59:
1861:
1471:
196:
184:
172:
120:
256:
207:
150:
1796:(7 April 1652) in which a portion of the royal army was destroyed, but fresh troops came up to oppose him. From the skillful dispositions made by his opponents, Condé felt the presence of Turenne and broke off the action. The royal army did likewise. Condé invited the commander of Turenne's rearguard to supper, chaffed him unmercifully for allowing the prince's men to surprise him in the morning, and by way of farewell remarked to his guest,
245:
234:
224:
1401:, was significant. The nuclei of the armed bands that terrorized parts of France under aristocratic leaders during that period had been hardened in a generation of war in Germany, where troops still tended to operate autonomously. Louis XIV, impressed as a young ruler with the experience of the Fronde, came to reorganize French fighting forces under a stricter hierarchy, whose leaders ultimately could be made or unmade by the king.
1849:
2269:
1506:'s power by refusing to register decrees that ran against custom. The liberties under attack were feudal, not of individuals but of chartered towns, where they defended the prerogatives accorded to offices in the legal patchwork of local interests and provincial identities that was France. The Fronde in the end provided an incentive for the establishment of royalist
1462:: "Bachaumont once said, in jest, that the Parlement acted like the schoolboys in the Paris ditches, who fling stones , and run away when they see the constable, but meet again as soon as he turns his back." He goes on to state that emblems based on that nickname became quite popular and were placed on hats, fans and gloves and even were baked onto bread.
1819:, with an army of plundering mercenaries, marched through Champagne to join Condé. As to the latter, Turenne maneuvered past Condé and planted himself in front of the mercenaries, and their leader, not wishing to expend his men against the old French regiments, consented to depart with a money payment and the promise of two tiny Lorraine fortresses.
1947:, fought on 14 June 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. Successes on one wing were compromised by failure on the other but in the end Condé drew off with many losses, the success of his cavalry charges subverted by the defeat of the Spanish right wing among the dunes.
1405:
blundered into the crisis but came out well ahead at the end. The Fronde represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king, and ended in its humiliation. In the long run, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority, but weakened the national economy. The Fronde facilitated
2316:
1831:
on the pursuers. An insurrectionist government appeared in Paris and proclaimed
Monsieur lieutenant-general of the realm. Mazarin, feeling that public opinion was solidly against him, left France again, and the bourgeois of Paris, quarreling with the princes, permitted the king to enter the city on
1826:
with their backs to the closed gates of Paris. The royalists attacked all along the line and won a signal victory in spite of the knightly prowess of the prince and his great lords, but at the critical moment Gaston's daughter persuaded the
Parisians to open the gates and to admit Condé's army. She
1751:
regiment. The royal infantry had to be rearranged in order of regimental seniority, and
Turenne, seeing and desiring to profit by the attendant disorder, came out of his stronghold and attacked with the greatest vigour. The battle (15 December 1650) was severe and for a time doubtful, but Turenne's
1735:
on 13 December 1650 and
Turenne, who had advanced to relieve the place, fell back hurriedly. But he was a terrible opponent, and Plessis-Praslin and Mazarin himself, who accompanied the army, had many misgivings as to the result of a lost battle. The marshal chose nevertheless to force Turenne to a
1513:
The pressure that saw the traditional liberties under threat came in the form of extended and increased taxes as the Crown needed to recover from its expenditures in the recent wars. The costs of the Thirty Years' War (1618â1648) constrained
Mazarin's government to raise funds by traditional means,
1417:
promoted the Fronde to the point that without its support, it would have had a more limited character; it benefited from the internal upheaval in France, as it contributed to the
Spanish military's renewed success in its war against the French between 1647 and 1653, so much so that the year 1652
1761:
Condé, Conti, and
Longueville were released, and by April 1651 the rebellion had everywhere collapsed. Then followed a few months of hollow peace and the court returned to Paris. Mazarin, an object of hatred to all the princes, had already retired into exile. His absence left the field free for
1687:
lasted until the end of 1649. The princes, received at court once more, renewed their intrigues against
Mazarin. On 14 January 1650, Cardinal Mazarin, having come to an understanding with Monsieur Gondi and Madame de Chevreuse, suddenly arrested Condé, Conti, and Longueville. This time, it was
1880:
The Fronde as a civil war was now over. Tired of the turmoil and disgusted with the princes, the country came to look to the king and his party as representing order. Thus, the Fronde paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. Meanwhile, the Franco-Spanish war continued in
Flanders,
1570:
In May 1648 a tax levied on judicial officers of the
Parlement of Paris provoked not merely a refusal to pay but also a condemnation of earlier financial edicts and a demand for the acceptance of a scheme of constitutional reforms framed by a united committee of the
1876:. The Grand Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation in the Fronde.
1904:
drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself as usual, sword in hand.
1688:
Turenne, before and afterwards the most loyal soldier of his day, who headed the armed rebellion. Listening to the promptings of Madame de Longueville, he resolved to rescue her brothers, particularly Condé, his old comrade in the battles of
1731:'s money and men in the French quarrel. His regular army withdrew into winter quarters, and left Turenne to deliver the princes with a motley host of Frondeurs and Lorrainers. Plessis-Praslin by force and bribery secured the surrender of
1672:
1557:
was later used to refer to anyone who suggested that the power of the king should be limited and has now passed into conservative French usage to refer to anyone who shows insubordination or engages in criticism of the powers in place.
1726:
At that point Mazarin drew upon Plessis-Praslin's army for reinforcements to be sent to subdue the rebellion in the south forcing the royal general to retire. Then Archduke Leopold Wilhelm decided that he had spent enough of King
1620:
From then on the Fronde became a story of intrigues, half-hearted warfare in a scramble for power and control of patronage, losing all trace of its first constitutional phase. The leaders were discontented princes and nobles:
392:
1752:
Frondeurs gave way in the end, and his army, as an army, ceased to exist. Turenne himself, undeceived as to the part he was playing in the drama, asked and received the young king's pardon, and meantime the court, with the
1896:, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the
1802:("It's too bad decent people like us are cutting our throats for a scoundrel")âan incident and a remark that displayed the feudal arrogance which ironically led to the iron-handed absolutism of Louis XIV.
1634:
1743:
Both sides were at a standstill in strong positions, Plessis-Praslin doubtful of the trustworthiness of his cavalry, but Turenne was too weak to attack, when a dispute for precedence arose between the
1604:(11 March 1649) after little blood had been shed. The Parisians, though still and always anti-cardinalist, had refused to ask for Spanish aid, as proposed by their princely and noble adherents under
1382:), as well as much of the French population, and managed to subdue them all. The dispute started when the government of France issued seven fiscal edicts, six of which were to increase taxation. The
385:
1596:
The royal faction, having no army at its immediate disposal, had to release the prisoners and to promise reforms; on the night of 22 October, it fled from Paris. However France's signing of the
1549:
and though Richelieu had died the year before, his policies continued to dominate French life under his successor Cardinal Mazarin. Most historians consider that Louis's later insistence on
1180:
58:
378:
2371:
1860:
1600:(Treaty of MĂŒnster, 24 October 1648) allowed the French army to return from the frontiers, and by January 1649, CondĂ© had put Paris under siege. The two warring parties signed the
1893:
1924:(16 July) but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful and is only to be remembered because a body of 6,000 English infantry, sent by
1470:
2432:
2437:
1792:
was soon transferred, the Frondeurs were commanded by intriguers and quarrelsome lords, until Condé's arrival from Guyenne. His bold leadership made itself felt in the
1593:, which had last been convoked in 1615. The nobles believed that in the Estates-General, they could continue to control the bourgeois element, as they had in the past.
1885:, and Italy wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face. Condé, along with the remnant of his army, defiantly entered the service of the king of Spain.
1656:
1888:
In 1653, France was so exhausted that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field until July. At one moment, near
1173:
1770:
In December 1651, Cardinal Mazarin returned to France with a small army. The war began again, and this time, Turenne and Condé were pitted against each other.
292:
2462:
1958:, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris. They astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assaults. Dunkirk fell and was handed over to the English
2289:
1663:, the future Cardinal de Retz. The military operations fell into the hands of war-experienced mercenaries, led by two great, and many lesser, generals.
1314:
1166:
1652:
1936:, to be held by England forever, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which was entirely wanting in the rest of the war.
1579:
1132:
2284:
1586:(20 August 1648), Mazarin suddenly arrested the leaders of the parlement, whereupon Paris broke into insurrection and barricaded the streets.
1088:
2427:
1336:
1537:
The movement soon degenerated into factions, some of which attempted to overthrow Mazarin and to reverse the policies of his predecessor,
1428:
on the side of France, the course of the war largely changed in France's favour, and it ultimately achieved some territorial gains in the
1973:
One last half-hearted campaign followed in 1659âthe twenty-fifth year of a conflict between France and Spain which had begun during the
1704:
1541:(in office 1624â1642), who had taken power for the crown from great territorial nobles, some of whom became leaders of the Fronde. When
1928:
in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its purpose of making
1843:
1774:
1369:
1267:
402:
46:
2080:
2046:
1605:
248:
1608:, and having no prospect of military success without such aid, the noble party submitted to the government and received concessions.
1425:
901:
2171:
Nina R. Gelbart, "'Frondeur' Journalism in the 1770s: Theater Criticism and Radical Politics in the Prerevolutionary French Press."
1823:
1093:
344:
63:
1777:
that followed, the two great soldiers were opposed to one another, Turenne as the defender of France, Condé as a Spanish invader.
1247:
285:
1118:
647:
797:
787:
1784:(FebruaryâMarch 1652), while their Spanish ally, the archduke Leopold Wilhelm, captured various northern fortresses. On the
1693:
1660:
1638:
1459:
1455:
1210:
747:
2422:
1507:
1309:
1262:
605:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1220:
1205:
1069:
1816:
1789:
1642:
1215:
662:
1940:
1225:
1054:
1049:
1039:
278:
975:
583:
1578:
The military record of the Parlementary Fronde is almost blank. In August 1648, feeling strengthened by the news of
1113:
478:
1985:
the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.
1944:
1853:
1277:
1127:
1103:
970:
620:
503:
433:
227:
657:
2452:
1716:
1142:
1137:
1083:
965:
782:
702:
548:
543:
359:
1530:. The nobility refused to be so taxed, based on their old liberties, or privileges, and the brunt fell upon the
1147:
1078:
995:
980:
945:
822:
625:
600:
558:
513:
498:
468:
453:
339:
2447:
2442:
2417:
2412:
1590:
849:
737:
692:
667:
1000:
990:
950:
891:
859:
817:
812:
807:
802:
752:
354:
324:
1044:
1005:
985:
960:
916:
906:
886:
864:
834:
777:
767:
722:
697:
672:
630:
610:
538:
528:
508:
334:
319:
1955:
1951:
1630:
1622:
1252:
1059:
955:
911:
792:
762:
757:
727:
717:
712:
687:
615:
31:
896:
874:
854:
742:
707:
568:
349:
314:
1897:
1744:
1429:
1027:
940:
732:
682:
595:
483:
1913:
772:
1978:
1967:
881:
839:
563:
473:
448:
443:
1920:. In 1656 the prince of Condé avenged the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around
677:
553:
237:
1376:
confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the noble regional court assemblies (
869:
642:
523:
255:
206:
1974:
1963:
1869:
1793:
1712:
1398:
1010:
844:
578:
533:
488:
463:
329:
140:
2457:
1708:
1626:
1597:
1553:
and depriving the nobility of actual power was a result of those events in his childhood. The term
1542:
1394:
1319:
1299:
1108:
1098:
518:
458:
438:
423:
2261:
1386:
resisted, questioned the constitutionality of the king's actions, and sought to check his powers.
2353:
1943:
and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Fumes, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The
1728:
1689:
1538:
1499:
1022:
259:
210:
50:
2324:"Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervenciĂłn española en la Fronda (1648â1653)"
1304:
2323:
2154:
2076:
2042:
1889:
1873:
1550:
1407:
1365:
1289:
1064:
195:
183:
171:
124:
119:
1758:
and other loyal troops, had subdued the minor risings without difficulty (MarchâApril 1651).
2343:
2335:
2146:
1959:
1676:
1474:
1294:
493:
1982:
1929:
1925:
1901:
1546:
1478:
1443:
1420:
1390:
1356:
1257:
652:
590:
428:
188:
2377:
1994:
1484:
The insurrection did not start with revolutionary goals but aimed to protect the ancient
1389:
The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Parlementary Fronde and the Fronde of the
1272:
1954:" made their first appearance on a continental battlefield, under the leadership of Sir
244:
233:
223:
1917:
1865:
1848:
1737:
1699:
Turenne hoped to do that with Spanish assistance; a powerful Spanish army assembled in
1601:
1583:
1451:
1414:
1324:
573:
154:
1892:, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage but could not galvanize Spanish General
1454:; Parisian crowds used slings to smash the windows of supporters of Cardinal Mazarin.
2406:
2357:
2280:
2275:
1773:
After that campaign, the civil war ceased, but in the several other campaigns of the
1575:(the Chambre Saint-Louis), composed of members of all the sovereign courts of Paris.
1526:
1402:
200:
1921:
1719:, who counted 52 years of age and 36 of war experience; and the little fortress of
1329:
1200:
370:
2339:
1762:
mutual jealousies, and for the remainder of the year anarchy reigned in France.
1531:
30:
This article is about the 17th century civil war in France. For other uses, see
2134:
1799:"Quel dommage que de braves gens comme nous se coupent la gorge pour un faquin"
1711:, but peasants of the countryside rose against the invaders; the royal army in
2150:
1981:
was signed on 5 November. On 27 January 1660 the prince asked and obtained at
1909:
1811:, de Retz and Mlle de Montpensier, while the archduke took more fortresses in
1671:
1495:
2293:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 247â249.
2158:
17:
1882:
1510:, since the disorders eventually discredited the feudal concept of liberty.
1490:
1393:. The timing of the outbreak of the Parlementary Fronde, directly after the
1378:
1373:
1361:
176:
133:
2073:
The revolt of the judges: the Parlement of Paris and the Fronde, 1643â1652
1822:
A few more manĆuvers, and the royal army was able to hem in the Frondeurs
1458:, Cardinal de Retz, attributes the usage to a witticism in Book II of his
1828:
1812:
67:
2348:
2258:
Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624â1661
2176:
1781:
1503:
1158:
1933:
1732:
1700:
1520:
1488:
from royal encroachments and to defend the established rights of the
1494:â courts of appeal rather than legislative bodies like the English
2311:
Treasure, Geoffrey. "The Fronde, Part II: The Battle for France",
2274:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1859:
1847:
1805:
After Bléneau, both armies marched to Paris to negotiate with the
1785:
1720:
1684:
1670:
1469:
149:
71:
1545:
became king in 1643, he was only a child, so France was ruled by
2135:"Retz and his Memoirs: The Question of Orthodoxy and Subversion"
1162:
374:
274:
1832:
21 October 1652. Mazarin returned unopposed in February 1653.
1589:
The noble faction demanded the calling of an assembly of the
270:
1372:, which had begun in 1635. The government of the young King
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1477:, French diplomat and statesman; portrait attributed to
1939:
Dunkirk was besieged promptly in great force and when
1368:
between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the
2249:
Bonney, Richard J. "The French Civil War, 1649â53."
2372:
Amable Guillaume Prosper BrugiĂšre, baron de Barante
1424:. However, following the end of the Fronde and an
39:
1736:decision, and the Battle of Blanc-Champ (near
2095:
2012:
1780:The début of the new Frondeurs took place in
1723:successfully resisted the archduke's attack.
1174:
386:
286:
8:
1908:In 1655, Turenne captured the fortresses of
1900:. On the night of 24/25 August the lines of
1806:
1797:
1753:
1644:
1641:. To those must be added Gaston's daughter,
1717:CĂ©sar de Choiseul, comte du Plessis-Praslin
2306:The Fronde: A French Revolution, 1648â1652
1181:
1167:
1159:
393:
379:
371:
293:
279:
271:
36:
27:Civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653
2347:
2315:(1978) 28#7 pp 436â445, popular summary;
1824:in the Faubourg St. Antoine (2 July 1652)
2234:
2222:
2187:
2120:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2005:
2433:Political history of the Ancien RĂ©gime
2438:Military history of the Ancien RĂ©gime
2025:The Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary
1355:
7:
1580:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
1705:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria
2328:Studia historica. Historia moderna
2260:1988. With 309 original documents
2139:Seventeenth-Century French Studies
1675:"Louis XIV Crushes the Fronde" by
1606:Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti
1498:â and especially the right of the
637:Northern Spain and Southern France
249:Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti
25:
1740:) or Rethel was the consequence.
64:Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
2376:Le Parlement de Paris et vie de
2299:The French civil wars, 1562â1598
2267:
254:
243:
232:
222:
205:
194:
182:
170:
148:
118:
57:
2322:Amigo VĂĄzquez, Lourdes (2019).
1827:herself turned the guns of the
2463:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
2075:. Princeton University Press.
2037:Magill, Frank Northen (1993).
1970:sold it to Louis XIV in 1662.
1844:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
1625:(the king's uncle); the great
1418:could be considered a Spanish
47:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
1:
1766:December 1651 â February 1653
1643:Mademoiselle de Montpensier (
1715:was in the capable hands of
1667:January 1650 â December 1651
418:Flanders and Northern France
2428:Revolution-based civil wars
2390:Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin
2385:Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz
2340:10.14201/shhmo2019411153188
2133:Vance, Sylvia (June 1999).
1661:Jean François Paul de Gondi
1659:; and the astute intriguer
1456:Jean François Paul de Gondi
66:(1652) by the walls of the
2479:
2251:European History Quarterly
2173:Eighteenth Century Studies
2039:Magill's History of Europe
1962:, as promised, flying the
1841:
1707:, governor-general of the
1639:Henri, Viscount of Turenne
1635:Frédéric, Duke of Bouillon
29:
2399:(Paris: Flammarion, 1931)
2151:10.1179/c17.1999.21.1.145
1898:siege and relief of Arras
1817:Charles, duke of Lorraine
1627:Louis II, Prince de Condé
1196:
935:Franche-Comté and Germany
414:
310:
160:
111:
77:
56:
44:
2071:Moote, A. Lloyd (1972).
798:Villefranche-de-Conflent
2290:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1631:Armand, Prince of Conti
1623:Gaston, Duke of Orleans
32:Fronde (disambiguation)
2334:(1). España: 153â188.
2253:(1978) 8#1 pp: 71â100.
1877:
1857:
1807:
1798:
1754:
1745:French Guards Regiment
1680:
1646:La grande Mademoiselle
1645:
1481:
1397:(1648) that ended the
161:Commanders and leaders
2297:Knecht, Robert Jean.
1979:peace of the Pyrenees
1863:
1851:
1674:
1653:Madame de Longueville
1614:Fronde of the Princes
1524:, and the occasional
1473:
1430:Peace of the Pyrenees
1353:French pronunciation:
748:San Lorenzo de Mongay
2423:Civil wars in France
1426:English intervention
141:Princes of the Blood
2256:Bonney, Richard J.
2237:, pp. 248â249.
2190:, pp. 247â248.
2015:, pp. 153â188.
1945:Battle of the Dunes
1941:Don Juan of Austria
1854:Battle of the Dunes
1709:Spanish Netherlands
1657:Madame de Chevreuse
1612:Second Fronde, the
1598:Peace of Westphalia
1564:Parlementary Fronde
1395:Peace of Westphalia
1360:) were a series of
1190:Franco-Spanish wars
788:CastellĂł d'EmpĂșries
345:Faubourg St Antoine
2392:(Paris, 1878â1906)
2096:Amigo VĂĄzquez 2019
2013:Amigo VĂĄzquez 2019
1878:
1874:victory at Seneffe
1858:
1775:Franco-Spanish War
1729:Philip IV of Spain
1681:
1651:; Condé's sister,
1637:, and his brother
1562:First Fronde, the
1539:Cardinal Richelieu
1500:Parlement of Paris
1482:
1370:Franco-Spanish War
1055:3rd LĂ©rins Islands
1050:2nd LĂ©rins Islands
1040:1st LĂ©rins Islands
404:Franco-Spanish War
260:Vicomte de Turenne
238:Louis, Grand Condé
211:Vicomte de Turenne
51:the General Crisis
2308:(WW Norton, 1993)
2262:table of contents
2175:(1984): 493â514.
1975:Thirty Years' War
1964:St George's Cross
1894:Count Fuensaldaña
1864:Reception of the
1790:centre of gravity
1408:absolute monarchy
1406:the emergence of
1399:Thirty Years' War
1366:Kingdom of France
1345:
1344:
1156:
1155:
923:France hinterland
368:
367:
269:
268:
228:Gaston of Orleans
125:Kingdom of France
107:
106:
103:Revolt suppressed
16:(Redirected from
2470:
2453:Cardinal Mazarin
2361:
2351:
2304:Ranum, Orest A.
2294:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2027:, 4th ed., 2007.
2022:
2016:
2010:
1956:William Lockhart
1810:
1801:
1757:
1648:
1629:and his brother
1475:Cardinal Mazarin
1403:Cardinal Mazarin
1359:
1354:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
878:
587:
409:
405:
395:
388:
381:
372:
305:
295:
288:
281:
272:
258:
247:
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226:
209:
201:Cardinal Mazarin
199:
198:
187:
186:
175:
174:
153:
152:
123:
122:
79:
78:
61:
37:
21:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2448:1650s in France
2443:1640s in France
2418:1650s conflicts
2413:1640s conflicts
2403:
2402:
2395:Louis Madelin,
2368:
2321:
2301:(Longman, 2000)
2283:, ed. (1911). "
2279:
2268:
2266:
2246:
2241:
2233:
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2221:
2194:
2186:
2182:
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2166:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1991:
1983:Aix-en-Provence
1926:Oliver Cromwell
1902:circumvallation
1846:
1840:
1768:
1669:
1618:
1591:Estates General
1584:victory at Lens
1568:
1551:absolutist rule
1547:Anne of Austria
1479:Mathieu Le Nain
1468:
1440:
1421:annus mirabilis
1357:[fÊÉÌd]
1352:
1346:
1341:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1157:
1152:
976:Lons-le-Saunier
872:
581:
479:Aire-sur-la-Lys
410:
407:
403:
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399:
369:
364:
306:
301:
299:
265:
216:
193:
189:Anne of Austria
181:
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117:
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62:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
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5:
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2364:
2363:
2362:
2330:(in Spanish).
2319:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2281:Chisholm, Hugh
2264:
2254:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2225:, p. 248.
2192:
2180:
2164:
2145:(1): 145â155.
2125:
2123:, p. 247.
2100:
2098:, p. 185.
2088:
2082:978-0691620107
2081:
2054:
2048:978-0717271733
2047:
2041:. p. 78.
2029:
2017:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1872:following his
1842:Main article:
1839:
1837:Spanish Fronde
1834:
1767:
1764:
1738:Sommepy-Tahure
1668:
1665:
1617:
1610:
1602:Peace of Rueil
1567:
1560:
1467:
1464:
1439:
1436:
1415:Spanish Empire
1343:
1342:
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1327:
1322:
1315:Coalition Wars
1312:
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626:2nd Gravelines
623:
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601:3rd Landrecies
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559:2nd Landrecies
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546:
541:
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531:
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514:2nd Saint Omer
511:
506:
504:1st Gravelines
501:
499:2nd Thionville
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464:1st Thionville
461:
459:1st Saint Omer
456:
454:1st Landrecies
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262:(1650 to 1651)
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179:
166:
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155:Spanish Empire
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2380:(Paris, 1859)
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2355:
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2320:
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2314:
2313:History Today
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:public domain
2265:
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2255:
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2236:
2235:Chisholm 1911
2231:
2228:
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2223:Chisholm 1911
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2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
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2188:Chisholm 1911
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2121:Chisholm 1911
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2018:
2014:
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1996:
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1965:
1961:
1957:
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1755:maison du roi
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1683:The peace of
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1677:Gilles Guérin
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1199:
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1149:
1148:3rd Barcelona
1146:
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1129:
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1123:Porto Longone
1122:
1117:
1115:
1114:Castellammare
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:1st Barcelona
1097:
1095:
1094:3rd Tarragona
1092:
1090:
1089:2nd Tarragona
1087:
1085:
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1037:
1034:Naval battles
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818:Castellfollit
816:
814:
811:
809:
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784:
783:2nd Barcelona
781:
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738:4th Tarragona
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669:
668:1st Tarragona
666:
664:
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142:
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102:
99:
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88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Second Fronde
2396:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2349:10366/142076
2331:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2288:
2257:
2250:
2230:
2183:
2172:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2091:
2072:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2008:
1995:Reapers' War
1972:
1960:Protectorate
1949:
1938:
1922:Valenciennes
1907:
1887:
1879:
1836:
1821:
1804:
1788:, where the
1779:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1725:
1698:
1682:
1619:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1412:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1348:
1347:
1282:
1201:Italian Wars
1120:
1071:
971:Sainte-AgnĂšs
928:
658:Ille-sur-TĂȘt
648:FuenterrabĂa
606:Valenciennes
360:2nd Bordeaux
355:1st Bordeaux
302:
132:
112:Belligerents
45:Part of the
2285:Fronde, The
1918:St Ghislain
1866:Grand Condé
1616:(1650â1653)
1566:(1648â1649)
1532:bourgeoisie
1496:parliaments
1028:Fort Rocher
991:2nd Poligny
986:1st Poligny
966:Saint-Amour
917:3rd Valenza
907:2nd Cremona
892:1st Cremona
887:2nd Valenza
873: [
835:1st Valenza
778:3rd Tortosa
768:2nd Tortosa
698:1st Tortosa
616:2nd Dunkirk
611:2nd Mardyck
582: [
544:ArmentiĂšres
539:1st Dunkirk
529:1st Mardyck
408:(1635â1659)
251:(from 1651)
240:(from 1651)
213:(from 1651)
143:(1650â1653)
137:(1648â1649)
2458:The Fronde
2407:Categories
2001:References
1977:âthen the
1968:Charles II
1950:Here the "
1910:Landrecies
1870:Versailles
1694:Nördlingen
1508:absolutism
1491:parlements
1384:parlements
1379:parlements
1362:civil wars
1349:The Fronde
1138:Sant Feliu
1133:Formentera
1011:Tuttlingen
996:Pontarlier
981:Bletterans
929:The Fronde
845:Tornavento
763:4th Lleida
758:3rd Lleida
733:2nd Lleida
718:1st Lleida
713:2nd Salses
683:La Granada
653:1st Salses
549:Nieuwpoort
489:Honnecourt
469:Charlemont
449:1st Corbie
439:La Capelle
434:Le Catelet
303:The Fronde
134:Parlements
40:The Fronde
2397:La Fronde
2366:In French
2358:198725766
2159:0265-1068
1952:red-coats
1883:Catalonia
1808:parlement
1713:Champagne
1573:parlement
1543:Louis XIV
1486:liberties
1374:Louis XIV
1325:1808â1814
1320:1793â1795
1310:1718â1720
1305:1688â1697
1300:1683â1684
1295:1673â1678
1290:1667â1668
1283:1648â1653
1278:1641â1659
1273:1640â1659
1268:1635â1659
1263:1628â1631
1253:1595â1598
1248:1580â1583
1241:1551â1559
1236:1542â1544
1231:1536â1538
1226:1526â1529
1221:1521â1526
1216:1512â1516
1211:1502â1504
1206:1495â1498
1119:Piombino
1109:Orbetello
1104:Cartagena
1079:Ăle de RĂ©
1017:Caribbean
946:Martignat
823:Camprodon
773:Montblanc
743:2nd Roses
708:1st Roses
703:Perpignan
693:Collioure
621:The Dunes
596:2nd Arras
564:Diksmuide
484:La Marfée
474:1st Arras
424:Les Avins
340:ChĂątillon
177:Louis XIV
85:1648â1653
2177:in JSTOR
1989:See also
1829:Bastille
1813:Flanders
1749:Picardie
1747:and the
1690:Freiburg
1555:frondeur
1143:Bordeaux
1128:Cambrils
1045:Sardinia
1001:Jonvelle
860:Vercelli
850:Marbegno
840:Morbegno
803:Cadaqués
753:Balaguer
678:MontmelĂł
663:MontjuĂŻc
574:2nd Lens
554:Commines
519:1st Lens
90:Location
68:Bastille
2378:M. Molé
2278::
2244:Sources
1930:Dunkirk
1890:PĂ©ronne
1856:in 1658
1794:Bléneau
1782:Guyenne
1466:Origins
1460:Memoirs
1452:"sling"
1391:Princes
1364:in the
1074:Santoña
1070:Laredo
1065:Getaria
1023:Tortuga
951:Savigny
808:Solsona
723:Miravet
673:Almenar
643:Leucate
631:Bergues
524:Bergues
509:BĂ©thune
335:Ătampes
330:Bléneau
325:Jargeau
2356:
2317:online
2272:
2157:
2079:
2045:
1966:until
1934:Calais
1932:a new
1815:, and
1733:Rethel
1703:under
1701:Artois
1521:taille
1518:, the
1516:impĂŽts
1450:means
1448:fronde
1444:French
1006:Maynal
961:Cornod
956:Arbent
902:Naples
870:Casale
865:Chieri
793:Girona
728:MonzĂłn
688:MonzĂłn
591:Mouzon
579:Rethel
534:Furnes
494:Rocroi
429:Leuven
320:Rethel
100:Result
94:France
2354:S2CID
1914:Condé
1786:Loire
1721:Guise
1685:Rueil
1527:aides
1446:word
1084:CĂĄdiz
1060:Genoa
912:Pavia
882:Turin
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855:Breme
829:Italy
813:Berga
586:]
569:Ypres
444:Somme
350:Bourg
315:Paris
72:Paris
2155:ISSN
2077:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1916:and
1852:The
1692:and
1679:1654
1514:the
1504:king
1442:The
1438:Name
1413:The
1337:1823
1330:1815
1258:1625
941:Dole
897:Proh
82:Date
49:and
2344:hdl
2336:doi
2287:".
2147:doi
1868:at
1582:'s
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2352:.
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2332:41
2326:.
2195:^
2153:.
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2103:^
2057:^
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1655:;
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