587:. Their sentences read that "Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers." Ming officials forced Pires to write letters for them, demanding that the Portuguese restore the deposed Malaccan Sultan back to his throne. The Malay ambassador, who refused to leave fearing that the Portuguese would kill him, was forced to take the letters with him on a junk to Patani. It left Guangzhou on 31 May 1523, and brought back an urgent request for help against the Portuguese from the Malay Sultan. Dom Sancho Henriques' forces were attacking Bintang and Patani. When they received his reply, the Chinese officials sentenced the Portuguese embassy to death. On 23 September 1523, 23 Portuguese were executed by slicing their bodies into multiple pieces, and their private parts were stuffed into their mouths. When more Portuguese ships landed and were seized, the Chinese executed them as well, cutting off the genitalia and beheading the bodies and forcing their fellow Portuguese to wear the body parts, while the Chinese celebrated with music. The genitalia and heads were strung up for display in public, after which they were discarded.
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1568 when they aided the Ming in fighting off a hundred pirate ships. The nature of Wang Bo's business transactions were almost discovered by imperial observers in 1571, but the vice-commissioner obfuscated the payments by identifying them as "ground rent" made to the imperial treasury. Macau's merchant oligarchs continued to bribe their
Mandarin overseers and in this way the settlement persisted. The most important incident of bribery occurred in 1582 when the viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi summoned Macau's chief officials for a meeting. Remembering the fate of Tome Pires decades earlier, Macau's leaders chose an elderly judge and Italian Jesuit to go in their place. The viceroy raged at the Macau representatives, accusing them of conducting governance in contravention of Ming law, and threatened to destroy the colony and evict all Portuguese from Macau. His attitude changed dramatically after the two presented him with 4,000 cruzados worth of presents. In his words: "The foreigners, subjects to the laws of the Empire, may continue to inhabit Macao."
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heavy arrow and gun fire while replying with powerful cannon salvos, matchlock fire, and hurling gunpowder bombs. In the rear, two smaller carracks got separated, and on Diogo de Mello's carrack a gunpowder barrel keg was lit by a cannon shot and exploded. Another account says it was an accident. The ship sank. Portuguese chronicler João de Barros writes, "The first sign that victory would be given to the enemy came in the form of a spark getting into the powder carried by Diogo de Mello, which blew the decks of his vessel into the air. He and the hull went to the bottom together." Diogo's brother was devastated, writing, "I saw one of the vessels burst into flames and go down to the bottom, with nothing left alive or dead that we could see, and it was my brother Diogo de Mello's vessel, and with him went fifteen or twenty members of my father's household, and of mine, who had gone with him." Pedro Homem, the captain of the other small
456:, and blatantly ignored the Ming emperor's authority by building a fort at Tunmen, after his request for Tunmen was denied. Although buying and selling children was common practice in the region, the Portuguese chronicler João de Barros concluded that they had been seized without knowledge from their parents and even came from noble families. Even children from well off families were sold and found years later at Diu in western India. Rumors that Simao and other Portuguese were cannibalizing children for food spread across China. Besides aggressive trading through force of arms and abducting and selling Chinese men, women, and children into slavery, Simao also encouraged "robbers, kidnappers, and all sorts of wickedness." Other foreigners such as
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Portuguese water expedition, and pinned them down with artillery fire for an hour before Mello ordered his men to abandon the water barrels and immediately re-embark. The Ming fleet gave chase as the
Portuguese made their way back to their ships, forcing them to detach extra weight and abandon their anchors to make a break for deep water, all the while firing volleys of shrapnel and matchlock fire to keep the Chinese boarding parties at bay. When they reached their ships, the Ming fleet gave up chase as the carracks out ranged them and proceeded to bombard their fleet. According to Mello, they came back with "blood instead of water."
523:("trade"), and remained outside their effective range, occasionally firing their bombards on the Portuguese ships to no effect. That night, the Portuguese captured 5 fishermen, who were given a reward and told by de Mello to deliver a message to the captain of the Ming fleet the following morning, stating that he intended to trade and offer compensation for any past misdoings of his countrymen. Mello received no reply. The following night, the Portuguese again sent two envoys to the Chinese fleet, but were met with a brief bombardment.
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476:. Ming officials were notified of the Portuguese conquest of Malacca by the Sultan, who called the Portuguese "sea robbers," and were displeased. As the sultanate was a tributary of the Ming dynasty, the emperor demanded that the Portuguese withdraw from Malacca and restore the Malay sultan to the throne. Chinese authorities were suspicious of the Portuguese explanation that they conquered Malacca due to "the local ruler's tyrannies against the Chinese," even though the Chinese residents of Malacca had fully supported the
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shooting a few shots, with their drums and gongs, placing themselves in front of the port that I intended to reach." Mello gave orders not to return fire as his goal was peace, but he wrote that "it pained me that I could not shoot them." As the Ming fleet closed in on the junk ship of António do Rego however, he opened fire, making the
Chinese fall back with Rego abandoning formation to give chase. Immediately he was signaled from the flagship to return to formation and was later reprehended by Martim Afonso.
449:. Since Mello's mission was primarily commercial and diplomatic, his vessels carried mainly small caliber cannon, and barely any heavy guns; furthermore, two-thirds of his crew had perished during the long voyage to Malacca. He arrived there in July 1522 where he came across skepticism towards his mission from the local Portuguese, who had been trading in China for several years, and informed him of the tensions in China.
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carrack was burnt to prevent the
Chinese from capturing it. Afterwards, Martim Afonso de Mello gathered a council with his captains, in which he expressed his intentions of renewing battle the following day, but the rest of the captains saw it as a pointless exercise and objected. The Portuguese then proceeded to Malacca, and despite being off-season, encountered favourable winds that carried them to the
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tributary, to the Sultan. When Pires arrived he was put in chains and kept in prison. He was never released. Prior to Pires' arrival other
Portuguese had been executed by beating, strangling, and other forms of torture. Ming officials confiscated from the Portuguese embassy "twenty quintals of rhubarb, one thousand five hundred or six hundred rich pieces of silk."
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614:, a pirate base off the coast of Zhejiang. In 1549 the Portuguese abandoned their goods after realizing the new administration had made it impossible for them to conduct business, and moved further south to Guangdong. Zhu Wan's success was short-lived, and he was convicted of wrongful executions by his enemies the same year. He eventually committed suicide.
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troops followed and advanced in good order." According to
Portuguese sources, Pedro Homem put up an admirable fight, being "in stature one of the largest men of Portugal, and his spirit of bravery and physical strength were different from the common man." He was the last to fall for he wore European plate armour and kept the Chinese at bay with a heavy
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Mello detached two armed craft to return to Duarte Coelho and escort him, but could not breach the
Chinese blockade. Irritated, Mello finally decided to confront the Chinese, but was rebuffed by his captains who thought that they should remain passive instead. Several days passed by until Duarte Coelho eventually decided to depart for Malacca.
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The new
Portuguese trading presence in Guangdong got off to a solid start in 1554 when the merchants Leonel de Sousa and Simão d'Almeida offered bribes to Wang Bo, the vice-commissioner for maritime defense. After a pleasant reception from the Portuguese merchants on their ships, the two sides agreed
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were prevented from conducting trade until the
Portuguese had finished their own business. They refused to pay customs duties and abused an official who had complained about their behavior. The Portuguese were also accused of robbing foreign ships. Simao's pirating activities greatly angered both the
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retaliation, and in 1524 constructed a new fleet of war junks in preparation for future
Portuguese incursions. However, the attacks were not forthcoming, and the fleet was left to decay. The new fleet's ships were either scuttled or captured by pirates. By 1528 no new ships were being constructed.
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Back on board but lacking enough water, de Mello decided to retreat and return to Malacca. Fourteen days after arriving on the Pearl River delta, the Portuguese weighed anchor and prepared to run the Chinese blockade. The two heavy carracks in the front cleared a path through the Ming fleet amidst
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as well as levying the imperial duty of 20 percent on only half their products. Following 1557 the Portuguese were no longer asked to leave Macau during winter. The Portuguese ambassador Diogo Pereira arrived in 1563 to normalize relations. Portuguese presence in Macau was further strengthened in
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In the meantime, the two heavy carracks and António do Rego's junk ship successfully repelled all boarding attempts, forcing the Chinese to abandon pursuit with severe losses. Only by night fall did the wind allow the Portuguese to return to the drifting carrack and rescue its last survivor. The
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immediately ordered the sails to be furled and a craft set out to rescue the castaways, but they were faced with artillery fire from the Ming fleet and were then boarded until all the Portuguese were killed or captured. On the Chinese side, "Pan Ding-gou (潘丁苟) … was first to board, and the other
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For the remaining Portuguese, their greatest concern became their dwindling water reserves. Mello armed four boats with cannons and personally led them ashore to fill the barrels with water. Such a move did not go unnoticed by the Ming fleet, which detached several oar ships to give chase to the
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On the third night, a craft from Duarte Coelho's junk ship managed to run the blockade under cover of darkness and reach the fleet, and stated that Duarte Coelho had his ship sheltered behind an island close by, but would not join the fleet because of the Chinese, unless they came to his aid. De
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towards Guangzhou before the end of July. They were promptly confronted by a Ming fleet led by Ke Rong and Wang Ying'en, which proceeded to fire warning shots at the Portuguese. According to Mello, "They just wanted to demonstrate their power ... doing nothing more than going in front of me and
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On 1 January 1524, Jorge de Albuquerque wrote a letter to the King of Portugal requesting him to send the captain-major, because he feared that the Chinese would send a fleet to Malacca and punish the Portuguese for destroying the Sultanate. The Chinese on their part feared possible Portuguese
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awaiting an audience with the emperor. However, when reports of Portuguese piracy and the seizure of Malacca reached Beijing, the embassy was sent back to Guangzhou. They were detained there and offered their freedom on the condition that the Portuguese returned Malacca, which had been a Ming
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but was blockaded by a Ming fleet despite his offers of amends. After two weeks without being able to gain a foothold in China they decided to run the blockade and managed to escape with the loss of two ships and several dozen men. The battle was fought off the northwestern coast of
410:, and preventing other foreigners from trading in China. Portuguese traders were executed in China and a Portuguese embassy was arrested, with their freedom promised on the condition that the Portuguese returned Malacca to its sultan. Martim Afonso de Mello arrived at the
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until he was eventually taken down by a cannon shot. His death is corroborated by Portuguese sources, which say that " fighting was such that if it hadn't been for the shots of artillery, he never would have died, so great was the fear of the Chinese to approach him."
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The Chinese killed almost everyone on board the carrack and made several prisoners before abandoning it, taking with them the cannon and even the ropes, anchors, and pulleys. A sole survivor was left behind - a sailor that had taken refuge on the crow's nest.
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coastline for the next thirty years with the aid of corrupt local merchants with official connections. They formed a group of smugglers and pirates composed of Fujianese, Japanese, and Portuguese mariners. However this came to a stop with the appointment of
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After the battle, Wang Hong presented 20 captured Portuguese cannons and other firearms to the imperial court. He Ru was ordered to begin manufacturing breech-loading cannons in the same style as the captured Portuguese
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1440:"Confrontos militares navais nos mares do Sul e da China: razões dos primeiros insucessos das armadas portuguesa" in Nos Mares da China. A propósito da chegada de Jorge Álvares, em 1513
480:. The problem was further compounded by the illegality of overseas Chinese trade under Ming law, making them even more suspicious. The Chinese responded by blockading the Portuguese.
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coast guard and a Portuguese fleet led by Martim Afonso de Mello that occurred in 1522. The Ming court threatened to expel Portuguese traders from China after receiving news that the
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Forty two men were captured and taken into custody by the Chinese. On 6 December 1522, Portuguese prisoners were exposed to the public in pillories in
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In 1524 the Chinese sent the Malay ambassadors Tuan Mohammed and Cojacao back to Bintang with messages for the Portuguese. They got lost at sea.
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of Portugal wished to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with China, in April 1521, the new governor of Portuguese India
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Nevertheless, Mello departed at once with two more trade junks belonging to Duarte Coelho and Ambrósio do Rego joining the fleet.
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to a payment of 500 taels per year made personally to Wang Bo in return for allowing the Portuguese to settle in
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Chinese Character Database: With Word-formations Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect
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Chinese people and the court, which led Ming officials to order the eviction of the Tunmen Portuguese.
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The Chinese could not prevent the Portuguese from dropping anchor by an island the Portuguese dubbed
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Initially Mello's expedition experienced a storm but survived and successfully sailed up the
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Matteo Ricci and the Catholic Mission to China, 1583–1610: A Short History with Documents
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Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27-28
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The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
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Sino Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, Part 2; Parts 1368-1644
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edited by Manuel Lopes de Almeida, Porto, Lello & Irmão, 1979, book 2 ch. 106
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China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions
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Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume II - Christianity, Commerce and Corso 1522-1538
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Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 26-27
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Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific
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We are Not Pirates: Portugal, China, and the Pirates of Coloane(Macao), 1910
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Embassies to China: Diplomacy and Cultural Encounters Before the Opium Wars
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Despite hostilities, the Portuguese continued to trade and raid along the
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Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery Book 2
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576:" in Chinese. He Ru was promoted in 1523 and completed the first
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in 1547 as special grand coordinator to stamp out piracy in
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1346:, University of California, Santa Barbara, October 1993
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do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses
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559:, where they met up with Duarte Coelho and his junk.
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439:Martim Afonso de Mello, tasked with constructing a
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610:and Fujian. In 1548 Zhu Wan carried out a raid on
1334:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415 - 1580
630:also improved relations with the Portuguese and
572:, which were called "Folangji" (佛郎機), meaning "
32:
2107:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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1178:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 620–.
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8:
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1238:. Stanford University Press. pp. 36–.
1235:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200
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1375:, Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated
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1199:J. M. Barwise; Nicholas J. White (2002).
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1477:, a publication from 1894, now in the
1458:, a publication from 1895, now in the
1203:A Traveller's History of Southeast Asia
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507:A heavy 16th century Portuguese carrack
2058:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
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905:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, 1552–1561
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468:The Portuguese had also conquered the
1175:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O
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1473:This article incorporates text from
1454:This article incorporates text from
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269:Battle of Sincouwaan (Eastern China)
893:
727:
2257:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
1315:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
25:
398:) was a naval battle between the
2267:Naval battles involving Portugal
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1447:
260:
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227:
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1693:Japanese missions to Ming China
1410:The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires
1336:, University of Minnesota Press
144:Martim Afonso de Mello Coutinho
1567:Campaign against the Uriankhai
1317:, Cambridge University Press,
1270:, Princeton University Press,
1232:Merle Calvin Ricklefs (2001).
1172:Tony Jaques (1 January 2007).
382:
373:
365:
1:
2297:Military history of Guangdong
2262:Naval battles involving China
1627:Campaigns against the Mongols
1393:, University of Chicago Press
1289:, University of Hawai'i Press
435:was dispatched together with
2165:Covered jar with carp design
1781:Transition from Ming to Qing
1438:Rodrigues, Vítor G. (2016),
1432:, Cambridge University Press
1422:, Cambridge University Press
1418:Twitchett, Denis C. (1998),
1412:, Asian Educational Services
1398:Monteiro, Saturnino (1995),
1207:. Interlink Books. pp.
27:Naval battle in Asia in 1522
2312:2nd millennium in Hong Kong
2160:Ming presentation porcelain
1759:Japanese invasions of Korea
668:Western imperialism in Asia
2328:
2022:Compilations and Documents
1653:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
1342:Dutra, Francis A. (1995),
1332:Diffie, Bailey W. (1977),
1285:Antony, Robert J. (2017),
570:breech-loading swivel guns
396:Batalha da Ilha da Veniaga
2302:Military history of Macau
2155:Chinese lacquerware table
1917:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1678:Prince of Anhua rebellion
1371:Hsia, R. Po-chia (2016),
1354:Macau History and Society
320:
272:Show map of Eastern China
241:Location within Hong Kong
214:
197:
158:
121:
104:
37:
2282:China–Portugal relations
2218:Great Ming Treasure Note
2097:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1880:Administrative divisions
1683:Prince of Ning rebellion
1380:Keevak, Michael (2017),
1294:Chang, Tien Tse (1978),
388:Battle of Veniaga Island
133:Wang Ying'en (王應恩)
2037:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1703:Great Rites Controversy
1557:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1428:Wills, John E. (2011),
1389:Lach, David F. (1994),
1313:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
663:Fernão Pires de Andrade
485:Fernão Pires de Andrade
314:Ming–European Conflicts
2075:Palaces and Mausoleums
2065:Ming Veritable Records
1713:Luso-Chinese agreement
508:
445:(trade post) close to
122:Commanders and leaders
18:Second Battle of Tamao
2170:Yongning Temple Stele
1907:Imperial Commissioner
1632:Reign of Ren and Xuan
1592:Ming treasure voyages
1582:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
1481:in the United States.
1462:in the United States.
1442:, Academia de Marinha
1352:Hao, Zhidong (2010),
632:fought alongside them
506:
433:Dom Duarte de Menezes
244:Show map of Hong Kong
198:Casualties and losses
2287:History of Hong Kong
1769:Sino-Dutch conflicts
1668:Rebellion of Cao Qin
1597:Ming–Turpan conflict
1547:Red Turban Rebellion
1408:Pires, Tomé (1990),
1402:, Saturnino Monteiro
1384:, Palgrave Macmillan
383:Qiàncǎo Wān zhī Zhàn
358:Battle of Sincouwaan
238:class=notpageimage|
77:22.3699°N 113.9759°E
33:Battle of Sincouwaan
2116:Society and Culture
2051:Yongle Encyclopedia
1890:Imperial Clan Court
1833:Kingdom of Tungning
1786:Jurchen unification
1718:Jiajing wokou raids
1607:Battle of Palembang
1572:Battle of Buir Lake
478:Portuguese takeover
362:traditional Chinese
116:Kingdom of Portugal
73: /
1965:Military conquests
1811:Peasant rebellions
1688:Capture of Malacca
1663:Defense of Beijing
1577:Lin Kuan rebellion
628:Sultanate of Johor
509:
454:Portuguese Malacca
408:Portuguese Malacca
370:simplified Chinese
2292:Conflicts in 1522
2244:
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1953:Gunpowder weapons
1912:Grand coordinator
1875:Grand Secretariat
1841:
1840:
1735:(1572–1683)
1644:(1435–1572)
1612:Battle of Kherlen
1562:Ming–Mong Mao War
1552:Wu Mian rebellion
1538:(1368–1435)
1277:978-0-691-13597-7
1245:978-0-8047-4480-5
1218:978-1-56656-439-7
1185:978-0-313-33538-9
580:cannons in 1524.
513:Pearl River delta
470:Malacca Sultanate
404:Malacca Sultanate
386:), also known as
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147:Pedro Homem
100:
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82:22.3699; 113.9759
16:(Redirected from
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2307:Portuguese Macau
2277:1522 in Portugal
2044:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1816:Jiashen Incident
1806:She-An Rebellion
1791:Seven Grievances
1764:Donglin movement
1749:Bozhou rebellion
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1622:Lam Sơn uprising
1602:Ming–Đại Ngu War
1587:Jingnan campaign
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367:
315:
307:
300:
293:
284:
273:
264:
263:
257:
245:
231:
230:
224:
206:1 ship destroyed
185:2 small carracks
182:2 heavy carracks
153:
139:
129:Zhang Ding (張嵿),
88:
87:
85:
84:
83:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
39:
38:
30:
21:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:History of Ming
2222:
2189:
2111:
2087:Chaotian Palace
2070:
2030:History of Yuan
2017:
1974:
1931:
1837:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:Single whip law
1698:Ningbo incident
1673:Miao rebellions
1646:
1643:
1636:
1540:
1537:
1521:
1515:
1485:
1467:
1448:
1437:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:, p. xliv.
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
992:
984:
977:
969:
965:
961:, p. xlii.
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
825:
817:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
761:
753:
749:
741:
734:
726:
722:
714:
710:
702:
685:
681:
676:
644:
565:
501:
425:
354:
349:
316:
313:
311:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
265:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
240:
234:
233:
232:
210:42 men captured
209:
208:1 ship captured
207:
149:
146:
135:
132:
130:
128:
127:Wang Hong (汪鈜),
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
64:
62:
60:
59:
58:
54:Sai Tso Wan on
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:Yongle Tongbao
2208:
2206:Hongwu Tongbao
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Forbidden City
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1970:Nine Garrisons
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Ordos campaign
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Ming–Kotte War
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1298:, Ams Pr Inc,
1291:
1282:
1276:
1264:Andrade, Tonio
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1224:
1217:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1162:, p. 390.
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1087:, p. xlv.
1077:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1021:, p. 130.
1011:
1009:, p. 129.
990:
988:, p. 143.
975:
963:
951:
949:, p. xli.
939:
927:
925:, p. 1-2.
915:
898:
886:
884:, p. 734.
874:
872:, p. 426.
862:
860:, p. 270.
850:
848:, p. 338.
846:Twitchett 1998
838:
823:
808:
796:
792:Rodrigues 2016
784:
782:, p. 5-7.
759:
747:
745:, p. 385.
732:
720:
708:
706:, p. 128.
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
643:
640:
636:Aceh Sultanate
564:
561:
500:
497:
424:
421:
351:
350:
348:
347:
345:Fort Zeelandia
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
279:
278:
268:
259:
258:
252:
251:
250:
249:
236:
235:
226:
225:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
175:
174:
173:
161:
160:
156:
155:
141:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:1522 in China
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Ming Xiaoling
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:Vassal prince
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Eastern Depot
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Southern Ming
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1479:public domain
1474:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1460:public domain
1455:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1363:9789888028542
1359:
1356:, HKU Press,
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:0-521-82274-2
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:, p. 45.
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 38.
1137:
1132:
1129:
1126:, p. 34.
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 61.
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:, p. 59.
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:, p. 60.
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
971:Monteiro 1995
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:
902:
899:
896:, p. 11.
895:
890:
887:
883:
878:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
836:, p. 28.
835:
830:
828:
824:
821:, p. 43.
820:
815:
813:
809:
806:, p. 57.
805:
800:
797:
794:, p. 87.
793:
788:
785:
781:
780:Monteiro 1995
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
730:, p. 12.
729:
724:
721:
717:
716:Monteiro 1995
712:
709:
705:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
684:
678:
673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Kau Keng Shan
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
588:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
562:
560:
558:
552:
548:
545:
544:
538:
532:
528:
524:
522:
517:
514:
505:
498:
496:
493:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:
438:
437:captain-major
434:
430:
427:Because King
422:
420:
418:
417:Lantau Island
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
379:
371:
363:
359:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
288:
285:
256:
239:
223:
213:
205:
202:
201:
196:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
152:
145:
142:
140:
138:
131:Ke Rong (柯榮),
126:
125:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
86:
57:
56:Lantau Island
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2233:
2227:Other topics
2138:Four Masters
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
1868:House of Zhu
1821:Shanhai Pass
1801:Great Plague
1744:Jianzhou war
1518:Ming dynasty
1476:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1314:
1295:
1286:
1267:
1234:
1227:
1202:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1114:, p. 2.
1107:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1019:Andrade 2016
1014:
1007:Andrade 2016
973:, p. 9.
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
911:
908:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
799:
787:
750:
723:
718:, p. 5.
711:
704:Andrade 2016
634:against the
625:
616:
596:
592:
589:
582:
577:
566:
553:
549:
541:
536:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
510:
494:
482:
467:
451:
440:
426:
400:Ming dynasty
395:
387:
381:
357:
355:
329:
177:
164:
150:
136:
111:Ming dynasty
105:Belligerents
96:Ming victory
2180:Tai history
1863:Family tree
1774:Liaoluo Bay
1708:Renyin plot
1658:Tumu Crisis
1160:Diffie 1977
858:Antony 2017
819:Keevak 2017
743:Diffie 1977
653:Wugongchuan
487:arrived in
412:Pearl River
340:Liaoluo Bay
171:large junks
80: /
68:113°58′33″E
2251:Categories
2148:Zhe School
2102:Ming tombs
1986:Inner Asia
1958:Shenjiying
1948:Great Wall
1846:Government
1305:0404569064
1148:Wills 2011
1136:Wills 2011
1124:Wills 2011
1100:Chang 1978
1085:Pires 1990
1073:Chang 1978
1061:Pires 1990
1049:Pires 1990
1034:Chang 1978
986:Chase 2003
959:Pires 1990
947:Pires 1990
935:Pires 1990
870:Dutra 1995
834:Wills 2011
804:Chang 1978
674:References
626:The Malay
423:Background
392:Portuguese
330:Sincouwaan
165:30 ships
65:22°22′12″N
2143:Wu School
2128:Musicians
1991:Manchuria
1979:Frontiers
1112:Hsia 2016
923:Hsia 2016
882:Lach 1994
679:Citations
585:Guangzhou
563:Aftermath
483:In 1520,
447:Guangzhou
2194:Currency
2133:Painting
1943:Military
1936:Military
1266:(2016),
894:Hao 2010
728:Hao 2010
642:See also
612:Shuangyu
608:Zhejiang
578:folangji
574:Frankish
543:montante
442:feitoria
429:Manuel I
178:6 ships
159:Strength
50:Location
2201:Coinage
2175:Economy
2003:Vietnam
1895:Princes
1853:Emperor
1641:Middle
1527:History
1256:Sources
604:Zhu Wan
521:Veniaga
489:Beijing
462:Siamese
203:Unknown
191:300 men
188:2 junks
151:†
137:†
2123:Poetry
2013:Yunnan
1535:Early
1520:topics
1471:
1452:
1360:
1321:
1302:
1274:
1242:
1215:
1182:
599:Fujian
499:Battle
458:Malays
380::
378:pinyin
372::
364::
335:Penghu
325:Tunmen
93:Result
2185:Islam
2008:Wokou
1996:Tibet
1927:Fotou
1796:Sarhū
1732:Late
620:Macau
374:茜草湾之战
366:茜草灣之戰
1922:Tusi
1858:List
1358:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1180:ISBN
474:1511
460:and
356:The
45:1522
42:Date
1211:–.
1209:110
537:nau
472:in
2253::
1092:^
1041:^
1026:^
993:^
978:^
826:^
811:^
762:^
735:^
686:^
638:.
394::
376:;
368:;
169:8
1510:e
1503:t
1496:v
1444:.
1434:.
1424:.
1414:.
1404:.
1367:.
1348:.
1338:.
1328:.
1309:.
1281:.
1248:.
1221:.
1188:.
937:.
390:(
360:(
306:e
299:t
292:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
