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1421:, that some signed a blank paper, and that others did not sign at all, the names being afterwards filled in of all who were actually present. The allegation of the blank papers has no proof at all. No one mentioned it for two years after the council (449-451), even after the passing of Emperor Theodosius II in 450 AD. In the opening of the first session of Chalcedon (451), many allegations against Dioscorus were listed; none of which was the blank papers.
1234:. When Leo had received the Acts of the council, he concluded that Eutyches was a foolish old man who had erred through ignorance, and might be restored if he repented. Dioscurus of Alexandria, imitating his predecessors in assuming a primacy over Constantinople, simply annulled the sentence of Flavian, and absolved Eutyches. Dioscurus and Eutyches had obtained the convocation by the Emperor of an ecumenical council to meet at Ephesus in August, 449.
1230:. In his opposition to Nestorianism, he seemed to take an equally extreme, although opposite view. In 448, Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople held a synod at which Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, brought a charge of heresy against Eutyches. Eutyches was summoned to appear and clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Finding his response unsatisfactory, the synod condemned and exiled Eutyches, who sent an appeal to
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1123:, stating that Christ is one incarnate nature (a qualitative description of the union of divinity and humanity), fully human and fully God, united without separation, without confusion, without mixture and without alteration. The Council of Chalcedon decreed that in Christ two natures exist, "a divine nature and a human nature , united in one person , with neither division nor confusion".
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disapproved of the first session and purposely omitted it, not because of the high-handed proceedings of
Dioscorus but because the later Miaphysites generally condemned Eutyches as a heretic and did not wish to remember his rehabilitation by a council that they considered to be ecumenical but the rest of Christianity scorned.
1650:, of intruding an immoral bishop into Emessa, of having been uncanonically appointed himself and of being an enemy of Dioscorus. Several pages of the manuscripts are missing, but it does not seem that the patriarch was asked to appear or given a chance to defend himself. The bishops shouted that he was worse than
1435:
It was said
Dioscorus had previously gathered 1000 monks, telling them to wait outside the church during the council and to come when he called them. When Dioscorus began to read the sentence of condemnation against Flavian and Eusebius, some bishops went up to Dioscorus, asking him not to. Dioscorus
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The acts were then read in full and also the account of an inquiry made on April 13, 449, into the allegation of
Eutyches that the synodal acts had been incorrectly noted down, and then the account of another inquiry on April 27, 449, into the accusation made by Eutyches that Flavian had drawn up the
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The brief of convocation by
Theodosius II was read. Then the legates to the Pope of the Church of Rome explained that although it would have been contrary to custom for their Pope to be present in person, the Pope of the Church of Rome had sent a letter with the legates to be read at the council. In
1568:
In the next case, that of Ibas's nephew, Daniel of Harran, it was declared that they had clearly seen his guilt at Tyre and had acquitted him only because of his voluntary resignation. He was quickly deposed by the agreement of all the council. He, too, was not present and could not defend himself.
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called the guards, and the 1000 monks who were waiting outside with some soldiers came in and charged at
Flavian and his followers. Flavian ran to the altar and grabbed hold of it for his life. The soldiers and monks forcefully took him from the altar beating him, kicking him and then whipping him.
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council, should be read, but the legates of Rome asked that Leo's letter might be heard first. Eutyches interrupted with the complaint that he did not trust the legates. They had been to dine with
Flavian and had received much courtesy. Pope Dioscorus decided that the acts of the trial should have
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to which nothing could be added and from which nothing could be taken away. He claimed that he had been condemned by
Flavian for a mere slip of the tongue even though he had declared that he held the faith of Nicaea and Ephesus, and he had appealed to the present council. His life had been put in
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In the next session, according to the Syriac Acts, 113 people were present, including
Barsumas. Nine new names appeared. The legates did not appear and were sent for, but only the notary Dulcitius could be found and he was unwell. It was an uncanonical charge against Dioscorus at the Council of
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The Syriac Acts take up the history where the
Chalcedonian Acts break off. Of the first session, only the formal documents, letters of the emperor, and petitions of Eutyches are known to be preserved in Syriac though not within the same manuscript. It is evident that the non-Chalcedonian editor
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uttered a single word in Latin, "Contradicitur", annulling the sentence in Leo's name. He then escaped with difficulty. Flavian and
Eusebius of Dorylaeum appealed to the pope, and their letters, only lately discovered, were probably taken by Hilarus to Rome, which he reached by a devious route.
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contradicts the account in the acts of the final scene of the session. It was reported at Chalcedon that secretaries of the bishops had been violently prevented from taking notes and it was declared that both Barsumas and Dioscorus struck Flavian. It was further reported that many bishops threw
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Meanwhile, Leo I had received the appeals of Theodoret and Flavian (of whose death he was unaware) and had written to them and to the Emperor and Empress, nullifying all of the Acts of the council. He eventually excommunicated all who had taken part in it and absolved all whom it had condemned
1207:
was Archbishop of Constantinople. His opponents charged him with detaching Christ's divinity and humanity into two persons existing in one body, thereby denying the reality of the Incarnation. It is not clear whether Nestorius actually taught that. A combination of politics and personalities
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and Ibas. The detailed summary of the reception takes up some two or three pages of the report that Cheroeas sent, along with two letters of his own, to Constantinople. The report gave details of the accusations against Ibas, and led to the emperor's ordering for a new bishop to be chosen.
1607:. However, despite the fact the two great theologians had come to terms and had celebrated their agreement, Theodoret was rejected with scorn. Theodosius had twice written to prevent him from coming to the council at Ephesus, and the council found a reason to depose him in his absence.
1703:
between those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon and those who rejected it: many Byzantine emperors over the next several hundred years attempted to reconcile the opposed parties, in the process giving rise to several other schisms and teachings later condemned as heresy, such as
1684:
whom he had brought to Ephesus) "in addition to all his other crimes he extended his madness against him who had been entrusted with the guardianship of the Vine by the Saviour", in the words of the bishops at Chalcedon, "and excommunicated the Pope himself".
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now give a list of 114 votes in the form of short speeches absolving Eutyches; three of his former judges also absolved him but by the emperor's order they were not allowed to vote. Lastly, Barsumas added his voice. A petition was read from Eutyches'
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declared that it was not a matter for inquiry but that they had to consider only recent activity, as all present had acknowledged that they strictly adhered to the faith. He was acclaimed as a guardian and the Champion of Oriental Orthodoxy.
1630:
is said to have agreed in the first session to the acquittal of Eutyches, but he refused, on the plea of sickness, to appear at the later sessions of the council. He seems to have been disgusted or terrified or both at the leadership of
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A final indictment was made in a speech by a priest of Edessa named Eulogius. Sentence was finally given against Ibas of deposition and excommunication, without any suggestion that he ought to be called to speak in his own defence.
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and a personal supporter of Nestorius, had been confined within his own diocese by the emperor in the preceding year to prevent him from preaching at Antioch. Theodoret had been a friend of Nestorius, and for more than three years
1576:, had been known to favour Nestorius. He had later become Bishop of Tyre, but the emperor had deposed him in 448 under charges of bigamy and blasphemy, and Photius had succeeded him. The synod ratified the deposition of Irenaeus.
1301:
There were 127 bishops present at the council, with eight representatives of absent bishops, and lastly the deacon Hilarius with his notary, Dulcitius. The question before the council, by order of the emperor, was whether
1617:
When Theodoret, in his remote diocese, heard of the sentence pronounced in his absence, he at once appealed to Leo in a letter (Ep. cxiii). He also wrote to the legate Renatus (Ep. cxvi), being unaware that he was dead.
1341:
However, the head notary declared that the emperor's letter should be read first, and Bishop Juvenal of Jerusalem commanded for the letter of the emperor to be presented. It ordered the presence at the council of the
1635:. The council had sent him an account of their actions, and he replied, according to the Acts, that he agreed to all the sentences that had been given and regretted that his health made his attendance impossible.
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was read, cries arose such as: "These things pollute our ears. ...Cyril is immortal. ...Let Ibas be burnt in the midst of the city of Antioch. ...Exile is of no use. Nestorius and Ibas should be burnt together!"
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was loyal to Dioscorus. He had deposed the Patriarchs of Antioch and Constantinople, but one powerful adversary yet remained. He halted at Nicaea and with ten bishops (probably the same ten Egyptian
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Chalcedon that he "had held an (ecumenical) council without the Roman See, which was never allowed". That manifestly refers to his having continued at the council after the departure of the legates.
1638:
Immediately after receiving this message, the council proceeded to hear a number of petitions from monks and priests against Domnus. Domnus was accused of friendship with Theodoret and Flavian, of
1498:
The first case was that of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa. The famous champion of the Antiochian party, he had been accused of crimes before by Domnus, Bishop of Antioch, and had been acquitted soon after
1610:
A monk from Antioch produced a volume of extracts from the works of Theodoret. First was read Theodoret's letter to the monks of the East (see Mansi, V, 1023), then some extracts from a lost
1662:
The council wrote the customary letter to the emperor (see Perry, trans., p. 431), who confirmed it with his own letter (Mansi, VII, 495, and Perry, p. 364). Dioscorus sent an
1693:), with the exception of Domnus of Antioch, who seems to have had no wish to resume his see and retired into the monastic life that he had left many years earlier with regret.
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was passed unjustly, and he who passed it was to be judged by the same. Flavian and Eusebius had previously interposed an appeal to the Roman Pope and to a synod held by him.
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which had been excommunicated by Flavian. The monks asserted that they agreed in all things with Eutyches and with the Holy Fathers, and therefore the synod absolved them.
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to the bishops of the East with a form of adhesion to the council that they were to sign (Perry, p. 375). He also went to Constantinople and appointed his secretary
1614:. The very name of the work was sufficient, in the view of the council, to condemn Theodoret, and Dioscorus pronounced the sentence of deposition and excommunication.
1286:(Greek). The legate Julius is mentioned next, but when his name was read at Chalcedon, the bishops cried: "He was cast out; no one represented Leo". Next in order is
1586:, was a cousin of Ibas. He was, therefore, accused of magic, and his case was reserved for the judgment of the new Bishop of Edessa, a surprisingly-mild decision.
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sentence against him beforehand. While the trial was being related, cries arose from those present, declaring a belief in one nature, that two natures meant
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to start a new inquiry. He was received by the people of Edessa on April 12, 449, with shouts in honour of the emperor, the governor, and the late Bishop
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Both this council and that at Chalcedon dealt primarily with Christology, the study of the nature of Christ. Both councils affirmed the doctrine of the
1402:) was read next. Many of the bishops and also the deacon Hilarus expressed their assent, some adding that nothing beyond that faith could be allowed.
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Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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and upheld the orthodox Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is both fully God and fully man. The Second Council of Ephesus decreed the formula of
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1166:. Those who accepted the teaching of Chalcedon but resided in areas dominated by Oriental Orthodox bishops were called by the non-Chalcedonians
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The report, which provided a history of the whole affair, was read at length by the order of Dioscorus. When the famous letter of Ibas to
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The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)
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1192:. Over the next few centuries, various popes usually held to either one side or the other although some accepting the
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that Flavian's body was buried with honour in Constantinople. No more of the Acts were read at Chalcedon. However,
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and six other bishops, who had been present at his synod, were not allowed to sit as judges in the council.
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churches but was rejected by Chalcedonian Christians. It was explicitly repudiated by the next council, the
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Dioscorus then spoke, declaring that it followed that Flavian and Eusebius must be deposed, as if an
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of 451, recognised as the fourth ecumenical council by Chalcedonian Christians, and it was named the
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Those who do not accept the decrees of Chalcedon nor later ecumenical councils are variously named
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448. His accusers had gone to Constantinople and been granted a new trial by the emperor. Bishops
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danger and he now asked for judgment against the calumnies that had been brought against him.
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1582:, had been consecrated by Irenaeus and was his friend. He was the next to be deposed.
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The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594
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themselves on their knees to beg Dioscorus for mercy to Flavian and also Alexandrine
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1196:. Eventually, two separate papacies were established, each claiming sole legitimacy.
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There was insufficient time for Western bishops to attend except a certain Julius,
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and others note that the Council voted to depose Theodoret himself, Domnus, and
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Flavian was deported into exile and died from his wounds a few days later in
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sees an "innate rivalry" between the Sees of Alexandria and Constantinople.
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1722:– the latter itself leading to another schism lasting over a century, the
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Next was the turn of Irenaeus, who, as an influential layman at the first
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1250:(MS. Addit. 14,530) and written in 535. The first session is missing.
1933:
Chapman, John. "Robber Council of Ephesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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2017: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1816:. Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. p. 226.
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contributed to Nestorius being judged a heretic and deposed at the
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monk Barsumas. The question of faith was next on the proceedings.
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the letter, Leo I referred to his dogmatic letter to Flavian, the
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2554:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
1975:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1914:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1969:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 February 2019
1935:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 February 2019
1908:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 February 2019
1338:, which he intended the council to accept as a ruling of faith.
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1172:("King's men"), as the Emperors were usually Chalcedonians. The
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1778:. Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. pp.
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The Council of Chalcedon gave rise to what has been called the
1354:
Eutyches was then introduced, and he declared that he held the
2023:
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Robber Council of Ephesus".
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The Acts by the Second Council of Ephesus are known through a
18:
1946:"Chalcedon – The Treachery that Split Christendom into two"
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historically descends from these people. Shortly after the
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communions, continue to accept this designation, while the
1850:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 442.
1814:
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History
2262:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
1887:
St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy
1967:
Chapman, John. "Dioscurus." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1443:. His body was buried in obscurity. It was not until
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An extract from the acts of the first session of the
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beginning November 8, 448 AD, had justly deposed and
1906:
Chapman, John. "Eutyches." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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precedence and so the letter of Leo I was not read.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1873:The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1246:translation by a monk, that was published by the
1514:were to examine the matter. The bishops met at
2001:, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing,
1951:. Bishoy’s Blog on the Coptic Orthodox Church.
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1100:; the Chalcedonian churches, particularly the
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1626:The council had a yet-bolder task before it.
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2056:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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249:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2458:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
1348:Pope (Patriarch of Alexandria) Dioscorus
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1384:Acts of the Second Council of Ephesus
7:
2029:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1304:Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
1144:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
1082:, and it is accepted as such by the
978:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1871:John Anthony McGuckin, ed. (2011).
1603:) he was a prominent antagonist of
1296:Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople
998:
1889:. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994. p. 12
1148:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
14:
1612:Apology for Diodorus and Theodore
1412:Evidence given at the ecumenical
1152:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2486:State church of the Roman Empire
2012:
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1156:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
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2317:First seven ecumenical councils
2181:First seven ecumenical councils
2101:First seven ecumenical councils
1875:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 872.
1190:Chalcedonian Pope of Alexandria
34:needs additional citations for
1642:, of altering the form of the
1292:Patriarch Domnus II of Antioch
1076:Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria
1:
2629:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
1540:l, was then ordered to go to
1282:ten authentian kai ta proteia
546:Non-Chalcedonian Christianity
424:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
384:French Coptic Orthodox Church
224:Documents and statements
16:449 AD Christian church synod
2619:440s in the Byzantine Empire
1724:Schism of the Three Chapters
1306:, in a synod held by him at
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2624:5th-century church councils
2047:"Ephesus, Council of"
1584:Sophronius, Bishop of Tella
1580:Aquilinus, Bishop of Byblus
1078:. It was intended to be an
1070:in 449 convened by Emperor
230:Flavianus of Constantinople
58:"Second Council of Ephesus"
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1842:Pelikan, Jaroslav (1975).
1594:Theodoret, an opponent of
1362:Eutyches' accuser, Bishop
1174:Antiochian Orthodox Church
903:Apostolic Church-Ordinance
541:Oriental Orthodox Theology
286:Oriental Orthodox churches
2649:Theological controversies
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2534:Conference of Addis Ababa
1590:Condemnation of Theodoret
1164:Armenian Apostolic Church
1060:Second Council of Ephesus
576:Anaphora of Saint Gregory
247:
124:Second Council of Ephesus
2351:Oriental Orthodox Church
1885:McGuckin, John Anthony.
1812:Kelly, Joseph F (2009).
1528:John of Theodosianopolis
1396:First Council of Ephesus
1074:under the presidency of
758:Athanasius of Alexandria
153:First Council of Ephesus
141:Oriental Orthodox Church
2526:Synod of Constantinople
2307:Eastern Orthodox Church
2053:Encyclopædia Britannica
1526:, Bishop of Harran and
1276:Dioscorus of Alexandria
1022:Christianity portal
788:Dioscorus of Alexandria
743:Nine Saints of Ethiopia
738:Gregory the Illuminator
674:Orthodox Tewahedo Bible
448:Saint Thomas Christians
191:Dioscorus of Alexandria
1622:Condemnation of Domnus
1317:for refusing to admit
1315:Archimandrite Eutyches
1270:himself), represented
1160:Syriac Orthodox Church
1142:ecclesial communions:
848:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
601:Liturgy of Saint Cyril
596:Liturgy of Saint Basil
591:Liturgy of Saint James
2595:37.94500°N 27.33917°E
2026:Catholic Encyclopedia
1770:, Leo Donald (1990).
1508:Eustathius of Berytus
1364:Eusebius of Dorylaeum
1319:two natures in Christ
1254:Attending signatories
1214:John Anthony McGuckin
1188:in opposition to the
853:Geevarghese Gregorios
564:Anaphora & Rites:
559:Liturgy and practices
167:(not accepted by the
2542:Pan-Orthodox Council
1678:Juvenal of Jerusalem
1449:Council of Chalcedon
1414:Council of Chalcedon
1288:Juvenal of Jerusalem
1178:Council of Chalcedon
1096:("Robber Synod") by
1088:Council of Chalcedon
888:Patriarch of Antioch
455:Ecumenical Councils:
418:History and theology
343:Independent churches
242:Domnus II of Antioch
165:Council of Chalcedon
43:improve this article
2591: /
2439:Synod of Beth Lapat
2093:Ecumenical councils
1605:Cyril of Alexandria
1471:Subsequent sessions
1465:Edessa, Mesopotamia
1274:. The emperor gave
1121:Cyril of Alexandria
961:Links and resources
883:Catholicos of India
723:Cyril of Alexandria
374:Autonomous churches
362:Malabar Independent
2600:37.94500; 27.33917
2518:Synod of Jerusalem
2431:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2406:Church of the East
2150:Constantinople III
1670:as bishop of that
1574:Council of Ephesus
1476:Attitude of schism
1329:Opening proceeding
1266:(who later became
1210:Council of Ephesus
1186:Pope of Alexandria
1184:party appointed a
1080:ecumenical council
908:Coptic monasticism
823:Michael the Syrian
798:Abraham of Farshut
793:Severus of Antioch
270:Oriental Orthodoxy
2574:
2573:
2502:Quinisext Council
2403:Recognized by the
2348:Recognized by the
2325:Constantinople IV
2303:Recognized by the
2188:Constantinople IV
2170:Recognized by the
2142:Constantinople II
2007:978-1-889758-88-6
1857:978-0-226-65371-6
1823:978-0-8146-5376-0
1789:978-0-8146-5616-7
1628:Domnus of Antioch
1512:Uranius of Imeria
1445:Flavius Marcianus
1290:, above both the
1260:Bishop of Puteoli
1136:non-Chalcedonians
1110:Oriental Orthodox
1056:
1055:
923:Coonan Cross Oath
838:Giyorgis of Segla
763:Ephrem the Syrian
320:Orthodox Tewahedo
254:
253:
228:Condemnations of
169:Oriental Orthodox
119:
118:
111:
93:
2656:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2565:
2562:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2481:
2469:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2423:Constantinople I
2418:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2368:Constantinople I
2363:
2340:
2336:Constantinople V
2330:
2319:
2309:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2118:Constantinople I
2113:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2030:
2016:
2015:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1809:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1763:
1321:. Consequently,
1284:
1278:the presidency:
1117:hypostatic union
1106:Eastern Orthodox
1048:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1019:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
981:
980:
971:
970:
943:Tewahedo fasting
898:Ethiopian titles
813:Gregory of Narek
808:Simon the Tanner
698:St. Thomas Cross
586:West Syriac Rite
571:Alexandrian Rite
467:Constantinople I
438:Tewahedo history
281:
271:
256:
176:Convoked by
148:Previous council
137:Accepted by
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2484:
2472:
2456:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2172:Catholic Church
2171:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2095:
2090:
2058:Second section.
2040:
2037:
2022:
2013:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1790:
1765:
1764:
1737:
1732:
1660:
1624:
1592:
1504:Photius of Tyre
1496:
1494:Double jeopardy
1487:
1478:
1473:
1331:
1256:
1240:
1202:
1052:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
962:
954:
953:
952:
933:Fast of Nineveh
928:Ethiopian chant
867:
859:
858:
857:
783:Mesrop Mashtots
717:
709:
708:
707:
703:Ethiopian cross
678:
649:
615:
560:
552:
551:
550:
526:
452:
419:
411:
410:
375:
367:
366:
344:
336:
269:
225:
161:
149:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2510:Synod of Jassy
2506:
2498:
2482:
2470:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2260:Basel-Florence
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2044:, ed. (1911).
2042:Chisholm, Hugh
2036:
2035:External links
2033:
2032:
2031:
2010:
1995:, translator,
1993:Edward Walford
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1954:
1937:
1920:
1898:
1878:
1863:
1856:
1829:
1822:
1795:
1788:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1720:Three Chapters
1659:
1656:
1633:Pope Dioscorus
1623:
1620:
1591:
1588:
1536:, Governor of
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1368:Constantinople
1330:
1327:
1312:excommunicated
1308:Constantinople
1255:
1252:
1248:British Museum
1239:
1236:
1228:Constantinople
1201:
1198:
1112:repudiate it.
1102:Roman Catholic
1064:Christological
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:Coptic fasting
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
869:
868:
866:Related topics
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Tekle Haymanot
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
700:
695:
693:Armenian Cross
690:
684:
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
669:Armenian Bible
666:
661:
655:
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
606:Malankara Rite
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
566:
565:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
532:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
443:Syriac history
440:
435:
433:Coptic history
429:
428:
427:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
399:
393:Constantinople
386:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
355:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
274:
273:
265:
264:
252:
251:
245:
244:
226:
223:
220:
219:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
177:
173:
172:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2661:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Theodosius II
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2561:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:public domain
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:public domain
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:public domain
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:9789004099906
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:monotheletism
1707:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1682:metropolitans
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:, removed to
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1238:First session
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:autocephalous
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Theodosius II
1069:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1004:
996:
994:
986:
984:
976:
974:
966:
965:
958:
957:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:Coptic saints
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
863:
862:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Ezana of Axum
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Tiridates III
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:Major figures
713:
712:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
680:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
651:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
617:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Armenian Rite
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
556:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
528:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
454:
453:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
407:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
377:
371:
370:
363:
359:
356:
354:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
275:
272:
266:
262:
258:
257:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
221:
218:
217:Monophysitism
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
181:Theodosius II
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
157:
154:
151:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2015
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2576:
2560:
2474:Great Church
2383:
2339:(1341–1351)*
2334:
2324:
2051:
2024:
1997:
1940:
1901:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1845:
1813:
1773:
1713:
1706:monoenergism
1695:
1687:
1676:
1661:
1640:Nestorianism
1637:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1593:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:Bishop Maris
1555:
1548:and against
1532:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1463:, Bishop of
1438:
1434:
1426:papal legate
1423:
1411:
1404:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:Nestorianism
1373:
1361:
1356:Nicene Creed
1353:
1340:
1332:
1300:
1279:
1257:
1241:
1224:archmandrite
1218:
1203:
1167:
1128:monophysites
1125:
1114:
1091:
1059:
1057:
828:Bar Hebraeus
688:Coptic cross
664:Coptic Bible
536:Miaphysitism
512:Capharthutha
476:
213:Nestorianism
160:Next council
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2598: /
2392:Ephesus III
2294:(1962–1965)
2286:(1869–1870)
2278:(1545–1563)
2270:(1512–1517)
2254:(1414–1418)
2246:(1311–1312)
2212:Lateran III
1698:Monophysite
1689:(including
1447:called the
1336:Tome of Leo
1212:in 431 AD.
1132:miaphysites
1093:Latrocinium
1003:WikiProject
843:Mar Thoma I
611:Holy Qurobo
482:Ephesus III
209:Christology
2613:Categories
2586:27°20′21″E
2583:37°56′42″N
2384:Ephesus II
2292:Vatican II
2220:Lateran IV
2204:Lateran II
1730:References
1664:encyclical
1485:Attendance
1419:Parabolani
1272:Pope Leo I
1232:Pope Leo I
1200:Background
1182:miaphysite
1162:, and the
1098:Pope Leo I
1084:miaphysite
878:Catholicos
773:Frumentius
618:Calendars:
517:Shirakavan
477:Ephesus II
234:Pope Leo I
197:Attendance
69:newspapers
2327:(879–880)
2284:Vatican I
2268:Lateran V
2252:Constance
2196:Lateran I
2190:(869–870)
2158:Nicaea II
2152:(680–681)
2134:Chalcedon
1715:Henotikon
1691:Theodoret
1668:Anatolius
1658:Reception
1644:Sacrament
1596:Dioscorus
1550:Nestorius
1453:Theodoret
1389:monastery
1344:Nestorian
1205:Nestorius
1194:Henotikon
993:Templates
818:Nerses IV
753:Mar Awgin
728:Mor Addai
645:Gregorian
635:Ethiopian
529:Theology:
507:Manzikert
472:Ephesus I
397:Jerusalem
325:Ethiopian
238:Theodoret
187:President
2450:See also
2415:Nicaea I
2360:Nicaea I
2110:Nicaea I
1718:and the
1538:Osrhoene
1534:Cheroeas
1457:Evagrius
1429:Hilarius
1407:anathema
1264:Hilarius
1220:Eutyches
1169:Melkites
973:Category
893:Maphrian
778:Shenoute
659:Peshitta
625:Armenian
497:Dvin III
462:Nicaea I
389:Armenian
330:Eritrean
305:Armenian
261:a series
259:Part of
179:Emperor
2634:Ephesus
2376:Ephesus
2236:Lyon II
2126:Ephesus
2021::
1987:Sources
1766:Davis,
1648:Baptism
1546:Rabbula
1520:Berytus
1323:Flavian
1222:was an
1066:church
918:Debtera
733:Abgar V
522:Hromkla
502:Dvin IV
492:Dvin II
353:British
315:Cilicia
83:scholar
2544:(2016)
2536:(1965)
2528:(1872)
2520:(1672)
2512:(1642)
2244:Vienne
2238:(1274)
2230:(1245)
2228:Lyon I
2222:(1215)
2214:(1179)
2206:(1139)
2198:(1123)
2005:
1893:
1854:
1820:
1786:
1701:Schism
1601:434 AD
1542:Edessa
1524:Daniel
1500:Easter
1400:431 AD
1244:Syriac
1180:, the
1062:was a
948:Timkat
681:Cross:
652:Bible:
640:Julian
630:Coptic
487:Dvin I
402:Syriac
380:Coptic
358:Syriac
349:Coptic
310:Indian
300:Syriac
295:Coptic
240:, and
205:Topics
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2504:(692)
2476:(180–
2464:/155–
2441:(484)
2433:(410)
2425:(381)
2417:(325)
2394:(475)
2386:(449)
2378:(431)
2370:(381)
2362:(325)
2276:Trent
2160:(787)
2144:(553)
2136:(451)
2128:(431)
2120:(381)
2112:(325)
1949:(PDF)
1599:(431-
1441:Lydia
1342:anti-
1134:, or
1068:synod
983:Media
873:Abuna
803:Yared
90:JSTOR
76:books
2003:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1708:and
1652:Ibas
1516:Tyre
1510:and
1461:Ibas
1424:The
1382:The
1294:and
1268:Pope
1104:and
1058:The
129:Date
62:news
2639:449
2494:451
2490:380
2478:451
2466:314
1780:342
1726:).
1672:see
1646:of
1226:in
200:130
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45:by
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2462:50
2050:.
1957:^
1923:^
1832:^
1798:^
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1768:SJ
1738:^
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1467:.
1455:,
1298:.
1158:,
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1150:,
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1130:,
404::
395:,
391::
382::
360::
351::
263:on
236:,
232:,
215:,
211:,
2496:)
2492:–
2488:(
2480:)
2468:)
2460:(
2329:*
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1979:.
1918:.
1860:.
1826:.
1792:.
1398:(
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426::
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101:)
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87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
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