474:
44:
483:
305:. The contemporaneous accounts credit Tughril's reign for the booming period (ma'mur) of the conquered region. According to Juzjani, Bayana under Bahauddin emerged as a cosmopolitan centre from the status of a secondary city under previous Hindu ruling clans, encouraging a large amount of Muslim settlements from all over
316:
After finding the region of
Thankar inappropriate for his troops, Bahauddin established a city on the western foot of Bayana and named it as Sultankot which became his new capital and was subsequently utilized by him as a springboard for further military operations in the Ganges Valley. The town also
423:
Despite the annexation of Bayana by
Illtutmish, the milieu of political ascendancy of the region continued to be influenced by kinsmen of Bahauddin Tughril, years after his death. Iltutmish arranged a matrimonial alliance between the daughter of Bahauddin Tughril and Taj al-Din Arasalan Khan - who
411:
The Ghurid slaves just like their master
Muhammad of Ghor, themselves established a core of slave entourages of their own. Juzjani mentions the name of two eminent slaves of Tughril which includes - Nasitr Al-Din Ali Tamar and Izz al-Din Tughril Baha. Bayana was conquered soon after Tughril's death
375:
The date of these accounts are sketchy, according to some scholars like the art-historian
Natalie H. Shokoohy, these events probably took place after the assassination of the Muhammad of Ghor in 1206 as there are no evidences of Muhammad's interferences amidst the turmoil. Conversely, historian
503:- several beneficial monuments were constructed by Tughril in the region of Bayana during his reign. The monuments built by Tughril were chiefly the congregational mosque of Ukha Mandir which was constructed possibly in the 1200s, the
371:
as the governor of the region. Chronicler
Juzjani laconically mentioned that Qutb al-Din's annexation of Gwalior despite the fact that Tughril was endeavoring for it, led to a polito-military rivalry between Qutb al-Din and Tughril.
399:
obligations. Thus, Tughril declared independence and styled himself as the "Sultan" at Bayana. The exact date of his death is uncertain, although based on the annals of near-contemporary chronicler
176:, he made Tughril the viceroy of Bayana. Under his administration, the region of Bayana briefly emerged as a cosmopolitan centre, encouraging considerable Muslim settlements from all over
444:- minted his coins in the name of his master Muhammad of Ghor, continuing it on the preexisting model of his defeated adversaries - the Jadauns. The gold coins circulated in
383:
After the assassination of
Muhammad of Ghor at Dumyak on 15 March 1206, Bahauddin, just like the other slaves of Muhammad Ghor who were operating in the zone between
526:
temples by the Ghurid armies. The construction of these mosques on the ruins of demolished temples, earned
Tughril the distinction of being the orthodox warrior of
363:, as a result Qutb al-Din himself laid siege to Gwalior. The fort held out for long time, however, hard pressed by the Ghurids, they eventually surrendered it to
1161:
1020:
Mehrdad
Shokoohy; Natalie H. Shokoohy (1985). "The Architecture of Baha al-Din Tughrul in the region of Bayana, Rajasthan". In Oleg Grabar (ed.).
425:
359:
on its seizure. However, owing to the increasing domain and influence of
Tughril who might have gained significant plunder on the capitulation of
380:
theorizes that both Aybeg and
Bahauddin were operating as independent sovereign of Muhammad and the conflict between the two was not unlikely.
548:. The formation of these mosques possibly dates to 1206 after the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor, as it referred to Tughril as a "Sultan".
1031:
1010:
989:
968:
947:
246:
162:
515:. The composition of idgah bear a resemblance in size and grandiosity to the Quwwat-ul-Islam, mosque, constructed by Qutb al-Din Aybeg in
424:
was amongst his most trusted and manumitted slave, as a result he was placed in the charge of Bayana region during the reign of
290:). Muhammad and his troops besieged him in Thankar and forced him to surrender after a brief siege. According to the chronicler
225:
The contemporaneous evidence regarding Bahauddin's early life is scarce, probably indicating that he rose from obscurity in the
1126:
473:
43:
1181:
1166:
1146:
416:. Juzjani further alluded that Bahauddin's successors sold their father's slaves owing to their declining fortunes to
482:
249:
accompanying Muhammad of Ghor and earned his admiration, eventually becoming one of his high-ranked slave generals.
1118:
Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries
1176:
157:
during early reign of Muhammad of Ghor and gradually emerged as one of his eminent slave lieutenant along with
301:
The region of Bayana and its administration was conferred upon Bahauddin Tughril by Muhammad who returned to
1171:
352:
344:
330:
1186:
1156:
504:
203:
49:
294:, the life of the Rai (Kunwarpal) was spared by Muhammad and the "centre of idolatry became the abode of
1065:"Expanding the Ghurid Architectural Corpus East of the Indus: The Jāgeśvara Temple at Sādaḍi, Rajasthan"
286:
whose ruler Kunwarpaal instead of resisting the Ghurid armies outside of his capital, moved to Thankar (
1151:
202:
Bahauddin Tughril also commissioned a number of monuments in Bayana during his reign which included
1100:
1092:
522:
The paradigm of construction of these mosques includes the reused constituents of the demolished
508:
1122:
1084:
1051:
1027:
1006:
985:
964:
943:
364:
263:
158:
440:
Bahauddin Tughril like Qutb al-Din Aybeg and other Ghurid slaves who were active east of the
1076:
238:
138:
69:
1044:(1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
1050:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
532:
500:
400:
253:
34:
496:
340:
279:
259:
242:
130:
1140:
1104:
698:
696:
1041:
388:
377:
291:
1116:
1045:
1021:
1000:
979:
958:
937:
392:
103:
195:, although Tughril's family continued to exercise influence over the region of
1112:
939:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
417:
192:
180:. After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination on 15 March 1206, Tughril like other
1088:
1055:
540:, eulogized him as the conqueror of infidels and also introduced him as the
413:
368:
310:
287:
271:
191:". He died in 1210, and afterwards, the territory was soon brought under by
150:
92:
79:
457:
348:
306:
302:
177:
1096:
1064:
1080:
360:
356:
336:
283:
230:
214:
184:
154:
1047:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206-1526)
537:
512:
445:
429:
384:
318:
267:
234:
226:
207:
196:
188:
181:
169:
142:
134:
30:
870:
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702:
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during his early reign, possibly after his conquest of the region.
527:
523:
516:
453:
449:
441:
396:
295:
275:
211:
173:
146:
428:. Hence, the political control of Tughril's family continued in
245:
during his early reign. He eventually played a key role in the
298:'s glory, following the taking of the impregnable fortress".
456:
juxtaposed with the name of his master Muhammad of Ghor in
210:
constructed after recycling the components of demolished
317:
became the nucleus of the township of his stronghold at
343:
clan, although due to the ailing health of his brother
623:
621:
403:, he died sometime before Qutb al-Din Aybeg in 1210.
187:
was manumitted, thereby he announced himself as the "
258:
After sweeping aside the major political centres of
495:According to Juzjani - the chief chronicler of the
99:
85:
75:
65:
57:
23:
266:and Bahauddin in his ranks moved towards the rich
153:. He was admitted into the slave-household of the
1002:The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192-1286
871:Mehrdad Shokoohy & Natalie H. Shokoohy 1985
751:Mehrdad Shokoohy & Natalie H. Shokoohy 1985
703:Mehrdad Shokoohy & Natalie H. Shokoohy 1985
536:. Accordingly, the epigraphs of the mosques in
355:, Muhammad promised Tughril the governance of
367:. Summarily, Qutb al-Din appointed his slave
8:
172:in 1195–96 to guard the southern flank of
42:
20:
1023:An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
335:Muhammad of Ghor besieged the castle of
163:Ghurid conquest of northern Indian plain
960:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
557:
448:by Tughril included iconography of the
714:
639:
564:
278:. The region was under the control of
918:
906:
894:
846:
834:
822:
798:
786:
774:
762:
738:
726:
687:
675:
663:
627:
600:
588:
347:, Muhammad was compelled to leave to
199:even half a century after his death.
16:Ghurid mamluk of Bayana (c.1195–1210)
7:
1162:Slaves of the medieval Islamic world
882:
858:
810:
651:
612:
576:
161:, playing a significant role in the
351:. According to the later historian
270:region in the present-day state of
229:services. Bahauddin was sold into
206:, the mosque of Ukha Mandir and a
14:
274:, to guard the southern flank of
247:Ghurid conquest of northern India
481:
472:
339:which was under the control of
116:
942:. Princeton University Press.
488:Entrance of the mosque at Kama
168:After Muhammad of Ghor seized
1:
936:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
981:The Present in Delhi's Pasts
957:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008).
1203:
328:
251:
145:region in the present-day
52:built by Bahauddin Tughril
233:and was purchased by the
141:who was in charge of the
41:
28:
460:– "Mahamada bini Sama".
353:Muhammad Qasim Ferishta
345:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
331:Siege of Gwalior (1196)
112:Malik Bahauddin Tughril
91:Sultankot (present-day
984:. Three Essays Press.
507:at Kaman (present-day
505:Chaurasi Khamba Mosque
412:by the Delhi Sultan -
395:and also freed of the
204:Chaurasi Khamba Mosque
50:Chaurasi Khamba Mosque
1069:Archives of Asian Art
999:Kumar, Sunil (2007).
978:Kumar, Sunil (2002).
121:), commonly known as
1063:Patel, Alka (2009).
1182:12th-century slaves
1167:13th-century slaves
1147:12th-century births
1005:. Permanent Black.
963:. Scarecrow Press.
432:as long as 1250's.
426:Nasir al-Din Mahmud
127:Baha al-Din Tughril
48:Modern view of the
1081:10.1353/aaa.0.0008
861:, p. 226-227.
849:, p. 115-116.
837:, p. 101-102.
801:, p. 122-123.
642:, p. 170-171.
511:) and an idgah in
1033:978-90-04-07611-2
1012:978-81-7824-147-0
991:978-81-88394-00-5
970:978-0-8108-5503-8
949:978-0-691-12594-7
499:and the evolving
365:Qutb al-Din Aybeg
264:Qutb al-Din Aybeg
159:Qutb al-Din Aibak
123:Bahauddin Tughril
109:
108:
24:Bahauddin Tughril
1194:
1132:
1108:
1059:
1037:
1016:
995:
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953:
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772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
691:
690:, p. 22,23.
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
591:, p. 88-89.
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
485:
476:
262:, Muhammad with
239:Muhammad of Ghor
139:Muhammad of Ghor
120:
119: 1195–1210
118:
70:Muhammad of Ghor
46:
21:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
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1177:Ghurid generals
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611:
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501:Delhi Sultanate
493:
492:
491:
490:
489:
486:
478:
477:
466:
438:
409:
333:
327:
256:
254:Siege of Bayana
223:
115:
90:
53:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Slave soldiers
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1109:
1060:
1038:
1032:
1017:
1011:
996:
990:
975:
969:
954:
948:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
921:, p. 156.
911:
899:
887:
885:, p. 322.
875:
873:, p. 118.
863:
851:
839:
827:
825:, p. 114.
815:
813:, p. 227.
803:
791:
789:, p. 122.
779:
767:
755:
753:, p. 115.
743:
731:
719:
717:, p. 171.
707:
705:, p. 114.
692:
680:
678:, p. 119.
668:
666:, p. 118.
656:
644:
632:
617:
615:, p. 226.
605:
593:
581:
579:, p. 225.
569:
567:, p. 170.
556:
555:
553:
550:
497:Ghurid dynasty
487:
480:
479:
471:
470:
469:
468:
467:
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405:
329:Main article:
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260:northern India
252:Main article:
243:Muhammad Ghori
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39:
38:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1199:
1188:
1187:Indian slaves
1185:
1183:
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1157:Turkic people
1155:
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1144:
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1120:
1119:
1114:
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1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:Nizami, K. A.
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
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997:
993:
987:
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951:
945:
941:
940:
934:
933:
928:
920:
915:
912:
909:, p. 25.
908:
903:
900:
897:, p. 45.
896:
891:
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860:
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843:
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828:
824:
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816:
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807:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
783:
780:
777:, p. 96.
776:
771:
768:
765:, p. 98.
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
741:, p. 41.
740:
735:
732:
729:, p. 95.
728:
723:
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716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
681:
677:
672:
669:
665:
660:
657:
654:, p. 33.
653:
648:
645:
641:
636:
633:
630:, p. 22.
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
603:, p. 44.
602:
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452:female deity
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309:and parts of
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133:slave of the
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129:was a senior
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929:Bibliography
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560:
545:
541:
531:
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494:
464:Architecture
439:
422:
410:
389:Indus valley
382:
378:K. A. Nizami
374:
334:
315:
300:
292:Hasan Nizami
257:
224:
201:
167:
126:
122:
111:
110:
29:
18:
1152:1210 deaths
1113:Wink, Andre
715:Nizami 1970
640:Nizami 1970
565:Nizami 1970
104:Sunni Islam
66:Predecessor
1141:Categories
1128:9004102361
919:Flood 2009
907:Kumar 2002
895:Patel 2009
847:Flood 2009
835:Kumar 2007
823:Flood 2009
799:Kumar 2007
787:Kumar 2007
775:Kumar 2007
763:Kumar 2007
739:Patel 2009
727:Kumar 2007
688:Kumar 2002
676:Kumar 2007
664:Kumar 2007
628:Kumar 2002
601:Patel 2009
589:Kumar 2007
552:References
418:Illtutmish
407:Succession
393:manumitted
221:Early life
193:Illtutmish
1121:. BRILL.
1105:192068337
1089:0066-6637
1075:: 33–56.
1026:. BRILL.
883:Wink 1991
859:Wink 1991
811:Wink 1991
652:Khan 2008
613:Wink 1991
577:Wink 1991
509:Bharatpur
414:Iltutmish
369:Iltutmish
311:Hindustan
288:Tahangarh
272:Rajasthan
151:Rajasthan
149:state of
93:Rajasthan
80:Turkestan
61:1195-1210
1115:(1991).
1097:40863700
1056:31870180
542:Padishah
458:Sanskrit
387:and the
349:Firuzkuh
307:Khurasan
303:Khurasan
282:clan of
178:Khurasan
100:Religion
436:Coinage
401:Juzjani
391:, were
361:Gwalior
357:Gwalior
341:Parihar
337:Gwalior
284:Rajputs
231:slavery
215:temples
185:mamluks
155:Ghurids
1125:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1054:
1030:
1009:
988:
967:
946:
546:Sultan
538:Bayana
513:Bayana
446:Bayana
430:Bayana
397:mawālī
385:Ghazna
319:Bayana
280:Jadaun
268:Bayana
237:ruler
235:Ghurid
227:Ghurid
208:Eidgah
197:Bayana
189:Sultan
182:Ghurid
170:Bayana
147:Indian
143:Bayana
137:ruler
135:Ghurid
131:Turkic
31:Sultan
1101:S2CID
1093:JSTOR
533:Ghazi
528:Islam
524:Hindu
517:Delhi
454:Laxmi
450:Hindu
442:Indus
325:Death
296:Allah
276:Delhi
212:Hindu
174:Delhi
58:Reign
35:Ghazi
1123:ISBN
1085:ISSN
1052:OCLC
1028:ISBN
1007:ISBN
986:ISBN
965:ISBN
944:ISBN
89:1210
86:Died
76:Born
1077:doi
544:or
241:or
125:or
1143::
1099:.
1091:.
1083:.
1073:59
1071:.
1067:.
695:^
620:^
530:-
519:.
321:.
313:.
217:.
165:.
117:r.
1131:.
1107:.
1079::
1058:.
1036:.
1015:.
994:.
973:.
952:.
114:(
95:)
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