to Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Plantations"
1720:
1540:
1409:
1070:
274:
1859:
1545:
1153:
1118:
528:"Classification systems for secondary forests in four neotropical countries: Synthesis and conceptual analysis"
233:
236:(resulting from human operations like mining), and management strategies (in assisted restoration scenarios).
2071:
1688:
1579:
1475:
1470:
2081:
1465:
1460:
1328:
1007:
103:
1973:
1959:
1630:
398:
282:
163:
131:
87:
83:
67:
1849:
1589:
1530:
1500:
1370:
1158:
805:
753:
674:
471:
123:
942:
296:
in Asia are expected to rise by millions of hectares by 2050; as such, the carbon stored within the
2050:
1421:
1365:
1238:
1206:
244:
which may feed on the decaying plant material. Additionally, forest restoration techniques such as
138:
allow sunlight to reach the forest floor. An area that has been cleared will first be colonized by
74:
or agriculture clearing, or equivalently disruptive natural phenomena. It is distinguished from an
792:
Blécourt, Marleen de; Brumme, Rainer; Xu, Jianchu; Corre, Marife D.; Veldkamp, Edzo (2013-07-19).
78:(primary or primeval forest), which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early
2001:
1520:
1515:
1345:
1308:
1263:
1216:
1123:
1113:
925:
920:
293:
232:, water availability, forest size, existing vegetation and seed sources, edge effect stressors,
292:
than other land-uses, such as tree plantations. Land-use conversions from secondary forests to
2040:
1801:
1323:
1303:
1293:
1278:
1183:
1000:
969:
947:
903:
885:
841:
823:
771:
698:
690:
606:
588:
505:
487:
393:
297:
261:
257:
253:
249:
151:
75:
2076:
1996:
1916:
1901:
1663:
1620:
1567:
1455:
1298:
1273:
893:
877:
831:
813:
761:
682:
596:
578:
541:
532:
495:
479:
526:
Fiamoncini-PastĂłrio, Fábio; Fiorentin-dos-Santos, Kristiana; LuĂs de-Gasper, AndrĂ© (2023).
1926:
1784:
1769:
1625:
1572:
1555:
1258:
1226:
1196:
1148:
1133:
1108:
207:
155:
139:
135:
79:
866:"Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests"
202:
Secondary forests tend to have trees closer spaced than primary forests and contain less
809:
757:
678:
601:
566:
475:
1987:
1911:
1906:
1839:
1747:
1735:
1700:
1658:
1606:
1601:
1525:
1443:
1335:
1178:
1168:
898:
865:
836:
793:
500:
459:
362:
314:
229:
187:
119:
716:
2065:
2015:
1921:
1881:
1834:
1673:
1645:
1510:
1448:
1387:
1382:
1191:
1143:
986:
546:
17:
2029:
1864:
1560:
1550:
1535:
1505:
1428:
1404:
1318:
1283:
1248:
1163:
1138:
1094:
430:
358:
245:
99:
35:
980:
Parentage analysis of a regenerating palm tree in a tropical second-growth forest
818:
1896:
1876:
1869:
1829:
1796:
1377:
1128:
388:
289:
278:
203:
195:
166:, for example, can develop primary characteristics in one or two generations of
66:
area which has regenerated through largely natural processes after human-caused
1891:
1886:
1612:
1233:
766:
741:
350:
335:
889:
827:
775:
694:
592:
491:
223:
quickly recover to pre-disturbance levels via secondary succession; however,
1774:
1752:
1653:
1595:
1495:
1340:
1211:
1077:
686:
95:
2024:
907:
881:
845:
702:
610:
509:
483:
30:
1854:
1824:
1819:
1779:
1725:
1715:
1635:
1023:
383:
354:
343:
288:
Though not as effective as primary forests, secondary forests store more
91:
63:
2010:
1844:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1693:
1683:
1668:
1221:
191:
147:
71:
864:
Martin, Philip A.; Newton, Adrian C.; Bullock, James M. (2013-12-22).
583:
1678:
1416:
1253:
1201:
1100:
366:
339:
241:
59:
1730:
29:
625:"Successional Changes in Communities | Learn Science at Scitable"
27:
Forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a timber harvest
1789:
1764:
1438:
740:
Martin, Maxence; Morin, Hubert; Fenton, Nicole J. (2019-12-11).
167:
996:
206:
than primary forests. Usually, secondary forests have only one
965:
992:
361:
may be significantly diminished following the removal of
260:
tropical ecosystems), agroforestry practices have led to
460:"Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests"
982:. Ecological Society of America, Ecology 88: 3065-3075.
987:
1812:
1644:
1486:
1177:
1087:
130:Secondary forests re-establish by the process of
1008:
921:"New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests"
8:
429:Chokkalingam, U.; de Jong, W. (2001-11-12).
1015:
1001:
993:
897:
835:
817:
765:
600:
582:
545:
499:
303:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
717:"Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020"
329:
181:
410:
357:levels are characteristically low, the
186:Oak plantings in a secondary woodland,
521:
519:
379:Land use, land-use change and forestry
859:
857:
855:
787:
785:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
194:and broadleaf woodland is located in
7:
968:. PhD Thesis Wageningen University.
559:
557:
452:
450:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
1940:
923:article by Elisabeth Rosenthal in
307:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
2087:Environmental issues with forests
1289:Global Forest Information Service
2045:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1981:
1967:
1953:
1939:
870:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2046:
547:10.4067/s0717-92002023000300469
1:
966:Dynamics of secondary forests
349:In the case of semi-tropical
989:Science Advances, 2019-03-06
819:10.1371/journal.pone.0069357
122:method, a component of some
40:Vancouver, British Columbia
2103:
1400:Growth and yield modelling
252:functionality, as well as
134:. Openings created in the
1974:Earth sciences portal
1960:Climate change portal
1935:
1541:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1030:
767:10.1007/s13595-019-0891-2
431:"Array - CIFOR Knowledge"
301:Recommendations from the
275:climate change mitigation
268:Climate change mitigation
170:, or 150–500 years. Today
94:, insect infestation, or
1546:Great Green Wall (China)
1119:Close to nature forestry
985:Rozendaal et al., 2019,
953:World Resource Institute
746:Annals of Forest Science
1580:Million Tree Initiative
687:10.1126/science.1155365
283:mature forest fragments
2002:Environment portal
1434:Sustainable management
1329:Trillion Tree Campaign
964:M. van Breugel, 2007,
943:CIFOR Secondary Forest
882:10.1098/rspb.2013.2236
484:10.1126/sciadv.aau3114
346:
199:
47:
1927:Wood process engineer
1631:Urban forest inequity
978:Uzay. U Sezen, 2007,
571:Global Change Biology
399:Ecological succession
333:
185:
164:eastern United States
33:
1590:Shifting cultivation
1531:Forest fragmentation
1501:Carbon sequestration
1371:Woodland Carbon Code
1336:Forest certification
1244:Even-aged management
1159:Sustainable forestry
124:shifting cultivation
106:between ecosystems.
56:second-growth forest
18:Second-growth forest
1395:Formally designated
1239:Ecological thinning
1149:Plantation forestry
1057:Research institutes
810:2013PLoSO...869357D
758:2019AnFSc..76..108M
679:2008Sci...320.1458C
673:(5882): 1458–1460.
476:2019SciA....5.3114R
225:relative abundances
1988:Ecology portal
1521:Forest degradation
1516:Ecosystem services
1124:Community forestry
937:General references
926:The New York Times
876:(1773): 20132236.
347:
294:rubber plantations
254:rural independence
200:
152:soil nutrient loss
48:
2059:
2058:
2016:Plants portal
1802:green woodworking
974:978-90-8504-693-6
584:10.1111/gcb.16556
394:Old-growth forest
250:ecosystem service
198:, United Kingdom.
76:old-growth forest
16:(Redirected from
2094:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2030:Trees portal
2028:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1664:Forest gardening
1621:Timber recycling
1568:Invasive species
1456:Tree measurement
1017:
1010:
1003:
994:
930:
929:January 29, 2009
918:
912:
911:
901:
861:
850:
849:
839:
821:
789:
780:
779:
769:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
662:
639:
638:
636:
635:
621:
615:
614:
604:
586:
577:(5): 1314–1327.
561:
552:
551:
549:
523:
514:
513:
503:
464:Science Advances
454:
445:
444:
442:
441:
426:
262:soil microbiomes
160:Hardwood forests
156:tropical forests
52:secondary forest
21:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2022:
2008:
1994:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1952:
1931:
1808:
1785:spruce-pine-fir
1758:Christmas trees
1640:
1556:Illegal logging
1488:
1482:
1197:Controlled burn
1182:
1173:
1154:Social forestry
1134:Energy forestry
1114:Bamboo forestry
1109:Analog forestry
1083:
1026:
1021:
961:
939:
934:
933:
919:
915:
863:
862:
853:
791:
790:
783:
739:
738:
734:
725:
723:
715:
714:
710:
664:
663:
642:
633:
631:
623:
622:
618:
563:
562:
555:
525:
524:
517:
470:(3): eaau3114.
456:
455:
448:
439:
437:
428:
427:
412:
407:
375:
328:
323:
315:climate targets
270:
220:
180:
178:Characteristics
140:pioneer species
115:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Forest ecology
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2019:
2005:
1991:
1977:
1963:
1949:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Timber cruiser
1914:
1912:Shingle weaver
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1748:Rail transport
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:pulp and paper
1686:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Forest farming
1656:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1607:slash-and-char
1604:
1602:slash-and-burn
1599:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Forest dieback
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1169:Urban forestry
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
983:
976:
960:
959:External links
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
938:
935:
932:
931:
913:
851:
781:
732:
708:
640:
629:www.nature.com
616:
553:
515:
458:(March 2019).
446:
409:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
374:
371:
363:primary forest
327:
324:
322:
319:
269:
266:
230:soil fertility
219:
216:
188:Tilgate Forest
179:
176:
120:slash-and-burn
114:
111:
86:after natural
72:timber harvest
34:The forest in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2099:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Reforestation
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Rubber tapper
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Choker setter
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:Manufacturing
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Deforestation
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:Environmental
1485:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:reforestation
1386:
1384:
1383:afforestation
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Arboriculture
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Permaforestry
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
988:
984:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
928:
927:
922:
917:
914:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
820:
815:
811:
807:
804:(7): e69357.
803:
799:
795:
788:
786:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
722:
718:
712:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
641:
630:
626:
620:
617:
612:
608:
603:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
554:
548:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
447:
436:
432:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
411:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:, where soil
352:
345:
341:
337:
332:
325:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
226:
217:
215:
211:
209:
205:
197:
193:
190:. This mixed
189:
184:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
136:forest canopy
133:
128:
125:
121:
112:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:Typhoon Freda
41:
37:
32:
19:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1979:
1965:
1951:
1944:
1922:Tree planter
1902:Resin tapper
1882:Truck driver
1877:River driver
1626:Tree hugging
1611:
1594:
1561:timber mafia
1551:High grading
1536:Ghost forest
1506:Clearcutting
1429:Silviculture
1405:Horticulture
1313:
1249:Fire ecology
1164:Urban forest
1139:Mycoforestry
1099:
1095:Agroforestry
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1043:Forest areas
1041:
1034:
948:FAO Forestry
924:
916:
873:
869:
801:
797:
749:
745:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:
711:
670:
666:
632:. Retrieved
628:
619:
574:
570:
537:
531:
467:
463:
438:. Retrieved
434:
359:soil quality
348:
287:
279:edge effects
271:
246:agroforestry
238:
221:
218:Biodiversity
212:
201:
171:
142:
129:
116:
108:
104:connectivity
100:biodiversity
88:disturbances
68:disturbances
55:
51:
49:
36:Stanley Park
1946:WikiProject
1870:smokejumper
1850:Firefighter
1813:Occupations
1797:Woodworking
1378:Forestation
1309:restoration
1264:informatics
1129:Ecoforestry
721:www.fao.org
389:Overlogging
351:rainforests
326:Rainforests
290:soil carbon
204:undergrowth
196:West Sussex
154:in certain
113:Development
2066:Categories
1892:Lumberjack
1887:Log scaler
1770:engineered
1721:non-timber
1694:sawmilling
1646:Industries
1613:svedjebruk
1324:transition
1304:protection
1294:old-growth
1279:governance
1234:Dendrology
1184:management
1050:Ministries
752:(4): 108.
726:2023-04-02
634:2023-04-02
440:2023-04-02
342:island in
338:canopy on
336:rainforest
334:Secondary
132:succession
70:, such as
1840:Ecologist
1753:Tree farm
1654:Coppicing
1596:chitemene
1496:Acid rain
1444:allometry
1366:SmartWood
1314:secondary
1299:pathology
1274:inventory
1212:driftwood
1078:Arbor Day
890:1471-2954
828:1932-6203
776:1297-966X
695:1095-9203
593:1354-1013
492:2375-2548
96:windthrow
84:regrowing
2041:Category
1855:handcrew
1825:Arborist
1820:Forester
1780:mahogany
1726:palm oil
1716:charcoal
1701:Products
1636:Wildfire
1449:breeding
1410:GM trees
1259:dynamics
1071:Journals
1064:Colleges
1024:Forestry
908:24197410
846:23894456
798:PLOS ONE
703:18556551
611:36511762
602:10108277
510:30854424
384:Land use
373:See also
355:nutrient
344:Thailand
305:(IPCC),
234:toxicity
90:such as
64:woodland
2077:Forests
2051:Outline
1865:lookout
1860:hotshot
1741:tanbark
1711:biomass
1706:biochar
1684:plywood
1669:Logging
1573:wilding
1222:log jam
1179:Ecology
899:3826225
837:3716606
806:Bibcode
754:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
667:Science
501:6402850
472:Bibcode
298:biomass
281:around
192:conifer
162:of the
148:erosion
146:due to
58:) is a
1897:Ranger
1845:Feller
1830:Bucker
1736:rubber
1679:lumber
1489:topics
1476:volume
1471:height
1417:i-Tree
1254:Forest
1207:coarse
1202:Debris
1101:dehesa
972:
906:
896:
888:
844:
834:
826:
774:
701:
693:
609:
599:
591:
533:Bosque
508:
498:
490:
367:Panama
340:Ko Mak
321:Biomes
309:, and
258:Amazon
208:canopy
60:forest
1731:rayon
1466:girth
1461:crown
1422:urban
1319:stand
1227:slash
1217:large
1088:Types
1036:Index
540:(3).
435:CIFOR
405:Notes
311:REDD+
242:fungi
168:trees
80:seral
1790:teak
1775:fuel
1765:Wood
1585:REDD
1439:Tree
1356:PEFC
1341:ATFS
970:ISBN
904:PMID
886:ISSN
842:PMID
824:ISSN
772:ISSN
699:PMID
691:ISSN
607:PMID
589:ISSN
506:PMID
488:ISSN
92:fire
54:(or
1361:SFI
1351:FSC
1346:CFS
1284:law
1269:IPM
1181:and
894:PMC
878:doi
874:280
832:PMC
814:doi
762:doi
683:doi
671:320
597:PMC
579:doi
542:doi
496:PMC
480:doi
150:or
62:or
2068::
902:.
892:.
884:.
872:.
868:.
854:^
840:.
830:.
822:.
812:.
800:.
796:.
784:^
770:.
760:.
750:76
748:.
744:.
719:.
697:.
689:.
681:.
669:.
643:^
627:.
605:.
595:.
587:.
575:29
573:.
569:.
556:^
538:44
536:.
530:.
518:^
504:.
494:.
486:.
478:.
466:.
462:.
449:^
433:.
413:^
317:.
50:A
38:,
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
910:.
880::
848:.
816::
808::
802:8
778:.
764::
756::
729:.
705:.
685::
677::
637:.
613:.
581::
550:.
544::
512:.
482::
474::
468:5
443:.
172:,
143:,
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
