1312:
829:
917:
2174:
1266:
263:
935:
recognition ." In 1975, a second round of simplifications, the Second Scheme, was submitted by the Script Reform
Committee of China to the State Council for approval. Like the First Scheme, it contained two lists, where the first table (comprising 248 characters) was for immediate use, and the second table (comprising 605 characters) for evaluation and discussion. Of these characters, 21 from the first list and 40 from the second also served as
226:
1572:, pp. 146–147. "The publication of the 1964 list was meant to clarify what the limits were. These limits again became obscure, however, with the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Character simplification had been represented all along as a kind of Marxist, proletarian process; as a consequence, coining and using new characters became a popular way to show that one's writing was being done in right spirit.
2162:
973:
1249:
benefit to writers while putting an unnecessary burden on readers in making the characters more difficult to distinguish. Citing several studies, Hannas similarly argues against the lack of differentiation and utility: "it was meaningless to lower the stroke count for its own sake." Thus, he believes simplification and reduction of the number of characters both amount to a
825:. Since then, the PRC has used the first-round simplified characters as its official script. Rather than ruling out further simplification, however, the retraction declared that further reform of the Chinese characters should be done with caution. Today, some second-round simplified characters, while considered non-standard, continue to survive in informal usage.
1241:; however, there is little historical evidence to support this. Against the political backdrop of the Cultural Revolution, a special section known as the "748 Project" was formed with an emphasis on non-experts, under whose supervision the lists grew significantly. The bulk of the work is believed to have been performed by staffers without proper oversight.
1311:
958:
The Second Scheme was officially retracted by the State
Council on 24 June 1986. The State Council's retraction emphasized that Chinese character reform should henceforth proceed with caution, and that the forms of Chinese characters should be kept stable. Later that year, a final version of the 1964
1319:
Today, second round characters are officially regarded as incorrect. However, some have survived in informal contexts; this is because some people who were in school between 1977 and 1986 received their education in second-round characters. In three cases, the second round split one family name into
1248:
Political issues aside, Chen Ping objects to the notion that all characters should be reduced to ten or fewer strokes. He argues that a technical shortcoming of the Second Scheme was that the characters it reformed occur less often in writing than those of the First Scheme. As such it provided less
1232:
The exact circumstances surrounding the creation and release of the Second Scheme remain in mystery due to the still-classified nature of many documents and the politically sensitive nature of the issue. However, the Second Scheme is known to have encompassed only about 100 characters before its
1244:
The Second Scheme's subsequent rejection by the public has been cited as a case study in a failed attempt to artificially control the direction of a language's evolution. It was not embraced by the linguistic community in China upon its release; despite heavy promotion in official publications,
1299:
policy in China following the conference shifted from simplification and reform to standardization and regulation of existing characters, and the topic of further simplification has since been described as "untouchable" in the field. However, the possibility of future changes remains, and the
1224:
The Second Scheme broke with a millennia-long cycle of variant forms coming into unofficial use and eventually being accepted (90 percent of the changes made in the First Scheme existed in mass use, many for centuries) in that it introduced new, unfamiliar character forms. The sheer number of
934:
Also released in 1964 was a directive for further simplification in order to improve literacy, with the goal of eventually reducing the number of strokes in commonly used characters to ten or fewer. This was to take place gradually, with consideration for both "ease of production and ease of
954:
The Second Scheme was received extremely poorly, and as early as mid-1978, the
Ministry of Education and the Central Propaganda Department were asking publishers of textbooks, newspapers, and other works to stop using the second-round simplifications. Second-round simplifications were taught
813:
already in use. The complete proposal contained two lists: the first list consisted of 248 characters to be simplified, and the second list consisted of 605 characters to be evaluated and discussed. Of these characters, 21 from the first list and 40 from the second served as
1229:(1966–1978) have been cited among the chief reasons for its failure. As a result of the Cultural Revolution, trained experts were expelled and the Second Scheme was compiled by the committee and its staffers without outside consultation, which may also have been a factor.
884:
promulgated the Scheme of
Simplified Chinese Characters, later referred to as the "First Round" or "First Scheme". The plan was adjusted slightly in the following years, eventually stabilizing in 1964 with a definitive list of character simplifications. These are the
1410:
1576:, signs, and mimeographed literature of all kinds began to be embellished with abbreviations never seen before. Within a short time the Committee on Language Reform had turned to the task of collecting characters 'simplified by the masses'..." (emphasis added)
1286:
While the stated goal of further language reform was not changed, the 1986 conference which retracted the Second Scheme emphasized that future reforms should proceed with caution. It also "explicitly precluded any possibility of developing
1034:
994:
951:
published the second-round simplifications along with editorials and articles endorsing the changes. Both newspapers began to use the characters from the first list the following day.
582:
1225:
characters it changed, the distinction between simplifications intended for immediate use and those for review was not maintained in practice, and its release in the shadow of the
1388:, provide full support for the first list of second-round characters, and only partial support for the second list, with many such characters unencoded or yet to be standardized.
514:
788:
869:
in 1911 and subsequent loss of prestige associated with classical writing helped facilitate this shift, but a series of further reforms aided by the efforts of reformers like
822:
506:
1245:
Rohsenow observes that "in the case of some of the character forms constructed by the staff members themselves" the public at large found proposed changes "laughable".
857:
in the
Renaissance era. The modern simplification movement grew out of efforts to make the written language more accessible, which culminated in the replacement of
955:
inconsistently in the education system, and people used characters at various stages of official or unofficial simplification. Confusion and disagreement ensued.
525:
828:
749:
1548:, pp. 154–155 for information on Singapore. Note that, while Singapore adopted the First Scheme, it did not follow suit with the Second Scheme.
1033:
781:
810:
2194:
2005:
1886:, pp. 299–312 (chapter 7, section 3) "Crackling the Hard Nut: Dealing with the Rescinded Second Scheme and Banned Traditional Characters".
1137:
In some characters, the radical is simply dropped, leaving only the phonetic. This results in mergers between previously distinct characters:
2114:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2034:
2015:
1991:
1968:
1401:
533:
1120:
In some characters, components that are complicated are replaced with a simpler one not similar in shape but sometimes similar in sound:
1926:
774:
939:
of other characters, which caused the Second Scheme to modify some 4,500 characters. On 20 December 1977, major newspapers such as the
1020:
821:
Following widespread confusion and opposition, the second round of simplification was officially rescinded on 24 June 1986 by the
2204:
1184:
662:
622:
425:
916:
1329:
1114:
2199:
998:
146:
56:
1348:. The second round adjusted these further and combined them with other characters previously much less common as surnames:
2086:
Rohsenow, John S. (2004). "Fifty Years of Script and
Language Reform in the PRC". In Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai (eds.).
930:, such sights were common as citizens were encouraged to innovate and participate in the character simplification process.
910:
881:
874:
806:
130:
42:
2152:
886:
815:
432:
936:
333:
17:
983:
1377:
1253:—simplification in one area of use causing complication in another—and concludes that "the 'complex' characters in
1045:
862:
762:
655:
449:
409:
371:
319:
262:
1002:
987:
437:
274:
239:
243:
225:
1305:
2131:
1301:
1265:
592:
577:
493:
1315:
A playful name for a restaurant in
Shanghai that says "一佳歺厅" instead of the homophonous standard "一家餐厅".
1257:
and
Chinese, with their greater redundancy and internal consistency, may have been the better bargain."
565:
394:
356:
311:
1044:
In some characters, the phonetic component of the character was replaced with a simpler one, while the
1041:
The second round of simplification continued to use the methods used in the first round. For example:
846:
1226:
927:
926:" ('production output will increase multiple times'), but uses non-standard characters. During the
726:
721:
376:
1911:, pp. 288–299 (chapter 7, section 2) "Romanization - Old Questions, New Challenge". Also see
454:
328:
254:
1955:
2110:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2030:
2011:
1987:
1964:
1453:
1296:
1254:
941:
858:
854:
386:
351:
346:
1933:
171:
79:
688:
543:
2166:
2139:
947:
842:
366:
284:
153:
137:
909:
did not adopt the simplifications, and the characters used in those places are known as
299:
2001:
1321:
1234:
1090:
In some characters, entire components were replaced by ones that are similar in shape:
890:
713:
475:
404:
381:
1409:
2188:
1980:
1333:
1250:
870:
959:
list was published with minor changes, and no further changes have been made since.
2178:
1357:
1288:
1238:
1233:
expansion to over 850. A two-year delay from 1975 to 1977 was officially blamed on
866:
442:
178:
86:
2088:
Language Policy in the People's
Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949
972:
598:
341:
2161:
1320:
two. The first round of simplification had already changed the common surnames
641:
466:
459:
2135:
832:
Second
Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft), published in May 1977
2145:
2049:
902:
894:
614:
192:
100:
1056:
1957:
Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters
1385:
741:
736:
702:
695:
399:
199:
107:
2046:
The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture: The Art of Reading Dragons
1187:). This also results in mergers between previously distinct characters:
1037:
Traditional characters (left) and their proposed simplifications (right)
1963:. Stockholm East Asian Monographs. Vol. 11. Stockholm University.
1389:
1381:
233:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1280:
1276:
1062:
1052:
898:
631:
805:
was an aborted script reform promulgated on 20 December 1977 by the
1113:
1310:
1264:
915:
906:
850:
827:
294:
289:
1183:
Some characters are simply replaced by a similar-sounding one (a
681:
2107:
Planning Chinese Characters: Reaction, Evolution or Revolution?
966:
1112:
1032:
1647:
1645:
1596:
1594:
2136:
Proposal to Encode Obsolete Simplified Chinese Characters
1710:
1708:
873:
were ultimately thwarted by conservative elements in the
204:
112:
2142:), section 4: Second Stage Simplified Characters (1977)
880:
Continuing the work of previous reformers, in 1956 the
1915:, p. 164 (chapter 10) "Phonetization of Chinese".
1467:
Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft)
33:
Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft)
18:
Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft)
2150:
1300:
difficulties the Chinese writing system presents for
183:
91:
2109:. Language policy. Vol. 9. New York: Springer.
114:
Dai6 ji6 ci3 Hon3 zi6 gaan2 fa3 fong1 on3 (cou2 on3)
1160:In some characters, entire components are dropped:
198:
191:
177:
170:
165:
145:
129:
124:
106:
99:
85:
78:
73:
55:
41:
32:
1979:
2090:. Language policy. Vol. 4. Boston: Kluwer.
803:second round of Chinese character simplification
2105:Zhao, Shouhui; Baldauf, Richard B. Jr. (2007).
1469:, ("Second Scheme" or "Second Round" for short)
1540:
1538:
2048:. Culture and communication in Asia. London:
1432:
1421:
1270:
921:
782:
151:
135:
61:
47:
8:
1986:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1982:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics
1908:
1883:
1870:
1834:
1774:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1687:
1675:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1392:supports the characters on the first list.
1275:" ('parking lot to the right'), which uses
1001:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
865:in the early 20th century. The fall of the
1762:
789:
775:
250:
162:
70:
2146:BabelStone Fonts : BabelStone Erjian
2029:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2010:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1434:人人生來自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們有理性和良心，請以手足關係的精神相對待。
1423:人人生来自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们有理性和良心，请以手足关系的精神相对待。
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
1858:
1846:
1786:
1714:
1529:
818:, which modified some 4,500 characters.
246: instead of the intended characters.
2157:
1486:
1446:
253:
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2007:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
1895:
1822:
1810:
1663:
1600:
1569:
1493:
1456:in second-round simplified characters.
809:(PRC). It was intended to replace the
93:Dì'èrcì hànzì jiǎnhuà fāng'àn (cǎo'àn)
29:
1418:First-round Simplified Chinese script
1402:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
841:The traditional relationship between
7:
1925:Alexander, Zapryagaev (2019-09-30).
1912:
1798:
1699:
1651:
1585:
1557:
1545:
1517:
1505:
1404:in Second Round Simplified Chinese:
999:adding citations to reliable sources
811:first round of simplified characters
534:Standard Form of National Characters
1291:as an independent writing system (
27:Aborted 1977 Chinese script reform
25:
2172:
2160:
1408:
971:
623:Literary and colloquial readings
261:
224:
2044:Hodge, Bob; Louie, Kam (1998).
920:The writing on this wall says "
232:This article contains uncommon
205:
113:
2071:. Princeton University Press.
1433:
1422:
911:traditional Chinese characters
526:Nan Min Recommended Characters
184:
152:
136:
92:
62:
48:
1:
2195:Simplified Chinese characters
887:simplified Chinese characters
849:has been compared to that of
1048:was unchanged. For example:
877:and the intellectual class.
847:vernacular Chinese varieties
2027:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
2025:Hannas, William C. (1997).
518:(Hong Kong, 2007)
2221:
2067:Ramsey, S. Robert (1989).
1429:Traditional Chinese script
1378:Chinese character encoding
882:People's Republic of China
863:written vernacular Chinese
807:People's Republic of China
763:Transliteration of Chinese
320:Neolithic symbols in China
1909:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1884:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1871:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1835:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1775:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1751:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1739:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1727:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1688:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1676:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1637:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1625:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1613:Zhao & Baldauf (2007)
1271:
963:Methods of simplification
922:
275:Chinese family of scripts
216:
161:
69:
37:
1763:Hodge & Louie (1998)
1330:30th most common in 1982
515:Commonly-Used Characters
507:Commonly Used Characters
147:Traditional Chinese
57:Traditional Chinese
2205:Chinese language reform
1364:; 36th) was changed to
889:that are used today in
488:Collation and standards
131:Simplified Chinese
43:Simplified Chinese
2069:The Languages of China
1400:From Article 1 of the
1316:
1302:information technology
1283:
1185:rebus or phonetic loan
1117:
1038:
931:
833:
750:Slavonic transcription
593:Japanese script reform
578:Traditional characters
2200:20th century in China
1954:Bökset, Roar (2006).
1372:Technical information
1314:
1268:
1116:
1036:
919:
831:
566:Simplified characters
995:improve this section
1978:Chen, Ping (1999).
1825:, pp. 226–229.
1666:, pp. 223–224.
1654:, pp. 155–156.
1588:, pp. 155–160.
1560:, pp. 162–163.
1520:, pp. 150–153.
1227:Cultural Revolution
1220:Reasons for failure
928:Cultural Revolution
537:(Taiwan, 1982)
529:(Taiwan, 2009)
1873:, p. 299-300.
1801:, p. 160–162.
1317:
1284:
1237:, a member of the
1118:
1039:
932:
834:
549:(Japan, 2010)
255:Chinese characters
2116:978-0-387-48574-4
2097:978-1-4020-8038-8
2078:978-0-691-01468-5
2059:978-0-415-17266-0
2036:978-0-8248-1892-0
2017:978-0-8248-1068-9
1993:978-0-521-64572-0
1970:978-9-162-86832-1
1789:, pp. 28–29.
1765:, pp. 63–64.
1753:, pp. 54–62.
1690:, pp. 66–69.
1678:, pp. 67–68.
1627:, pp. 62–64.
1603:, pp. 22–24.
1508:, pp. 70–75.
1304:have renewed the
1297:language planning
1295:)." The focus of
1031:
1030:
1023:
859:Classical Chinese
855:Romance languages
799:
798:
663:Zetian characters
495:Kangxi Dictionary
240:rendering support
220:
219:
212:
211:
172:Standard Mandarin
120:
119:
80:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2212:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2120:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2040:
2021:
1997:
1985:
1974:
1962:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1932:. Archived from
1931:
1922:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1376:Most systems of
1274:
1273:
1269:A sign reading "
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1006:
975:
967:
925:
924:
791:
784:
777:
510:(PRC, 2013)
476:Digital encoding
395:Modern typefaces
278:
265:
251:
228:
208:
207:
187:
186:
163:
157:
156:
141:
140:
116:
115:
95:
94:
71:
65:
64:
51:
50:
30:
21:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2043:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2002:DeFrancis, John
2000:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1859:Rohsenow (2004)
1857:
1853:
1847:Rohsenow (2004)
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1787:Rohsenow (2004)
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1715:Rohsenow (2004)
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1530:Rohsenow (2004)
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1465:Officially the
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1398:
1374:
1263:
1222:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
992:
976:
965:
948:Guangming Daily
843:written Chinese
839:
795:
755:
754:
746:
733:
710:
676:
675:Derived systems
668:
667:
658:
648:
647:
637:
627:
618:
607:
606:
589:
561:
553:
552:
540:
521:
502:
489:
481:
480:
428:
424:Properties and
417:
416:
391:
363:
338:
325:
314:
285:Written Chinese
281:
272:
249:
248:
247:
238:Without proper
229:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2127:
2126:External links
2124:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2102:
2096:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2058:
2041:
2035:
2022:
2016:
1998:
1992:
1975:
1969:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1939:on 2023-02-03.
1917:
1900:
1888:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 215.
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1702:, p. 160.
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1590:
1578:
1562:
1550:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1496:, p. 248.
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1394:
1373:
1370:
1262:
1259:
1235:Zhang Chunqiao
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1029:
1028:
979:
977:
970:
964:
961:
942:People's Daily
891:mainland China
875:new government
838:
835:
797:
796:
794:
793:
786:
779:
771:
768:
767:
766:
765:
757:
756:
753:
752:
745:
744:
739:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
716:
714:Jurchen script
709:
708:
707:
706:
699:
692:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
659:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
636:
635:
626:
625:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
603:
602:
588:
587:
586:
585:
575:
574:
573:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
539:
538:
530:
520:
519:
511:
501:
500:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:
464:
452:
447:
446:
445:
435:
429:
426:classification
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
337:
336:
331:
324:
323:
315:
309:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
280:
279:
267:
266:
258:
257:
242:, you may see
230:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
202:
196:
195:
193:Yue: Cantonese
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
168:
167:
166:Transcriptions
159:
158:
149:
143:
142:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
101:Yue: Cantonese
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:Transcriptions
67:
66:
59:
53:
52:
45:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 25.
1897:
1896:Hannas (1997)
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1861:, p. 32.
1860:
1855:
1852:
1849:, p. 30.
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:, p. 64.
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:Hannas (1997)
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:Hannas (1997)
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:, p. 63.
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:, p. 58.
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:, p. 54.
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 29.
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:Hannas (1997)
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:, p. 51.
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:, p. 62.
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:Hannas (1997)
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:, p. 22.
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:Hannas (1997)
1490:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:. Similarly,
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:; 50th) into
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:zero-sum game
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
985:
980:This section
978:
974:
969:
968:
962:
960:
956:
952:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
929:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
878:
876:
872:
871:Qian Xuantong
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
830:
826:
824:
823:State Council
819:
817:
812:
808:
804:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
715:
712:
711:
705:
704:
700:
698:
697:
693:
691:
690:
686:
685:
684:
683:
679:
678:
672:
671:
664:
661:
660:
657:
652:
651:
644:
643:
639:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
611:
610:
601:
600:
596:
595:
594:
591:
590:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
548:
546:
542:
541:
536:
535:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
517:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
503:
498:
496:
492:
491:
485:
484:
477:
474:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
317:
316:
313:
312:script styles
310:Evolution of
307:
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
269:
268:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
245:
241:
237:
235:
227:
215:
206:Ji6 gaan2 zi6
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
182:
180:
176:
173:
169:
164:
160:
155:
150:
148:
144:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
63:第二次漢字簡化方案（草案）
60:
58:
54:
49:第二次汉字简化方案（草案）
46:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2045:
2026:
2006:
1981:
1956:
1934:the original
1920:
1903:
1891:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1581:
1574:Wall slogans
1573:
1565:
1553:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1428:
1417:
1399:
1396:Example text
1380:, including
1375:
1361:
1337:
1325:
1318:
1306:Romanization
1292:
1289:Hanyu Pinyin
1285:
1247:
1243:
1239:Gang of Four
1231:
1223:
1182:
1179:囊 → 𰀉 (⿻一中)
1164:糖 → 𰪩 (⿰米广)
1159:
1136:
1133:嚷 → 𠮵 (⿰口上)
1127:短 → 𰦓 (⿰矢卜)
1124:鞋 → 𰆻 (⿰又圭)
1119:
1106:撤 → 𢪃 (⿰扌切)
1097:整 → 𰋞 (⿱大正)
1094:幕 → 𫯜 (⿱大巾)
1089:
1086:僚 → 𠆨 (⿰亻了)
1083:廖 → 𭙏 (⿸广了)
1074:儒 → 𰁡 (⿰亻入)
1071:稳 → 𮂹 (⿰禾文)
1043:
1040:
1017:
1008:
993:Please help
981:
957:
953:
946:
940:
933:
879:
867:Qing dynasty
840:
820:
802:
800:
701:
694:
687:
680:
640:
630:
617:and readings
597:
571:second round
570:
544:
532:
524:
513:
505:
494:
467:
460:
377:Semi-cursive
318:
273:
231:
179:Hanyu Pinyin
125:Abbreviation
87:Hanyu Pinyin
2140:PDF version
2132:Andrew West
1947:Works cited
1913:Chen (1999)
1799:Chen (1999)
1700:Chen (1999)
1652:Chen (1999)
1586:Chen (1999)
1570:Ramsey 1989
1558:Chen (1999)
1518:Chen (1999)
1506:Chen (1999)
1279:instead of
1215:衩/扠/杈/汊 → 叉
455:Orthography
329:Oracle bone
236:characters.
2189:Categories
1927:"IRGN2414"
1477:References
1065:→ 𦬁 (⿱艹才)
1011:April 2009
937:components
816:components
689:man'yōgana
615:Homographs
468:xin zixing
461:jiu zixing
433:Components
387:Flat brush
2050:Routledge
1546:Chen 1999
1482:Citations
1212:蝴/糊/猢 → 胡
1209:芭/粑/笆 → 巴
982:does not
903:Hong Kong
895:Singapore
853:with the
357:Bird-worm
2167:Language
2004:(1984).
1386:GB 18030
1308:debate.
1255:Japanese
945:and the
742:Bopomofo
703:katakana
696:hiragana
656:Variants
599:kyūjitai
450:Radicals
400:Fangsong
367:Clerical
200:Jyutping
185:Èrjiǎnzì
108:Jyutping
2153:Portals
1390:Mojikyo
1382:Unicode
1261:Effects
1153:蚯蚓 → 丘引
1150:蝌蚪 → 科斗
1046:radical
1003:removed
988:sources
837:History
718:Khitan
560:Reforms
438:Strokes
382:Regular
372:Cursive
300:Chữ Hán
234:Unicode
2113:
2094:
2075:
2056:
2033:
2014:
1990:
1967:
1332:) and
1173:雪 → 𫜹
905:, and
899:Taiwan
632:Kanbun
583:debate
499:(1716)
334:Bronze
2179:China
1961:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1441:Notes
1293:wénzì
1206:籍 → 笈
1203:鳜 → 桂
1200:雄 → 厷
1197:泰 → 太
1194:蛋 → 旦
1191:萧 → 肖
1176:宣 → 㝉
1170:餐 → 歺
1167:停 → 仃
1156:豫 → 予
1147:帮 → 邦
1144:彩 → 采
1141:稀 → 希
1130:道 → 辺
1109:阎 → 闫
1103:答 → 荅
1100:迎 → 迊
1080:冀 → 丠
1077:灌 → 浂
1068:酒 → 氿
1059:(⿱艹才)
923:产量翻几番
907:Macau
861:with
851:Latin
737:Nüshu
727:small
722:large
547:kanji
497:forms
443:order
352:Small
347:Large
295:Hanja
290:Kanji
2111:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1907:See
1882:See
1544:See
1454:二𫈉字
1384:and
1352:and
1344:and
1326:Xiāo
1272:仃车往右
986:any
984:cite
893:and
845:and
801:The
682:Kana
545:Jōyō
405:Ming
342:Seal
1338:Yán
997:by
642:Idu
410:Hei
154:二簡字
138:二简字
2191::
2134:,
2052:.
1707:^
1644:^
1593:^
1537:^
1431::
1420::
1368:.
1362:Fù
1328:;
1057:𦬁
1055:→
913:.
901:,
897:.
2155::
2138:(
2119:.
2100:.
2081:.
2062:.
2039:.
2020:.
1996:.
1973:.
1366:付
1360:(
1358:傅
1354:闫
1350:肖
1346:阎
1342:萧
1336:(
1334:閻
1324:(
1322:蕭
1281:停
1277:仃
1063:蔡
1053:菜
1024:)
1018:(
1013:)
1009:(
1005:.
991:.
790:e
783:t
776:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
