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because
Carthage fielded its largest military force to date, under the leadership of the general Hamilcar, Carthage was eager for war. Traditional accounts give Hamilcar's army a strength of 300,000 men; this number seems unlikely because, even at its peak, the Carthaginian Empire would have only been able to muster a force of about 50,000 to 100,000 men. To achieve this number Hamilcar would have needed to call upon the other Phoenician cities in the eastern Mediterranean. If Carthage had allied with Persia, they might have supplied Carthage mercenaries and aid, which the Persians undoubtedly had, but there is no evidence to support this cooperation between the Carthaginians and the Persians.
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and between the natives and Greeks had erupted, but these were mostly localized affairs. Trade also flourished between the natives, the Greeks and the
Phoenicians, and the Greek colonies became prosperous. This prosperity enabled some of the Greek cities to start to expand their territories again, ultimately leading to the events known as the First Sicilian War.
855:(488-472 BC). To forestall any conflicts between Akragas and Syracuse, Gelo and Theron married into each other's families, creating a united front against the Sicels and Ionian Greeks of Sicily. The major part of the resources and manpower of Greek Sicily was thus concentrated in the hands of these two aggressive tyrants, a threat to all other Sicilian powers.
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879:(mother city of Selinus) by Gelo in 483 BC, had played a part in this decision. Thus, three blocs of power were delicately balanced in Sicily by 483 BC – Ionians dominating the north, Carthage the west, Dorians the east and south. The Sicels and Sikans, sandwiched in the middle, remained passive, but the Elymians joined the Carthaginian alliance.
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increase and the wealth of
Akragas began to rival that of Sybaris. Gelo died in 478 BC and, within the next 20 years, the Greek tyrants were overthrown and the Syracuse-Akragas alliance fragmented into 11 feuding commonwealths under oligarchs and democracies. Their bickering and future expansionist policies led to the Second Sicilian war.
774:. Sicilian Greeks (probably the cities of Akragas, Gela and Selinus) fought an undated war of revenge against Carthage, which led to the destruction of Minoa and a treaty which brought economic benefits for the Greeks. An appeal for aid to avenge the death of Dorieus was ignored by mainland Greece, even by the brother of Dorieus
1090:. The siege met with great success throughout 397 BC, but in 396 BC plague again ravaged the Carthaginian forces, and they collapsed. Carthage lost her new Greek conquests but retained control over the western territories and the Elymians. No treaty was signed between the belligerents to signal the end of the war.
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In desperation, Agathocles secretly led an expedition of 14,000 men to the mainland of Africa, hoping to save his rule by leading a counterstrike against
Carthage itself. In this, he was successful: Carthage was forced to recall Hamilcar and most of his army from Sicily to face the new and unexpected
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alive. In Sicily, the Ionian Greeks on the whole had friendly relations with native
Sicilians and the Phoenicians, but the Dorian Greek colonies were comparatively more aggressive, expanding inland from the coast at the expense of the natives to expand their domain. Conflicts among the Greek colonies
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sent by Athens was destroyed in 413 BC by the joint effort of the
Sicilian cities with Spartan aid. Selinus again defeated Segesta in 411 BC. This time Segesta submitted to Carthage, and a Carthaginian relief force sent by Hannibal Mago helped Segesta defeat Selinus in 410 BC. Carthage sought to end
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The Greeks, like the
Phoenicians, were expert sailors who had established thriving colonies throughout the Mediterranean. These two rivals fought their wars on the island of Sicily, which lay close to Carthage. From their earliest days, both the Greeks and Phoenicians had been attracted to the large
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outside
Carthage. The Carthaginian army, under Hanno and Hamilcar, was defeated. Agathocles and his forces laid siege to Carthage, but it was too strongly fortified for them to assault. Instead, the Greeks slowly occupied the whole of northern Tunisia until they were defeated two years later in 307
1055:, the new tyrant of Syracuse. The plague struck the Carthaginian army again, and Himilco agreed to a peace treaty that left the Carthaginians in control of all the recent conquests, with Selinus, Thermae, Akragas, Gela and Camarina as tributary vassals. Carthaginian power was at its peak in Sicily.
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In Sicily, Carthage lost no territory and the Greeks gained none. Syracuse did not attack
Rhegion or Selinus, allies of Carthage. The booty from the war helped to fund a public building program in Sicily, Greek culture flourishing as a result. Trading activity saw the prosperity of the Greek cities
932:
Hamilcar was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame. The loss caused changes in the political and economic landscape of
Carthage, the old government of entrenched nobility was ousted, replaced by the Carthaginian Republic. The king still remained, but he had very little power
700:
Carthage created its hegemony in part to resist Greek encroachments in the established Phoenician sphere of influence. Phoenicians initially (750–650 BC) did not choose to compete with the Greek colonists, but after the Greeks had reached Iberia sometime after 638 BC, Carthage emerged as the leader
901:
Carthage responded to the call for aid by Terrilus, tyrant of Himera, after Theron deposed him in 483 BC to set up an expedition to Sicily. Carthage could not ignore this imminent threat because the Gelo-Theron alliance was about to take over the whole of Sicily, and Hamilcar was a guest friend of
1284:
So great was the loss of life that the Roman adult male population declined by 17% (per Roman census data, Polybius, and others). Because Carthage always employed largely mercenary soldiers, no similar population impact is noted, but the loss of Sicily after having spent centuries and sums untold
913:
in the same year. The theory that there was an alliance with Persia is disputed, because Carthage neither liked foreign involvement in their wars, nor wanted to contribute to foreign wars, unless they had strong reasons to do so. But because control of Sicily was a valuable prize for Carthage and
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in 485 BC and made the city his capital. By using ethnic cleansing, deportation and enslavement, Gelo transformed the former Ionian cities into Dorian ones and made Syracuse the dominant power in Sicily. Meanwhile, Akragas had taken over Sikan and Sicel lands under the tyrant
754:
some time after 540 BC, which probably meant that Motya, Panormus and Solus had fallen under Carthaginian control. The growth of Selinus and Himera during this period indicates the Carthaginians and Greeks did not confront one another at this time. Thirty years later Prince
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raised a small army and raided Punic territory from his base Selinus. He managed to defeat the forces of Motya and Panormus before losing his life in a coup attempt in Syracuse. In retaliation Hannibal Mago led a second Carthaginian expedition in 406 BC.
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Carthage became embroiled in Syracusan politics in 345 BC, and her forces managed to enter the city at the invitation of one of the political contenders. The commander Mago bungled the affair, retreated to Africa and killed himself to escape punishment.
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After a round of diplomacy involving Carthage, Segesta, Selinus, and Syracuse failed to bring about a reconciliation between Segesta and Selinus, Hannibal Mago set out for Sicily with a larger force. He succeeded in capturing Selinus after winning the
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in 480 BC. This episode possibly demonstrated the futility of opposing Carthage by single Greek cities or the unreliability of aid from mainland Greece, a situation that would change with the rise of the Greek tyrants in Sicily. Two Greeks from
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did not want to rely on a foreign nation's aid. This, coupled with its success and growing hegemony, brought Carthage into increasing conflict with the Greeks, the other major power contending for control of the central Mediterranean.
635:
Carthage's economic success and its dependence on seaborne trade led to the creation of a powerful navy to discourage both pirates and rival nations. They had inherited their naval strength and experience from their forebears, the
1281:(264 bc to 241 bc) between Rome and Carthage, arguably the largest known naval engagement in world history of Cape Ecnomus, the near-bankruptcy of both Carthage and Rome, and a loss of life estimated in excess one million.
660:, the books from Carthage's library were distributed among the nearby African tribes. None remain on the topic of Carthaginian history. As a result, most of what we know about the Sicilian Wars comes from Greek historians.
705:, Carthage established an empire which would commercially dominate the western Mediterranean until the 2nd century BC. The Phoenicians in Sicily and the Elymians had united to defeat the Greeks of Selinus and Rhodes near
524:
1126:. Carthage, also faced with rebellions in Africa and Sardinia, sued for peace. Dionysius asked Carthage to evacuate all Sicily, so war was again renewed, and Himilco, son of Mago, destroyed the Syracusan army at the
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league led by Taras and landed in force at Bruttium, forcing Syracuse into a two front war. Details of the first four years of campaigns are sketchy, but in 378 BC Dionysius defeated Mago in Sicily in the
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in the western part of the island when the Greek colonists arrived after 750 BC. These Phoenician cities remained independent until becoming part of the Carthaginian hegemony some time after 540 BC.
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729:. The Greeks living in this area behaved pretty much like the mainland Greeks, expanding their political and commercial domain at the expense of their neighbours while keeping the feud between the
717:
1109:. Dionysius also faced difficulties of his own, and a peace treaty was concluded that basically ensured Carthage and Syracuse left each other alone in their respective spheres of influence.
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BC. Agathocles himself escaped back to Sicily and negotiated a peace treaty with the Carthaginians in 306, in which Agathocles retained control of the eastern half of the island.
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While the events in western Sicily played out and Carthage remained engaged in Sardinia, most of the Greek colonies in Sicily fell under the rule of tyrants. The tyrants of Gela,
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803:, expanded their respective dominions at the expense of native Sicilians and other Greek cities between 505 and 480 BC, with the Dorian city of Gela being the most successful.
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1040:) the Carthaginian forces were ravaged by plague, and Hannibal Mago himself succumbed to it. Himilco, his successor, captured and sacked Akragas, then captured the city of
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Dionysius again attacked Punic possessions in 368 BC, and laid siege to Lilybaeum. The defeat of his fleet was a severe setback. After his death in 367 BC, his son
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1101:. At this time, Carthage was occupied in Africa dealing with a rebellion. In 393 BC, Mago, successor of Himilco, led an attack on Messina, but was defeated near
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despite Syracusan intervention. Hannibal did not press on to attack Akragas or Syracuse, but returned triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war in 409 BC.
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and most power was entrusted to the Council of Elders. Carthage paid 2,000 talents as reparations to the Greeks, and did not intervene in Sicily for 70 years.
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Rome, despite its close proximity to Sicily, was not involved in the Sicilian Wars of the 5th and 4th centuries BC because of its focus on local conflicts in
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island, establishing a large number of colonies and trading posts along its coasts. Small battles had been fought between these settlements for centuries.
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Rome's later involvement in Sicily ended the indecisive warfare amongst great world powers on the island, but only after the nearly quarter-century long
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assumed power in Syracuse in 343 BC and started raiding Carthaginian possessions in Sicily. The Carthaginian expedition to Sicily was destroyed in the
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The Phoenicians had established trading posts all over the coast of Sicily after 900 BC, but had never penetrated far inland. They had traded with the
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While the Greek cities in Sicily bickered and prospered for 70 years after "Himera", Carthage had conquered the northern fertile half of modern-day
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renewed their rivalry. Selinus encroached on Segestan land and defeated the Segestians in 416 BC. Carthage turned down their plea for help, but
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875:, a Doric city whose territory bordered Theron's domain, also became a Carthaginian ally – perhaps the fear of Theron and the destruction of
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in 376 BC. The subsequent peace treaty forced Dionysius to pay 1000 talents as reparations and left Carthage in control of Western Sicily.
871:, and married his daughter. Himera and Rhegion next became allies of Carthage, the nearest foreign power strong enough to provide support.
1183:. In 311 BC, he invaded the last Carthaginian holdings on Sicily, which broke the terms of the current peace treaty, and he laid siege to
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While Syracuse and Akragas, the strongest and richest cities of Sicily, took no action against Carthage, the renegade Syracusan general
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and capturing the city. Himilco responded decisively, leading an expedition which not only reclaimed Motya, but also captured Messina.
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in 311 BC. Agathocles had to retreat to Syracuse while Hamilcar won control over the rest of Sicily. In the same year, he laid
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En route to Sicily, the Punic fleet suffered losses, possibly severe, due to poor weather. After landing at Ziz, the Punic name for
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colonies had seceded in that year with the help of the Iberians, cutting off Carthage's major supply of silver and copper.
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After Agathocles sued for peace, Carthage enjoyed a brief, unchallenged period of control of Sicily, which ended with the
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in 580 BC, the first such recorded incident in Sicily. The next known Greek incursion took place 70 years later.
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of Rhegion from Italy, who had captured Zankle from Gelo in 490 BC, allied himself with Terrilus, the tyrant of
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1187:. Hamilcar, son of Gisco, successfully led the Carthaginian counterattack. He defeated Agathocles in the
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in 339 BC. The following peace treaty left Carthage in control of territories west of the Halycas river.
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to defeat the expedition of Dorieus in 510 BC. The surviving members of Dorieus' expedition then founded
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by Dionysius. Reinforced by Carthage, Mago led another expedition through central Sicily, but
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By 398 BC, Dionysius had consolidated his strength and broke the peace treaty, commencing the
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Finally, he laid siege to Syracuse itself after decisively defeating the Greeks in the naval
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763:– after being expelled from Libya by Carthage in 511 BC following a three-year struggle.
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of Phoenician imperialism. During the 6th century BC, mostly under the leadership of the
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This article is about the wars between Greece and Carthage. For the Roman civil war, see
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during the 5th century BC and its conquest of Italy proper during the 4th century BC.
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made peace with Carthage, and Carthage retained her Sicilian possessions west of the
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Symbolic portrait of Greek-Carthaginian interaction in Sicily: to the left the Greek
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The Greek-colonized zone encompassing Sicily and southern Italy came to be known as
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This time the Carthaginians met with fierce resistance and ill-fortune. During the
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969:. Carthage had also sponsored the journey of Mago Barca (not to be confused with
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in 396 BC. He was engaged in eastern Sicily during 396-393 BC, including the
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arrived in Sicily to rescue the island from the Carthaginians. He conquered
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978:
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637:
921:, modern-day Palermo, Hamilcar was then decisively defeated by Gelo at the
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Carthage retains Western Sicily and the Greeks the eastern part until the
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No Carthaginian records of the war exist today because when the city was
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Dionysius opened hostilities again in 383 BC. Mago allied with the
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1179:, the tyrant of Syracuse, seized the city of Messana, present-day
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is said to have "conquered all Sicily" and sent captured booty to
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1041:
843:
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312:
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1242:, can be considered the ultimate part of the Greek-Punic wars.
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fighting Greeks for control of the island was catastrophic.
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Carthage may have also chosen this time to attack because a
640:, but had increased it because, unlike the Phoenicians, the
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the matter diplomatically while assembling a larger force.
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Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Trogus 22.3.6
925:, which was said to have occurred on the same day as the
759:, having lost the Spartan throne, showed up to colonize
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and to the right the Phoenician-Punic "grinning" mask.
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680:and had ultimately withdrawn without resistance to
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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8:
2191:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1314:, Volume 1, pp. 283–297 – public domain book
1093:Dionysius soon rebuilt his power and sacked
612:, were a series of conflicts fought between
129:Series of wars in Magna Graecia (580–265 BC)
2258:Wars involving city-states of Magna Graecia
1391:
1389:
1374:, Volume 2, pp. 130-31 – public domain book
1323:Markoe, Glenn E., "Phoenicians", pp. 54–55
1082:Ancient catapult used in the siege of Motya
822:and Dorian Greek territory, and by 490 BC,
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1800:
1792:
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1433:
1425:
1017:, then destroyed Himera after winning the
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511:
503:
335:
321:
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949:Sicily at the 2nd battle of Himera 409 BC
891:Sicily under the Deinomenids (485-465 BC)
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1225:
1207:threat. The two armies met in the first
1062:
1036:(which is mentioned in the Carthaginian
977:'s brother) across the Sahara Desert to
944:
886:
716:
1962:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1294:
1107:ran into trouble near the River Chrysas
1004:responded to the Segestan plea and the
985:'s journey down the African coast. The
838:, besides neighbouring Sicel lands and
807:Dorian Greeks become dominant in Sicily
1202:Carthaginian hoplite (4th century BC)
1171:The Seventh Sicilian War (311–306 BC)
846:, successor of Hippocrates, captured
7:
2268:5th century BC in the Roman Republic
2263:4th century BC in the Roman Republic
2070:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
1657:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
1113:The Fourth Sicilian War (383–376 BC)
1051:and repeatedly defeated the army of
941:The Second Sicilian War (410–404 BC)
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1154:The Sixth Sicilian War (345–339 BC)
1134:The Fifth Sicilian War (368-367 BC)
1059:The Third Sicilian War (398–393 BC)
721:First Greek settlements & dates
1637:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
996:and Ionian-Greek (former Elymian)
778:of Sparta, famous for his role at
25:
1262:failed. So he returned to Italy.
1067:Punic siege of Syracuse in 397 BC
557:Second Persian invasion of Greece
2203:Military history of ancient Rome
842:had fallen under Gelan control.
553:First Persian invasion of Greece
534:Greek wars of the 5th century BC
233:
147:
31:
2186:Civil wars of the Third Century
883:The First Sicilian War (480 BC)
42:needs additional citations for
863:To counter this Doric threat,
859:Ionian Greeks call on Carthage
1:
1099:Siege of Tauromenium (394 BC)
814:(505-498 BC) and his brother
1361:Baker, G.P., Hannibal, p. 15
1606:Wars of Alexander the Great
2284:
2233:Military history of Sicily
1219:
1189:Battle of the Himera River
894:
131:
2199:
2144:Roman conquest of Britain
1778:
1525:Wars of the Delian League
897:Battle of Himera (480 BC)
818:(498-491) took over both
561:Wars of the Delian League
540:
352:
254:
227:
161:
146:
2248:6th-century BC conflicts
2243:5th-century BC conflicts
2238:4th-century BC conflicts
1550:Second Peloponnesian War
1216:Pyrrhic War (278–276 BC)
992:In Sicily, Dorian-Greek
909:fleet attacked mainland
742:Carthage joins the fight
632:between 580 and 265 BC.
2253:Wars involving Carthage
1841:Roman conquest of Italy
1535:First Peloponnesian War
1165:Battle of the Crimissus
1019:Second Battle of Himera
572:First Peloponnesian War
1742:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
1667:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
1601:Expansion of Macedonia
1339:Diodorus Siculus IV.23
1231:
1203:
1083:
1068:
1038:Agrigentum inscription
950:
892:
791:Sicilian Greek tyrants
722:
306:Agathocles of Syracuse
255:Commanders and leaders
2171:Domitian's Dacian War
2090:Liberators' civil war
1352:, Volume 2, p. 97-100
1229:
1209:Battle of White Tunis
1201:
1081:
1066:
948:
890:
720:
696:Carthaginian hegemony
243:Greek city-states of
2176:Trajan's Dacian Wars
1861:Roman–Hernician wars
1642:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1482:Second Messenian War
1370:Freeman, Edward A.,
1348:Freeman, Edward A.,
1310:Freeman, Edward A.,
51:improve this article
2075:Roman–Parthian Wars
1866:Roman–Volscian wars
1846:Roman–Etruscan Wars
1530:Third Messenian War
1487:Lydian–Milesian War
1472:First Messenian War
1230:Sicily in 264-262BC
1006:Sicilian Expedition
983:Hanno the Navigator
654:destroyed in 146 BC
18:Second Sicilian War
2181:Roman–Persian Wars
2080:Caesar's civil war
1952:Roman–Seleucid war
1851:Roman-Aequian wars
1823:Ancient Roman wars
1717:Roman–Seleucid War
1576:Theban–Spartan War
1515:Greco-Persian Wars
1456:Ancient Greek wars
1383:Herodotus, VII.163
1232:
1204:
1084:
1069:
951:
893:
723:
545:Greco-Persian Wars
2210:
2209:
2166:Jewish–Roman wars
2038:Sulla's civil war
2032:Bellum Octavianum
1920:Illyro-Roman Wars
1893:Roman–Gallic wars
1871:Roman–Sabine wars
1789:
1788:
1727:War against Nabis
1540:Second Sacred War
1372:History of Sicily
1350:History of Sicily
1312:History of Sicily
1301:Thucydides VI.2.6
1266:Roman Involvement
1258:but his siege of
1244:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1193:siege to Syracuse
1128:Battle of Cronium
1015:Battle of Selinus
927:Battle of Salamis
853:Theron of Acragas
746:The Carthaginian
618:Greek city-states
600:
599:
587:Peloponnesian War
576:Second Sacred War
500:
499:
492:Strait of Messina
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310:
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127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2275:
2132:Marcomannic Wars
2043:Mithridatic Wars
1967:Celtiberian Wars
1856:Roman–Latin wars
1816:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1782:Military history
1752:Mithridatic Wars
1737:Maccabean Revolt
1685:
1662:Chremonidean War
1591:Third Sacred War
1586:
1492:First Sacred War
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:Herodotus, 7.166
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:. p. 7.165.
1393:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1124:Battle of Cabala
1088:Battle of Catana
1034:Siege of Akragas
923:Battle of Himera
812:Cleander of Gela
713:Greek settlement
628:and the western
624:over control of
614:ancient Carthage
610:Greco-Punic Wars
567:Greco-Punic Wars
535:
527:
520:
513:
504:
347:
337:
330:
323:
314:
281:
269:
237:
197:, southern Italy
195:Strait of Sicily
181:, North Africa,
163:
162:
151:
139:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2195:
2161:Civil war of 69
2149:Boudican revolt
2118:
2111:
1987:Cantabrian Wars
1925:Macedonian Wars
1832:
1825:
1820:
1790:
1785:
1774:
1690:Macedonian Wars
1683:
1610:
1584:
1571:Theban hegemony
1501:
1458:
1453:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1369:
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1360:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1279:First Punic War
1268:
1224:
1218:
1173:
1156:
1136:
1115:
1061:
943:
899:
885:
861:
809:
793:
766:Carthage aided
744:
715:
703:Magonid dynasty
698:
666:
603:
601:
596:
536:
533:
531:
501:
496:
477:2nd White Tunis
472:1st White Tunis
348:
343:
341:
304:
300:
296:
287:
283:
277:
271:
265:
212:
198:
152:
137:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
66:"Sicilian Wars"
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Ancient Sicily
2225:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
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2151:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2096:Bellum Siculum
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1999:Jugurthine War
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Lusitanian War
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1833:Roman Republic
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1672:Cleomenean War
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1562:
1560:Corinthian War
1557:
1555:Phyle Campaign
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1385:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1341:
1332:
1316:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1267:
1264:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1172:
1169:
1155:
1152:
1135:
1132:
1114:
1111:
1073:Siege of Motya
1060:
1057:
975:Hannibal Barca
942:
939:
895:Main article:
884:
881:
877:Megara Hyblaea
860:
857:
808:
805:
792:
789:
772:Heraclea Minoa
743:
740:
714:
711:
697:
694:
665:
662:
598:
597:
595:
594:
592:Phyle Campaign
589:
584:
579:
569:
564:
541:
538:
537:
532:
530:
529:
522:
515:
507:
498:
497:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
342:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
309:
308:
291:
257:
256:
252:
251:
241:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
214:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
187:Tyrrhenian Sea
177:
175:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
144:
143:
134:Bellum Siculum
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Sicilian Wars
2221:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:Germanic wars
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:War of Actium
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:War of Mutina
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Sertorian War
1980:
1978:
1977:Numantine War
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
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1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:War of Actium
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Aeginetan War
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1497:Sicilian Wars
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Lelantine War
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:The Histories
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:0-520-22614-3
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
947:
940:
938:
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
908:
903:
898:
889:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
741:
739:
736:
732:
728:
727:Magna Graecia
719:
712:
710:
708:
704:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
661:
659:
655:
650:
646:
643:
639:
633:
631:
630:Mediterranean
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Sicilian Wars
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Ionian Revolt
546:
543:
542:
539:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
508:
505:
493:
490:
488:
487:3rd Lilybaeum
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:2nd Lilybaeum
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:1st Lilybaeum
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:Sicilian Wars
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
315:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
280:
274:
273:Hannibal Mago
270:
268:
262:
261:Hamilcar Mago
259:
258:
253:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
219:
215:
210:
209:
205:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
142:Sicilian Wars
140:
135:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2023
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2201:
2156:Armenian War
2119:Roman Empire
2102:Perusine War
2094:
2030:
2009:Servile Wars
2004:Cimbrian War
1957:Galatian War
1876:Samnite Wars
1780:
1732:Galatian War
1722:Aetolian War
1684:(220–217 BC)
1630:
1629:Wars of the
1585:(357–355 BC)
1569:Wars of the
1565:Boeotian War
1496:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1335:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1233:
1205:
1174:
1157:
1140:Dionysius II
1137:
1116:
1092:
1085:
1070:
1031:
1023:
1011:
991:
952:
935:
931:
916:
904:
900:
862:
810:
794:
765:
745:
724:
699:
667:
651:
647:
634:
609:
605:
602:
482:4th Syracuse
467:3rd Syracuse
462:Himera River
452:2nd Syracuse
412:1st Syracuse
344:
278:
266:
228:Belligerents
206:Inconclusive
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2117:Wars of the
2065:Gallic Wars
1994:Achaean War
1881:Pyrrhic War
1831:Wars of the
1747:Achaean War
1682:Social War
1677:Lyttian War
1652:Syrian Wars
1647:Pyrrhic War
1616:Hellenistic
1596:Foreign War
1583:Social War
1236:Pyrrhic War
1222:Pyrrhic War
1053:Dionysius I
1026:Hermocrates
816:Hippocrates
780:Thermopylae
638:Phoenicians
417:Tauromenium
377:1st Akragas
298:Dionysius I
211:Territorial
2217:Categories
2137:Gothic War
1898:Punic Wars
1886:Social War
1712:Cretan War
1624:Lamian War
1545:Samian War
1240:Punic Wars
1177:Agathocles
1175:In 315 BC
971:Mago Barca
902:Terrilus.
664:Background
582:Samian War
372:2nd Himera
362:1st Himera
218:Punic Wars
191:Ionian Sea
169:580–265 BC
77:newspapers
1507:Classical
1260:Lilybaeum
1103:Abacaenum
979:Cyrenaica
965:, modern
873:Selinunte
707:Lilybaeum
457:Crimissus
422:Abacaenum
247:, led by
1631:Diadochi
1161:Timoleon
1150:rivers.
1049:Camarina
919:Panormus
865:Anaxilas
848:Syracuse
840:Camarina
828:Leontini
776:Leonidas
733:and the
690:Soluntum
686:Panormus
670:Elymians
622:Syracuse
616:and the
559:•
555:•
551:•
387:Camarina
302:Timoleon
249:Syracuse
239:Carthage
183:Sardinia
174:Location
1754: (
1692: (
1464:Archaic
1256:Iaitias
1248:Palermo
1195:itself.
1185:Akragas
1181:Messina
1144:Halycas
1119:Italiot
998:Segesta
994:Selinus
987:Iberian
967:Tripoli
955:Tunisia
907:Persian
801:Rhegion
797:Akragas
768:Segesta
757:Dorieus
748:Malchus
735:Dorians
731:Ionians
656:by the
620:led by
447:Drepana
437:Cronium
427:Chrysas
402:Messene
397:Segesta
367:Selinus
289:Mago II
285:Himilco
279:†
267:†
213:changes
91:scholar
2053:Second
2019:Second
1945:Fourth
1935:Second
1908:Second
1760:Second
1706:Fourth
1698:Second
1327:
1272:Latium
1148:Himera
1046:sacked
1002:Athens
981:, and
959:Leptis
911:Greece
869:Himera
832:Catana
824:Zankle
820:Ionian
678:Sicels
674:Sicani
658:Romans
642:Punics
626:Sicily
432:Cabala
407:Catana
275:
263:
245:Sicily
203:Result
179:Sicily
155:Gorgon
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2058:Third
2048:First
2024:Third
2014:First
1940:Third
1930:First
1913:Third
1903:First
1764:Third
1756:First
1702:Third
1694:First
1289:Notes
1095:Solus
836:Naxos
682:Motya
608:, or
392:Motya
98:JSTOR
84:books
1325:ISBN
1254:and
1252:Eryx
1146:and
1042:Gela
961:and
844:Gelo
799:and
785:Gela
761:Eryx
752:Tyre
688:and
676:and
604:The
382:Gela
294:Gelo
166:Date
70:news
963:Oea
53:by
2219::
1762:,
1758:,
1704:,
1700:,
1696:,
1388:^
1250:,
1044:,
973:,
929:.
834:,
830:,
826:,
684:,
672:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
1815:e
1808:t
1801:v
1766:)
1708:)
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
578:)
574:(
563:)
547:(
526:e
519:t
512:v
336:e
329:t
322:v
136:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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