587:, p. 162, 172:"Muizzuddin's army had four veteran war-lords of Ghazni-experienced, determined and desterous--Kharbak, Kharmil, Ilah, Mukalba. Each had under his command a huge army, Besides them there were--Tajuddin Yalduz, Qubacha and Aibek. The Sultan started from Ghazni in 587/1191, reached Tarain in 588/1191-92 and pitched his tent at the same place where he had suffered a serious defeat a year before. According to Ferishta, 150 Rajput rais had come to the feld with Rai Pithora, determined to crush or be crushed :-Bakhtiyar did not belong to an obscure family. His uncle, Muhammad bin Mahmud, had fought against Prithvi Rai at the second battle of Tarain"
304:
39:
398:, in the battle, "the Chauhan army consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry", which is considered an exaggeration by modern historians. According to Satish Chandra, the figures were exaggerated in order to "emphasise the challenge faced by Muizzuddin and the scale of his victory". Kaushik Roy similarly notes that Muslim chroniclers regularly exaggerated Hindu military strength to glorify the Muslim kings, and 300,000 was probably the theoretical number that could potentially be mobilized by all the Rajput kingdoms at the time.
694:, p. 86: "Prithviraja was asleep, the Rajput soldiers were just moving out for their daily ablutions and other morning duties. Having thus taken by surprise, the Rajputs could not have escaped considerable losses, but they could still have drawn themselves into fighting order, if the well thought out strategy of Muhammad Ghori had not lured and drawn them out into an unsystematic and ill-advised pursuit. The Rajputs were completely routed, losing about 100,000 men according to Hasan Nizami.
197:
311:
744:, p. 458: "..Nevertheless, the battle, as far as the Rajput powers were concerned, was not so destructive as the battle of Tarain between Prithviraja III and Muizuddin Ghori. Though it weakened the power of the kingdom of Mewar and lowered its general prestige, it did not destroy the grip of the Sisodias over their kingdom, nor did it affect the social and economic conditions of life in the state"
611:, p. 164:"The details supplied by Isami about the actual disposition of the armies are more interesting. According to him Govìnd Rai was the mugaddam of the Rajput forces. He fought in advance of Pithoras army; Pithora fought in the centre. The left wing of Pithora's army was under Bhola, who was the wazir; the right wing was led by Badamsa Rawal"
434:
have arrived here to face adversity. Grant me the opportunity to dispatch a knowledgeable envoy to my brother, conveying the extent of your might. I seek his approval to initiate peace negotiations, suggesting the acquisition of
Tarhind, Punjab, and Multan for us, while the remaining regions fall under your jurisdiction.".
729:
It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led
Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first
467:
In hopes of causing a break in the enemy lines, Mu'izz al-Din ordered his fifth unit to feign retreat. The
Chahamana forces charged the fleeing Ghurid unit, as the Ghurids expected. The Ghurids then sent a fresh cavalry unit of 12,000 and repelled the enemy advance. The remaining Ghurid forces then
433:
states that as soon as Ghori arrived on the battlefield
Prithviraj sent him a formal note saying, ""It would be prudent for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you". Ghori sent back a reply to him saying,"Upon the directive of my sibling, the reigning authority, I
401:
According to Indian sources like Hammir
Mahakavya and Prithviraj Raso, the Chahamana army was simultaneously engaged on multiple fronts and Prithviraj had only a part of his army at the battlefield. The rest of his army was about to reach Prithviraj but the fate was already decided in favour of
449:, it is quite clear that Ghori deceived his opponent who accepted it as a genuine truce. The Ghurids army was formed into five units, and four units were sent to attack the enemy flanks and rear. They attacked the Chahamana army before sunrise who passed the night in slumber and merry-making.
476:
Minhaj states that
Prithviraj ("Rae Pithora") dismounted from his elephant, and fled from the battlefield on a horse. He was, however, captured in the neighbourhood of Sursuti, and later "dispatched to hell". Most medieval sources state that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana capital
409:, Mu'izz al-Din brought 120,000 fully armored men to battle, He personally commanded an elite cavalry force of 40,000 men. According to historian Kaushik Roy, while the real strength of the armies is not certain, it can be speculated that Prithviraj's army was numerically superior.
464:, divided into four divisions, to surround the Chahamana forces on the four sides. He instructed these soldiers not to engage in combat when the enemy advanced to attack, and instead feign retreat in order to exhaust the Chahamana elephants, horses, and infantry.
623:, p. 62: "The Paramara Rajputs held Badlu, Phalodi etc. under them. Parmar Harpapal and Rajpal of Badlu gave away their lives in the battlefield of Tarain in 1192 A.D...Rana Motishvara and his son Vijayraj gave their lives in the second battle of Tarain"
563:
According to the historically unreliable
Prithviraj Raso, Prithviraja's army numbered only eighty three thousands for the final battle. Historian Kaushik Roy estimated that the Rajput army was numerically superior to the Ghurid
369:
The battle is regarded as a watershed event in
Medieval India history as it led to the destruction of Rajput powers for a while and laid the foundation of Muslim rule in North India, which led to the establishment of
553:
considered a gross exaggeration by modern historians, this was probably the theoretical strength that could be engaged by all the Rajput polities in India rather than the forces actually deployed on the
468:
attacked and the
Chahamana troops fled in panic. According to Minhaj, Mu'izz ad-Din's strategy "exhausted and wearied the unbelievers", ultimately resulting in a "victory to Islam".
529:
1021:
324:
1110:
303:
386:
in 1191. The Ghurid king Mu'izz al-Din, who was seriously injured in the battle, returned to Ghazni, and made preparations to avenge his defeat.
1115:
1145:
1085:
1064:
984:
722:
30:
1040:
1005:
928:
904:
534:
1105:
995:
366:. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the invading Ghurids and their successful penetration in north Indian plain.
82:
500:
dethroned
Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral kingdom, but was later defeated by the Ghurid general
38:
1125:
1120:
1050:
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426:
418:
383:
47:
1135:
1130:
210:
178:
513:
1015:
682:, p. 23:"We can speculated that the Rajput Army was numerically superior to the Ghorid army"
488:
The Ghurid forces subjugated the entire Chahamana territory of "Siwalikh" (or Sawalakh, that is,
355:
191:
170:
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421:. Knowing the Chahamana forces were well-disciplined, the Ghurids did not want to engage in
347:
254:
245:
236:
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158:
960:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
461:
371:
976:
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
951:
493:
453:
406:
343:
271:
196:
1099:
457:
442:
182:
141:
485:. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled against Muhammad, and was killed for treason.
947:
708:
489:
438:
430:
291:
429:
Ghurids used treachery and diplomacy to defeat the Rajputs. The Taj-ul ma asir by
1077:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
1075:
1054:
1030:
955:
918:
894:
755:
496:
on the throne of Ajmer as their vassal. In 1192 CE, Prithviraj's younger brother
704:
505:
509:
97:
84:
965:
497:
446:
395:
896:
The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000
1056:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)
359:
71:
957:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
517:
482:
351:
146:
75:
773:
771:
769:
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425:
combat with them. Instead of fighting upfront like they did in the
478:
422:
363:
127:
Muhammad Ghuri conquers much of northwestern India including Delhi
663:
661:
835:
833:
831:
829:
648:
646:
644:
631:
629:
940:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
504:. The Ghurids subsequently defeated another powerful king -
382:
Prithviraj Chauhan's forces had defeated the Ghurids at the
804:
802:
800:
798:
714:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
481:, where Muhammad planned to reinstate him as a Ghurid
516:, and conquered parts of northern India as far as
362:), which is 110 kilometres (68 mi), north of
875:
851:
777:
691:
950:(1992) . "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In
23:
863:
839:
820:
667:
635:
530:Vigraharaja IV's first war against the Muslims
417:The battle occurred on the same field as the
8:
620:
608:
584:
679:
652:
1020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
741:
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394:According to the 16th-17th century writer
20:
760:. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–200.
577:
546:
328:Location of the Second Battle of Tarain
1013:
492:). The Ghurids then appointed his son
808:
789:
7:
1111:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty
358:. It took place near Tarain (modern
31:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor
923:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
14:
535:Slaughter of Turushkas near Ajmer
1032:Prithviraj Chauhan and his times
717:. Psychology Press. p. 21.
309:
302:
195:
37:
342:was fought in 1192 between the
954:; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
899:. Cambridge University Press.
310:
277:300,000 (likely exaggeration)
1:
1116:Battles involving the Rajputs
1146:Battles involving the Tajiks
16:12th century battle in India
456:, Mu'izz ad-Din directed a
1164:
1074:Spencer C. Tucker (2009).
183:Muhammad bin Mahmud Khalji
757:History of the Chāhamānas
297:
281:
264:
152:
135:
54:
44:The last stand of Rajputs
36:
28:
792:, pp. 199–202, 461.
50:for Hutchinson & co.
920:Early Chauhān Dynasties
893:Cynthia Talbot (2015).
340:Second Battle of Tarain
24:Second Battle of Tarain
1035:. Publication Scheme.
997:A History of Rajasthan
876:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
852:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
778:Spencer C. Tucker 2009
692:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
427:First battle of Tarain
384:First Battle of Tarain
270:120,000 (according to
153:Commanders and leaders
1106:12th century in India
1029:R. V. Somani (1981).
754:Singh, R. B. (1964).
437:From the accounts of
290:100,000 according to
282:Casualties and losses
253:Rana Motishvara
973:Kaushik Roy (2014).
938:Kaushik Roy (2004).
325:class=notpageimage|
235:Harapal Parmar
179:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
994:Rima Hooja (2006).
864:Cynthia Talbot 2015
840:Cynthia Talbot 2015
821:Cynthia Talbot 2015
811:, pp. 199–202.
668:Satish Chandra 2006
636:Satish Chandra 2006
514:Battle of Chandawar
244:Rajpal Parmar
94: /
878:, pp. 100–01.
390:Size of the forces
356:Prithviraj Chauhan
352:Rajput Confederacy
192:Prithviraj Chauhan
147:Rajput Confederacy
1126:Conflicts in 1192
1121:Conflicts in 1191
1087:978-1-85109-672-5
1066:978-81-241-1064-5
986:978-1-78093-800-4
942:. Orient Longman.
915:Dasharatha Sharma
724:978-0-415-30786-4
670:, pp. 25–26.
655:, pp. 22–23.
621:R. V. Somani 1981
609:K. A. Nizami 1992
585:K. A. Nizami 1992
512:dynasty - at the
502:Qutb al-Din Aibak
336:
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175:Taj al-Din Yildiz
167:Bahauddin Tughril
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98:29.78°N 76.94°E
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979:. Bloomsbury.
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952:Mohammad Habib
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171:Husain Kharmil
159:Muhammad Ghuri
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117:Ghurid victory
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1059:. Har-Anand.
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1042:9788185263021
1038:
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1007:9788129115010
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1000:. Rajasthan.
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978:
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906:9781107118560
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898:
897:
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872:
869:
866:, p. 33.
865:
860:
857:
854:, p. 87.
853:
848:
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842:, p. 48.
841:
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832:
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823:, p. 47.
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638:, p. 25.
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458:light cavalry
455:
452:According to
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405:According to
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349:
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344:Ghurid forces
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48:Allan Stewart
46:, painted by
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1136:1192 in Asia
1131:1191 in Asia
1080:. ABC-CLIO.
1076:
1055:
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996:
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956:
948:K. A. Nizami
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919:
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886:Bibliography
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713:
709:Ayesha Jalal
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554:battlefield.
549:
490:Sapadalaksha
487:
475:
466:
451:
443:Muhammad ufi
439:Hasan Nizami
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431:Hasan Nizami
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339:
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292:Hasan Nizami
256:
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216:
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136:Belligerents
103:29.78; 76.94
43:
18:
705:Sugata Bose
506:Jayachandra
445:as well as
402:Muizuddin.
211:Samantsingh
122:Territorial
101: /
1100:Categories
809:Singh 1964
790:Singh 1964
572:References
510:Gahadavala
378:Background
1016:cite book
472:Aftermath
419:first one
1053:(2006).
966:31870180
917:(1959).
711:(2004).
524:See also
498:Hariraja
447:Firishta
396:Firishta
350:and the
265:Strength
67:Location
29:Part of
360:Taraori
287:Unknown
257:†
248:†
239:†
230:†
217:†
205:†
188:Kharbak
186:Mukalba
124:changes
89:76°56′E
86:29°47′N
72:Taraori
1084:
1063:
1039:
1004:
983:
964:
927:
903:
721:
518:Bengal
483:vassal
454:Minhaj
413:Battle
317:Tarain
272:Minhaj
213:
194:
114:Result
76:Karnal
74:(near
541:Notes
479:Ajmer
423:melee
364:Delhi
224:Bhola
1082:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1022:link
1002:ISBN
981:ISBN
962:OCLC
925:ISBN
901:ISBN
719:ISBN
564:army
338:The
62:1192
59:Date
508:of
354:of
346:of
1102::
1018:}}
1014:{{
828:^
797:^
766:^
727:.
707:;
660:^
643:^
628:^
520:.
441:,
374:.
1090:.
1069:.
1045:.
1024:)
1010:.
989:.
968:.
933:.
909:.
274:)
78:)
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