365:) for a more effective night watch. This should be "composed of stout able-bodied men", arranged in a sufficient number, one every forty houses "for it is observable that a man can not well see distinctly beyond the extent of twenty houses in a row". To avoid any possible abuse or misapplication in the distribution of the public money, Moreton suggests that the watch should be elected and paid by the householders themselves through an arranged rating and collecting system, and their annual wage should be increased to 20 pound, so that "a poor man, who with frugality may live decently thereon". Furthermore, watchmen should be adequately armed with firearms and swords in order to dispose of an efficient mean to prevent crime and to protect their person if needed. They should also be equipped with a lantern and a horn to sound the alarm.
513:, milkmaids, chimney sweeps, etc. Begging was quite an art, the way you held your body, the sores you showed or not showed, the tone of the voice, your gender and age, the time of the year, the narrative strategies you decided to adopt, all these elements affected the way you begged and had to be consider carefully. Moreton regards beggars and vagrants as potential criminals in disguise and affirms that they "should be suppressed, who lounge about all day, to see where they can steal at night" and that "all shoe-cleaners, I mean boys and sturdy vagrants, be suppressed, as for link-boys, alias thieves with lights". Shoeblacks are a peculiar example of a vagrant occupation. Established as an employment at the end of the seventeenth-century, shoe cleaning provided a perfect excuse for approaching passers-by without incurring a penalty.
414:
parishioners' complains about their inability to enforce the law. Indeed, even the prostitutes taken up by the watch were frequently released after a few hours in the watch house without seeing any magistrate. The circumstances changed when theft or some other kind of crimes were committed. Public opinion, and
Moreton too, firmly believed that these women needed to be restrained in their liberties not only for their vices and immoralities but because they represented a real threat to common living. Unfortunately, most of the times this was easier said than done. Watchmen had the power to apprehend criminals within the boundaries of their parish, and they were liable to be reprimanded for leaving their beats. So they might not have been so inclined to chase a woman who crossed into another parish in order to avoid being taken.
491:
24:
482:
walk unpunished. As a matter of fact, the renter of the coach rarely appears to be the actual driver (although they might be in league), therefore "the penalty, which used to be on the renter, being now on the driver, the renter or owner of that figure is clear, and the driver has nothing to do but to be absent and laugh at the complainant". For this reason, the law needs to be amended so that both the driver and the renter (for
Moreton equally guilty) might be accountable for extortion, insolence, or offences. In addition, the renter should be obliged to register and respond for the behaviour of the driver he rented his coach to.
434:(1725), including not only shop-keepers, manufactures, cooks, and footmen, but even clerks to lawyers, attorneys, and gentlemen in public offices. Servants were, in Moreton's opinion, an integral part of the household they worked for, and they should behave as adopted children, being entirely loyal to their employers. On the other hand, their masters and mistresses should also assume their responsibility towards them and "see that servants of both sexes go not a rambling when sent to church, but that they keep good hours; for many have been ruined by junketing and staying out, instead of being at church or at home".
625:
them; they cannot drink malt liquor, and the poor must pay for the wine". Being these basic necessities, "for men not being able to support their families by honest labour, and being made beggars by reason of the dearness of provisions, ofttimes grow desperate and turn rogues". Moreton proposes a state regulation upon tradesmen, hoping that the "government will make them honest, even against their will", but he also advocates a return to home industry, bringing prosperity to national trade and providing an opportunity to exercise the long-standing tradition of
English craftsmanship.
737:, even more wicked than the former. He emphasizes the social impact that such plays might have on simple-minded people, and considers their relevance to the issue of community's well-being: "too many weak minds have been drawn away, and many unwary persons so charmed with his appearance on the stage, dressed in that elegant manner, and his pockets so well lined, they have forthwith commenced street-robbers or housebreakers; so that every idle fellow, weary of honest labour, need but fancy himself a Macheath or a Shepherd, and there is a rogue made at once". Such objections to
396:
705:
464:
register them at home or absent accordingly; absence to be penal", and then he progressively moves into employing them in his own project. To keep the streets free of highway robbers and footpads he proposes that soldiers on horses and on foot might be employed to patrol the streets and the surroundings of the city, and also to keep records of the convoys leaving and arriving. The additional wage for the performance of this service might even keep them from starting a criminal career.
418:
sell their stolen goods; these are their exchanges and asylums after mischief". Thus, night houses stand as wicked fortresses for criminals and they must be suppressed. They were indeed real headquarters of felons, ideal places for the arrangement of their business and for the exchange of goods and information. Apparently they functioned as an unorthodox "club" for wandering criminals where you could be sure to be welcome and to find companionship if a juicy goal just came out.
289:
2808:
798:. The play exposes the dynamics of a disrupt marriage, revolving around a frivolous headstrong wife who spends her days gambling, keeping bad companies, spending extravagantly, and speaking insolently to her husband. Yet at the end, moved by her husband's kindness and firm principles, she reforms and eventually expresses her gratitude and unworthiness, a turn that bears many similarities with Defoe's fictional works.
410:, depicted as agents of destruction that easily mislead men into criminality and seem to be "the first motive to their villany, and egg them in all manner of mischief". London prostitutes were vigorously denounced in early eighteenth-century England, especially for their obscenities and aggressiveness. It was a common belief that these vicious women might corrupt young men, particularly apprentices and servants.
341:
seventeenth-century it grew up the practice to pay a substitute (often another parishioner) to take up your watch duty. The fact that this service had to be arranged locally by parish officers rose a great number of issues. Firstly, the only men willing to take on this job for a very small wage were those who had little prospect of some other employment, usually old men hired as an alternative to the
604:
on criminal behaviour, as a consequence of "our effeminacy, our toupee wigs, and powdered pates, our tea, and other scandalous fopperies". This shift towards greed and social ambition was not prerogative of the middle and upper classes but it could be retrieved even in the lower classes, eager to climb the social ladder. These criticisms are expressively restated in Defoe's
Applebee articles:
430:, having long been a problem in eighteenth-century London. A significant number of domestic servants were accused and stood trial for different levels of theft. London was the principal destination for young people looking for work and fortune, and most of them were employed as servants or apprentices in houses and shops. Defoe presents a detailed inventory of the servants classes in
211:, acquiring in this way the reputation as one of the most chameleon-like English writers. These multiple personalities allowed him to freely express his opinions on London's social and moral qualities (not without an hint of criticizing humor), and at the same time to express a resolute sense of duty, felt to be an essential characteristic of the eighteenth-century English citizen.
595:
industrious, and equally pernicious when lazy. By their industry our manufactures, trade, and commerce, are carried on". To stop this great evil
Moreton proposes that all public houses and gin shops should be shut up at 10 p.m. and, considering the large quantities of gin consumed, gin shops should be subjected to licenses so that they can be kept under control.
309:, burglaries, and house-breakings, crimes which are generating anxiety among all social classes in the capital. House-breaking especially seems to directly concerned the entire metropolis, including the more wealthy and fashionable parishes. Moreover, the latest changes of the urban surroundings have hardened the policing of the streets, especially with shops,
658:
than it was usual with candles and lanterns with horn sides; though they produced such a concentrated beam of light to dazzle the passers-by, and preventing them from seeing possible near dangers. According to
Moreton, this is not just a minor annoyance but a real peril for the common citizen's life and conversely an unexpected facilitator for criminals.
539:
562:
him. At last, fear of arrests, his own hunger, the cries of a family for bread, his natural desire to support an irregular life, and a propense hatred to labour, turn but too many an honest tradesman into an arrant desperate rogue. And these are commonly the means that furnish us with thieves and villains in general.
674:
Improving the conditions of the streets of London is not just a question of how to prevent crime or to apprehend robbers, Moreton actually recognises how the architectonic structure of roads, lanes, and avenues might make a difference, otherwise "all by-turnings, courts, alleys, lanes, &c., which
661:
A new lighting legislation was enacted in 1736, setting up a new kind of seal oil lamp giving a better light even during winter. It was also decided that lamps on the main streets should be twenty-five yards apart (and not thirty as before). These changes were well received by the public opinion, and
657:
Between the seventeenth-century and the early eighteenth-century the lightning system of the streets of London was radically transformed with the adoption of lamps with convex lens: a bull's eye glass that had the effect of concentrating the light. This new type of lamp lit up much more of the street
476:
drivers. Moreton defines them "the scum of the people, and, generally speaking, the worst of rogues", robbing their customers on a regular basis, and often in league with highway robbers. Hackney coach travellers were generally at the mercy of their carriers, and even the simplest travel could easily
368:
Although some kind of reform was obviously needed to contrast the criminal problems of the streets, nowadays critics believe that watchmen were actually vigorously engaged in catching offenders, and that their work might be concealed in the records because the official arrest would be recorded by the
304:
than for patrolling of the streets: "so little terror they carry with them, that hardly thieves make a mere jest of them". He even supposes that some of them, discouraged by their low social status, might decide to make their fortunes by passing to the other side and enlarging the ranks of criminals.
624:
Moreover, Moreton is interested in showing how the greediness of a small group of people might affect the entire community. He puts on trial especially bakers, coal merchants, butchers, and tallow chandlers that have dramatically risen their prices because "usual and moderate profit will not content
603:
Moreton believes that the rising criminality in the streets of London is a result of a late radical change in the
English society, which seems to be pervaded by greed and hunger for power at all levels. The love for luxury and a public short-sightedness have shaped a new reality based on avarice and
529:
This proposition can be valued as an hint of the eighteenth-century ambivalent frame of mind towards these individuals. On one hand restrictions and penalties were vigorously demanded by the
English society. On the other hand, not only some kinds of begging activities were allowed but, common people
417:
Moreover, Moreton denounces night houses and cellars as places where prostitutes and thieves meet and carry on their hellish trade. Here criminals "wait for signal of their scout; here they cast their schemes, and bring in advices; here they encourage and initiate young thieves; here they barter and
779:
Nevertheless, whenever Defoe deals with social and moral problems he always tries to reach his reader with clarity and practical proposals. The theatre, being a highly influential form of entertainment, "ought to be reformed, and nothing exhibited but what might be represented before a bishop". The
561:
suppose a man able to maintain himself and family by his trade, and at the same time to be a Geneva drinker. This fellow first makes himself incapable of working by being continually drunk; which runs him behindhand, so that he either pawns, or neglects his work, for which reason nobody will employ
454:
rambling around the streets of London without an occupation or a decent living arrangement. Periods of peace were commonly marked by an increase of violent crimes. In a post-war London competition for a job was fierce and the criminality rate for robbery and property crime rose alarmingly. Although
437:
Yet the temptations of the city and corrupting companionships could easily lead a perfectly diligent servant into the path of crime. A mounting anxiety grew between eighteenth-century
Londoners regarding the danger posed by servants seeking employment in order to steal or open the house at night to
481:
had to pass an act for their regulation aiming: to limit their number, to establish a valid licence and a fair charge, and to set out places where they could wait for hire. Moreton brings the attention of the reader on a technicality that might explain why these drivers most of the time managed to
652:
a convenient number of lamps be set up, and those not of the convex kind, which blind the eyes, and are of no manner of use; they dazzle, but give no distinct light, and further, rather than prevent robberies. Many persons, deceived and blinded by these ignes fatui, have been run over by coaches,
628:
The end of the seventeenth-century and the beginning of the eighteenth-century witnessed an increasing concern for vices and immorality spreading all over the country. There was a general sense of falling into the worst possible form of behaviour and a common feeling that avarice, vice, idleness,
373:
Session Papers report many examples of watchmen being very capable and brave in confronting and arresting offenders. Probably the statutory reward to be earned from the arrest of a street robber or a burglar was quite a good incentive, not to mention possible private gratuities and local rewards.
594:
as the "bane and ruin of our lower class people". He considers the
English society as a set of cogs in a machine: if one collapses all collapse. "Those who deny an inferior class of people to be necessary in a body politic, contradict reason and experience itself; since they are most useful when
463:
Moreton appears to be quite clever in tackling this issue. He starts asking for a state surveillance of the soldiers' quarters (to be maintained even after the war), with "surveyors that should call at the quarters of every soldier or sailor at a limited hour, to see if they are there or no, and
687:
Whoever indeed considers the Cities of London and Westminster, with the late vast Addition of their Suburbs; the great irregularity of their Buildings, the immense Number of Lanes, Alleys, Courts and Bye-places; must think, that, had they intended for the very purpose of Concealment, they could
413:
Watchmen, as guardians of the peace of the streets, were supposed to deal within the confines of their beat with drunkenness, soliciting, and petty tumults, and detaining suspicious characters. However, they were often willing to concede privileges to certain prostitutes, consequently provoking
1354:
See: Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), January 1723, trial of William Harris (t17230116-35); Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), January 1725, trial of John Hewlet (t17250115-8); Old Bailey
1306:
See: Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), September 1719, trial of Thomas Jones (t17190903-21); Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), April 1724, trial of John Winderam (t17240415-8); Old Bailey
581:
However eighteenth-century society struggled with the relation between drunkenness and responsibility especially when crime was involved. On one hand, it was believed that intoxication could alter a person's nature leading him to criminal behaviour, and consequently the judges and jurors were
524:
barracks or barns should be built at convenient ends of the town, where all vagrants should be obliged to render themselves at a stated hour, where they should have clean straw allowed them, and be kept orderly and out of harm's way; they may be let loose if they have apparent means of honest
516:
Both legislators and pamphlet writers complained about the long-standing existence of beggars in the streets of London and pushed for their imprisonment and reform. Despite the wide range of seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century anti-vagrancy legislation, some forms of begging were still
608:
What can be said in Favour of that Luxury, which is not content with the Equipage of a Lord; a Coach and Six, a Revenue, with Servants and Establishments in proportion; but that, to have two Coaches and Six, and two Sets of Servants, and two Revenues, &c. would Mortgage Faith and Honour,
647:
As we have seen so far, Moreton pays close attention to the most practical points of his project, as it also happens with the inadequacy of the street lighting system in London; after all his aim is to render the city "strongly guarded, and so gloriously illuminated". Moreton proposes that:
1307:
Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), May 1724, trial of Thomas Mobbs (t17240521-29); Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), July 1726, trial of Mary Blewit , alias Dickenson, alias Bowler (t17260711-34).
340:
as a weapon. Each watchman was assigned with a short length of street to patrol every hour, and he had to examine all suspicious characters from his assigned watch box (a sentry box with half-door). The performance of such duty took away a great amount of money and energy, so by the late
695:
London fascinated Defoe and more specifically the many Londons overlapping on the streets: the economically advanced London of shops, merchants, apprentices, and servants; and the dark underworld London of thieves, stockjobbers, ragged children, lurking in the shadow of a street corner.
582:
inclined to be tolerant towards these infractions. On the other hand, both citizens and law authorities shared the opinion that drunkenness was an unacceptable excuse, so if a crime was committed in such a state the felon must be fully prosecuted. With the harsh punishments of the
459:
had the possibility to keep their horses, having paid for them with their allowances. Adding their experience with weapons and their acquaintance with accomplices in a similar position, there were all the perfect premises for the rising of gangs of robbers and criminal alliances.
633:
started emerging with a rank of proper paid agents operating locally. Indeed, Defoe was just one of the many eighteenth-century voices believing that at least part of the falling of the offender was due to a weakening of the social and moral values of the English society.
570:, a British philosopher and satirist, states that alcohol abuse can produce devastating consequences for a person's judgment: "it makes man quarrelsome, renders 'em brutes and savages, sets 'em on to fight for nothing, and had often been the cause of murder". Even
586:
pending on the head of the offender, English judges and jurors were usually willing to admit a plea for drunkenness. It was often regarded as an extenuating circumstance and most frequently resulted in the possibility of mitigation, acquittal, or pardon.
768:, portraying the famous robber as a refined criminal exchanging jokes and performing clever tricks. Defoe was captivated by the criminal life, especially when it involved witty stratagems and subterfuges, and as it is clearly shown in his fictions, like
263:, accused of turning an instructive and effective means of communication into an instrument used to achieve personal interests and even spread slander and scandal. Secondly, Moreton expresses his indignation concerning the anonymous gentleman author of
477:
turn into a real danger. Even the most "honest" among them were used to rework the city routes and rates as they pleased in order to increase their profits. Hackney coach drivers were so severely criticized for being rude and abusive, that in 1682 the
300:, a highly significant institution in the panorama of eighteenth-century London. As described by Moreton, the watchmen were "decrepit, superannuated wretches, with one foot in the grave and the other ready to follow" and therefore more suited to the
250:
In the preface Moreton goes beyond the complimentary introduction and pleas to be heard conventional in such pamphlets, but he skilfully turns it into an opportunity to make criticisms and level accusations. Firstly, he denounces the abuse of "the
629:
blasphemy, vagrancy and crime were all entangles together pushing people (poor and wealthy, young and old) into a slippery slope to damnation. A drastic social reformation was required and, at the end of the seventeenth-century, societies for the
1869:
An attempt to regulate begging on the streets was made through the Badging Act (1697), declaring that the poor of a certain parish had to wear a badge for identification. This badge was considered a sort of license to beg in one's own
509:. The broad eighteenth-century definition for beggar embraced not just the poorest people having to live on the street, but virtually anyone who would stop you asking for money, work, or offering you a service such as: shoe cleaners,
377:
Regardless, Moreton is sceptical about the honesty of watchmen, and he doubts about their suspicious close relation with the criminal underworld in different contemporary pamphlets. Watchmen also appear as the accused in the
557:, in the growing misery of the poor and in an increase of criminality and violent acts. Moreton argues that this wicked trade will be the doom of the English nation, and it represents a real threat to the entire community:
353:, appointed to collect the individual fee for the night-watch. They were often accused to spend as little as possible on hiring watchmen and pocket the difference as a recompense for the unpaid service they had performed.
438:
their accomplices. According to Defoe, living in fear and suspicion of your servants, as feeling unsafe outdoors at night, means to live in an hostile country, a depiction unworthy of his idea of a flourishing England.
517:
considered acceptable. Many people were able to maintain their life on the streets, particularly women (especially if pregnant or with children) could keep on begging without being troubled by constables and watchmen.
275:, Moreton is eager to stress that his proposals are "humbly offered for the public welfare", nevertheless he will "stand prepared for the sneers of those who despite everything and everybody but their dear selves".
688:
scarce have been contrived. Upon such a view, the whole appears as a vast Wood or Forest, in which a Thief may harbour with as great Security, as wild Beasts do in the Deserts of Africa or Arabia.
760:
became figures of legend in the popular imagination, inhabiting the realms of both reality and fiction. In truth, Daniel Defoe was not immune to this fascination. In 1724 he published
653:
carts, &c., people stumbling more, even under these very lamps, than in the dark. In short, they are most unprofitable lights, and, in my opinion, rather abuses than benefits.
243:
and his address to King George as "a king naturalized to us, a king who loves us, a king whose person as well as mind, the whole hero appears" recalls his past worship of King
741:
were widely shared by many contemporary critics, who expressly blamed the play, in various 1728 newspapers, for a new increase in street criminality after a recent decrease.
525:
livelihood, otherwise they should be sent to the workhouse of their respective parish, or to a general workhouse, of which there is great need; and of which more hereafter.
553:. In the Gin Era of 1720โ50 very cheap liquors were sold indiscriminately, often resulting in a debauch of spirit-drinking, whose effects were seen on the streets, in the
146:
725:, where "thieves are set out in so amiable a light it has taught them to value themselves on their profession rather than to be ashamed of it". Moreton also includes in
2916:
446:
Social security was seriously threatened by the periodic disbandment of the military forces, a common situation at the conclusion of wars that led to hundreds of
382:
Session Papers under trials for murder and theft, while the bribe they received from street prostitutes was quite common knowledge in eighteenth-century London.
332:), deeply-rooted in the belief that the individual citizen had to perform his social and moral duty for the well-being of the society. Hence, every London
3104:
748:
enjoyed a strange popular adulation. Common people, intrigued by their stories and personalities, would often crowd Newgate prison in order to see them.
578:
that such a limitless consumption among the poor seriously threatens the public order and therefore a strict regulation and discipline must be adopted.
2747:
666:
Session Papers was not uncommon to read about victims and witnesses claiming to be able to identify the accused because of a better street lightning.
3114:
675:
may favour a street-robber's escape, and make our project ineffectual". London criminals had endless opportunities to escape from a pursuer, and as
336:
requested its householders to perform by rotation the watch-duty on an unpaid and amateur basis, from dusk until dawn, and with only a stick or an
2900:
2714:
630:
447:
328:
In the early eighteenth-century London, the night watchman was indeed an old controversial figure (established for the first time in the 1285
2974:
490:
478:
3099:
2982:
2931:
2654:
2639:
2617:
2595:
2548:
2441:
2389:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2290:
2265:
2214:
1963:
1731:
1710:
1657:
1632:
1607:
1542:
1518:
1490:
1440:
1390:
1326:
1291:
1232:
1187:
1162:
1141:
1129:
1105:
1080:
1055:
1030:
952:
886:
566:
The extensive consume of alcohol and the following addiction are widely described in the eighteenth-century newspapers and pamphlets.
407:
181:
692:
And indeed, as we also learn from Defoe's fictions, if you knew where to look the city might offer unexpectedly comfortable corners.
196:. Moreton's declared intention is "to break up street-robbers, nest and egg", providing practical solutions for a reformation of the
825:
236:
1355:
Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 31 October 2015), August 1725, trial of Richard Brecknell (t17250827-68).
455:
sailors could eventually sign on some merchant ships, soldiers had not such prospects. Moreover, at the moment of their dismissal,
23:
3079:
2908:
715:
In each of his pamphlets Andrew Moreton reprimands the theatre and its effects on the English society, especially in the case of
305:
Along with many of his peers, Moreton believes that English society is completely at the mercy of a dramatic rise in numbers of
3064:
549:
Among the principal causes for the dangers of the streets of London, Moreton lists the abuse of alcohol specifically geneva or
3084:
2955:
2795:
2573:
2533:
2506:
2475:
2416:
2189:
2132:
1582:
1465:
1415:
1269:(1727) Moreton affirms that a watchman is paid 6d. a night, too little to attract any good candidate. (Beattie, 2001, p.190).
907:
618:
2677:
201:
3094:
2787:
3109:
2831:
794:. It had an enormous success, during its first run it was on stage for twenty-eight nights in a row and it opened two
2924:
267:, whom he accuses of having copied and even made money out of the schemes he had presented in his earlier pamphlet,
2707:
220:
173:
520:
Moreton, however, is not unconcerned of the situation of the decent poor people and vagrants, so he suggests that
333:
3074:
3033:
2884:
297:
197:
152:
2990:
395:
255:, that from a benefit it becomes an evil and demands immediate regulation". This probably refers to the anti-
609:
Character and Principles, and even run the Risk of losing the Estate they had, and starving their Posterity?
362:
2892:
2939:
2877:
704:
244:
3041:
247:. Defoe's schemes and social projects were actually obtaining a warm widespread approval in this period.
2763:
2700:
734:
329:
716:
3069:
782:
252:
2855:
2839:
2566:
Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-century London. Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730โ1830
2182:
Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-century London. Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730โ1830
1458:
Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-century London. Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730โ1830
1408:
Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-century London. Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730โ1830
406:
In Moreton's reform for the security and prosperity of the city, a pressing issue is represented by
2847:
574:, an active participant in the advancement of London law enforcement, points out in his 1751 essay
342:
224:
168:(1728), Moreton here inquiries into a range of different social and moral issues: the increase in
3089:
3006:
795:
567:
268:
164:
115:
Second Thoughts Are Best: or, a Further Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies
53:
Second Thoughts Are Best: or, a Further Improvement of a Late Scheme to Prevent Street Robberies
2998:
2947:
2755:
2650:
2635:
2613:
2591:
2569:
2544:
2529:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2437:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2385:
2361:
2336:
2311:
2286:
2261:
2210:
2185:
2128:
2124:
2118:
1959:
1727:
1706:
1653:
1628:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1538:
1514:
1486:
1461:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1322:
1287:
1228:
1183:
1158:
1137:
1125:
1101:
1076:
1051:
1026:
948:
903:
882:
821:
815:
506:
189:
158:
271:. Describing Second Thoughts as an amended and enlarged version of his previous plan for the
2823:
2807:
2068:
2041:
2014:
1934:
1926:
1897:
1889:
1850:
1842:
1813:
1805:
1776:
1768:
325:, remaining open in the evening and such a large number of people moving around after dusk.
240:
472:
Among those who earned their living in the streets of London, the more criticized were the
219:
The pamphlet is dedicated to His Majesty, "the king of our hearts; the king of our wishes"
2739:
427:
345:
grant. Secondly, Moreton suggests that "parochial misapplication" were commonplace around
322:
228:
2667:
676:
571:
530:
strongly felt a social and religious obligation to give something or to answer a plea.
272:
256:
232:
127:
2059:
Rabin, D. (2005). "Drunkness and Responsibility for Crime in the Eighteenth-century".
2032:
Rabin, D. (2005). "Drunkness and Responsibility for Crime in the Eighteenth-century".
2005:
Rabin, D. (2005). "Drunkness and Responsibility for Crime in the Eighteenth-century".
3058:
2771:
2623:
Rabin D. (2005), 'Drunkness and Responsibility for Crime in the Eighteenth-century',
791:
787:
769:
753:
749:
614:
473:
2779:
2724:
773:
314:
288:
134:
123:
41:
2541:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
2333:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
2308:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
2283:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
2258:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
2207:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1724:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1650:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1625:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1600:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1511:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1433:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1383:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1319:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1284:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1122:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1073:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1048:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
1023:
Policing and punishment in London 1660โ1750, Urban Crimes and the Limits of Terror
757:
583:
138:
2824:
The Consolidator or, Memoirs of Sundry Transactions from the World in the Moon
745:
663:
554:
451:
379:
370:
306:
208:
169:
2688:
London Lives 1690 to 1800. Crime, Poverty and Social Policy in the Metropolis
1917:
Hitchcock, T. (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London".
1880:
Hitchcock, T. (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London".
1833:
Hitchcock, T. (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London".
1796:
Hitchcock, T. (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London".
1759:
Hitchcock, T. (2005). "Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London".
2579:
Hitchcock T. (2005), 'Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-century London',
591:
346:
301:
2860:
722:
510:
119:
2692:
2559:
502:
456:
337:
318:
185:
296:
One critical issue addressed by Moreton in this pamphlet involves the
2672:
361:
Moreton proposes a pragmatic scheme (already in use in the parish of
350:
310:
193:
2072:
2045:
2018:
1939:
1930:
1902:
1893:
1855:
1846:
1818:
1809:
1781:
1772:
538:
703:
537:
489:
394:
292:
A city of London watchman, drawn and engraved by John Bogle (1776)
287:
2682:
867:. Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol.70, No. 7. pp. 553โ576.
130:
2696:
902:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 516โ517.
766:
A Narrative of All robberies, Escapes, &c. of John Sheppard
550:
177:
2687:
744:
Indeed, during the middle part of the eighteenth-century,
681:
An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers
576:
An Enquiry into the Causes of the late Increase of Robbers
137:
old man who was extremely concerned about the increase in
2678:
Watchmen, Goldfinders and the Plague Bearers of the Night
2466:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
1993:
Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits
501:
The group that most characterized London streets were
2497:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
2407:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
2123:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
1573:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
776:, his intent often seems more amusing than didactic.
2610:
Daniel Defoe, Masters of Fiction: His Life and Ideas
945:
Daniel Defoe, Masters of Fiction: His Life and Ideas
402:(1790) by Cruikshank, Isaac, 1756?โ1811?, printmaker
3025:
2966:
2869:
2815:
2731:
2380:Wall C. 'Defoe and London', in Richetti J. (2008),
1701:Wall C. 'Defoe and London', in Richetti J. (2008),
1602:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42โ43.
1533:Wall C. 'Defoe and London', in Richetti J. (2008),
877:Wall C. 'Defoe and London', in Richetti J. (2008),
204:, reforms which would improve the quality of life.
103:
83:
75:
67:
59:
47:
37:
1343:Parochial Tyranny, or the Householder's Complaint
426:An insidious and internal threat was embodied by
2668:Daniel Defoe, The Collection of the Lily Library
2601:Marshall A. (2007), 'Daniel Defoe as Satirist',
2335:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223.
2310:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 221.
2285:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 215.
2260:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 212.
1749:Defoe D. (1729), Second Thoughts Are best, p.18.
1726:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 125.
1513:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 335.
1321:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 202.
1286:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 200.
1075:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 172.
1050:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 183.
947:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 683.
881:, New York: Cambridge University Press, p.166.
2384:, New York: Cambridge University Press, p.158.
2209:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 51.
1705:, New York: Cambridge University Press, p.174.
1652:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 48.
1627:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
1537:, New York: Cambridge University Press, p.171.
1435:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 66.
1385:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
1025:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22.
2917:A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain
1182:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. pp. 35โ43.
239:. Defoe had a long-lasting admiration for the
2708:
2528:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
8:
790:, reworked from an unfinished manuscript of
147:Every-bodyโs Business, Is No-Bodyโs Business
32:(1729) by Andrew Moreton, alias Daniel Defoe
16:
1124:, Oxford: Oxford University, Press, p.170,
2715:
2701:
2693:
2436:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 18.
2360:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 10.
1958:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 21.
1227:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 34.
1157:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 35.
762:History of the Remarkable Life of Sheppard
22:
15:
2748:The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
1938:
1901:
1854:
1817:
1780:
1485:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 9.
534:Geneva shops or the "Trade of Wickedness"
2634:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
733:(an imitation of The Beggar's Opera) by
613:and even in his fictional works such as
227:, but copies were also presented to the
2632:The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe
2382:The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe
1703:The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe
1535:The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe
879:The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe
806:
207:Defoe was particularly inclined to use
2901:Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe
2647:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
2586:Hitchcock T. and Shoemaker R. (2006),
2455:
2453:
2434:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
2358:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
2175:
2173:
2146:
2144:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1956:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1483:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1363:
1361:
1225:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1180:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1155:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1134:Crime and Police in England: 1700โ1900
1096:Hitchcock T. and Shoemaker R. (2006).
369:constable in charge of the watch. The
2560:http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32404
1745:
1743:
1671:
1669:
1504:
1502:
1277:
1275:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1001:
999:
997:
820:. Taylor & Francis. p. 517.
729:harsh criticisms against the obscure
265:Discovery to Prevent Street Robberies
7:
2975:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters
1136:, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, p.33,
966:
964:
923:
921:
919:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
432:The Behaviour of servants in England
2612:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2605:, Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 553โ576.
2543:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
599:Reforming manners and social values
28:Title page of the first edition of
2983:Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics
2932:The Political History of the Devil
284:"Decrepit, Superannuated Wretches"
14:
3105:Works published under a pseudonym
2683:The Old Bailey Proceedings Online
2627:, Vol.44, No.3, pp. 457โ477.
2583:, Vol.44, No.3, pp. 478โ498.
2909:A General History of the Pyrates
2806:
1410:. London: Longman. p. 110.
400:A Fool and His Money Soon Parted
180:shops, and the "infestation" of
172:, the inefficiency of the night
126:. He wrote it under the name of
3115:Non-fiction books about theatre
2184:. London: Longman. p. 86.
1991:See Bernard Mandeville (1714),
814:Backscheider, Paula R. (1992).
200:, manners, places and even the
2956:A Plan of the English Commerce
2925:The Complete English Tradesman
2796:Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress
1460:. London: Longman. p. 9.
780:example Moreton recommends is
144:As in other essays, such as
133:, presented as a dissatisfied
1:
2649:, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan,
2788:A Journal of the Plague Year
2603:Huntington Library Quarterly
2588:Tales from the Hanging Court
1098:Tales from the Hanging Court
2832:The Apparition of Mrs. Veal
2460:Backscheider, P.R. (1989).
2401:Backscheider, P.R. (1989).
2117:Backscheider, P.R. (1989).
1567:Backscheider, P.R. (1989).
898:Backscheider, P.R. (1989).
679:wrote in 1751 in his essay
3131:
3100:George II of Great Britain
2625:Journal of British Studies
2581:Journal of British Studies
2558:. Retrieved on Gutenberg:
2524:Backscheider P.R. (1989),
2491:Backsheider, P.R. (1989).
2061:Journal of British Studies
2034:Journal of British Studies
2007:Journal of British Studies
1919:Journal of British Studies
1882:Journal of British Studies
1835:Journal of British Studies
1798:Journal of British Studies
1761:Journal of British Studies
721:(1728), a ballad opera by
2804:
711:(1728) by William Hogarth
545:(1751) by William Hogarth
21:
17:Second Thoughts Are Best
3034:The True-Born Englishman
3015:Second Thoughts Are Best
2991:An Essay Upon Literature
2556:Second Thoughts Are Best
2244:Second Thoughts Are Best
2231:Second Thoughts Are Best
2165:Second Thoughts Are Best
2152:Second Thoughts Are Best
2105:Second Thoughts Are Best
2092:Second Thoughts Are Best
1980:Second Thoughts Are Best
1690:Second Thoughts Are Best
1677:Second Thoughts Are Best
1555:Second Thoughts Are Best
1369:Second Thoughts Are Best
1254:Second Thoughts Are Best
1211:Second Thoughts Are Best
1008:Second Thoughts Are Best
988:Second Thoughts Are Best
973:Second Thoughts Are Best
930:Second Thoughts Are Best
865:Daniel Defoe as Satirist
851:Second Thoughts Are Best
727:Second Thoughts Are Best
153:The Protestant Monastery
30:Second Thoughts Are Best
3080:Non-fiction crime books
2673:The Georgian Underworld
1132:; Tobias J.J. (1979),
497:(c.1759) by Paul Sandby
363:St. Giles in the Fields
91:; 294 years ago
3065:1729 non-fiction books
2940:Mere Nature Delineated
2878:An Essay Upon Projects
2590:, London: Bloomsbury,
2526:Daniel Defoe: His Life
2494:Daniel Defoe: His Life
2463:Daniel Defoe: His Life
2404:Daniel Defoe: His Life
2331:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
2306:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
2281:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
2256:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
2205:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
2180:Henderson, T. (1999).
2120:Daniel Defoe: His Life
1722:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1648:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1623:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1598:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1570:Daniel Defoe: His Life
1509:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1456:Handerson, T. (1999).
1431:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1406:Handerson, T. (1999).
1381:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1317:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1282:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1100:. London: Bloomsbury.
1071:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1046:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
1021:Beattie, J.M. (2001).
900:Daniel Defoe: His Life
817:Daniel Defoe: His Life
712:
690:
655:
631:reformation of manners
611:
564:
546:
527:
498:
403:
293:
245:William III of England
176:, the wicked trade of
3085:Works by Daniel Defoe
2893:The Family Instructor
2764:Memoirs of a Cavalier
2564:Handerson T. (1999),
2539:Beattie J.M. (2001),
2432:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
2356:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1954:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1481:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1341:See Defoe D. (1727),
1223:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1178:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1153:Tobias, J.J. (1979).
1120:Beattie J.M. (2001),
863:Marshall, A. (2007).
707:
700:Reforming the theatre
685:
650:
638:Reforming the streets
606:
559:
541:
522:
493:
468:Hackney coach drivers
398:
330:Statute of Winchester
291:
2645:Tobias J.J. (1979),
2630:Richetti J. (2008),
2608:Novak M. E. (2001),
943:Novak, M.E. (2001).
786:(1728), a play that
783:The Provoked Husband
670:Securing the streets
590:Moreton defines the
486:Beggars and vagrants
442:Soldiers and sailors
253:liberty of the press
89:October 8, 1729
3095:Caroline of Ansbach
3042:Hymn to the Pillory
2848:The King of Pirates
2568:, London: Longman,
48:Original title
18:
3110:Books about London
3007:Augusta Triumphans
2986:(1720, attributed)
1006:Defoe, D. (1729).
986:Defoe, D. (1729).
971:Defoe, D. (1729).
928:Defoe, D. (1729).
796:Drury Lane seasons
739:The Beggarโs Opera
731:The Quaker's Opera
718:The Beggarโs Opera
713:
709:The Beggar's Opera
568:Bernard Mandeville
547:
499:
404:
294:
269:Augusta Triumphans
165:Augusta Triumphans
141:around the 1720s.
3052:
3051:
2999:Conjugal Lewdness
2948:Conjugal Lewdness
2756:Captain Singleton
2554:Defoe D. (1729),
2242:Defoe D. (1729),
2229:Defoe D. (1729),
2163:Defoe D. (1729),
2150:Defoe D. (1729),
2107:, pp.10–11.
2103:Defoe D. (1729),
2090:Defoe D. (1729),
1978:Defoe D. (1729),
1692:, pp.20–21.
1688:Defoe D. (1729),
1675:Defoe D. (1729),
1557:, pp.15–16.
1553:Defoe D. (1729),
1367:Defoe D. (1729),
1267:Parochial Tyranny
1252:Defoe D. (1729),
1209:Defoe D. (1729),
849:Defoe D. (1729),
386:Reforming society
170:highway robberies
159:Parochial Tyranny
111:
110:
104:Publication place
3122:
2912:(1724, disputed)
2859:, an account of
2810:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2513:
2512:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1144:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
992:
991:
983:
977:
976:
968:
959:
958:
940:
934:
933:
925:
914:
913:
895:
889:
875:
869:
868:
860:
854:
847:
832:
831:
811:
357:Needed a reform?
323:pleasure gardens
307:street-robberies
241:House of Hanover
237:House of Commons
99:
97:
92:
85:Publication date
26:
19:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3075:1720s in London
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3021:
2962:
2865:
2811:
2802:
2740:Robinson Crusoe
2727:
2721:
2664:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1197:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1004:
995:
985:
984:
980:
970:
969:
962:
955:
942:
941:
937:
927:
926:
917:
910:
897:
896:
892:
876:
872:
862:
861:
857:
848:
835:
828:
813:
812:
808:
804:
702:
672:
645:
643:Street lighting
640:
601:
536:
488:
470:
444:
424:
393:
388:
359:
286:
281:
229:Lords Spiritual
225:Queen, Caroline
217:
95:
93:
90:
86:
33:
12:
11:
5:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:The Pirate Gow
2852:
2844:
2840:Atlantis Major
2836:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2662:External links
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:978-0312547820
2643:
2640:978-0521675055
2628:
2621:
2618:978-0199261543
2606:
2599:
2596:978-0340913758
2584:
2577:
2562:
2552:
2549:978-0199257232
2537:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2483:
2476:
2449:
2443:978-0312547820
2442:
2424:
2417:
2393:
2390:978-0521675055
2373:
2367:978-0312547820
2366:
2348:
2342:978-0199257232
2341:
2323:
2317:978-0199257232
2316:
2298:
2292:978-0199257232
2291:
2273:
2267:978-0199257232
2266:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2216:978-0199257232
2215:
2197:
2190:
2169:
2156:
2140:
2133:
2109:
2096:
2078:
2073:10.1086/429705
2051:
2046:10.1086/429705
2040:(3): 457โ458.
2024:
2019:10.1086/429705
1997:
1984:
1971:
1965:978-0312547820
1964:
1946:
1931:10.1086/429704
1909:
1894:10.1086/429704
1872:
1862:
1847:10.1086/429704
1825:
1810:10.1086/429704
1788:
1773:10.1086/429704
1767:(3): 478โ498.
1751:
1739:
1733:978-0199257232
1732:
1714:
1711:978-0521675055
1694:
1681:
1665:
1659:978-0199257232
1658:
1640:
1634:978-0199257232
1633:
1615:
1609:978-0199257232
1608:
1590:
1583:
1559:
1546:
1543:978-0521675055
1526:
1520:978-0199257232
1519:
1498:
1492:978-0312547820
1491:
1473:
1466:
1448:
1442:978-0199257232
1441:
1423:
1416:
1398:
1392:978-0199257232
1391:
1373:
1357:
1347:
1334:
1328:978-0199257232
1327:
1309:
1299:
1293:978-0199257232
1292:
1271:
1258:
1240:
1234:978-0312547820
1233:
1215:
1195:
1189:978-0312547820
1188:
1170:
1164:978-0312547820
1163:
1145:
1142:978-0312547820
1130:978-0199257232
1113:
1107:978-0340913758
1106:
1088:
1082:978-0199257232
1081:
1063:
1057:978-0199257232
1056:
1038:
1032:978-0199257232
1031:
1013:
993:
978:
960:
954:978-0199261543
953:
935:
915:
908:
890:
887:978-0521675055
870:
855:
833:
826:
805:
803:
800:
701:
698:
677:Henry Fielding
671:
668:
644:
641:
639:
636:
600:
597:
572:Henry Fielding
535:
532:
487:
484:
479:Common Council
469:
466:
443:
440:
423:
420:
392:
389:
387:
384:
358:
355:
285:
282:
280:
277:
273:City of London
233:House of Lords
216:
213:
128:Andrew Moreton
109:
108:
107:United Kingdom
105:
101:
100:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:Other fiction
2814:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:Moll Flanders
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
982:
979:
974:
967:
965:
961:
956:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
905:
901:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
859:
856:
852:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
834:
829:
827:9780801845123
823:
819:
818:
810:
807:
801:
799:
797:
793:
792:John Vanbrugh
789:
788:Colley Cibber
785:
784:
777:
775:
771:
770:Moll Flanders
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:James Maclean
751:
750:Jack Sheppard
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:Thomas Walker
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
710:
706:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
669:
667:
665:
659:
654:
649:
642:
637:
635:
632:
626:
622:
620:
616:
615:Moll Flanders
610:
605:
598:
596:
593:
588:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
563:
558:
556:
552:
544:
540:
533:
531:
526:
521:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
485:
483:
480:
475:
474:hackney coach
467:
465:
461:
458:
453:
449:
441:
439:
435:
433:
429:
421:
419:
415:
411:
409:
401:
397:
390:
385:
383:
381:
375:
372:
366:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:coffee-houses
312:
308:
303:
299:
290:
283:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:The Craftsman
258:
254:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:
106:
102:
88:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
25:
20:
3040:
3032:
3014:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2794:
2786:
2780:Colonel Jack
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2725:Daniel Defoe
2646:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2602:
2587:
2580:
2565:
2555:
2540:
2525:
2519:Bibliography
2493:
2486:
2462:
2433:
2427:
2403:
2396:
2381:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2307:
2301:
2282:
2276:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2206:
2200:
2181:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1865:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1723:
1717:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1649:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1283:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1179:
1173:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1010:. p. 9.
1007:
990:. p. 7.
987:
981:
975:. p. 4.
972:
944:
938:
932:. p. 3.
929:
899:
893:
878:
873:
864:
858:
850:
816:
809:
781:
778:
774:Colonel Jack
765:
761:
743:
738:
730:
726:
717:
714:
708:
694:
691:
686:
680:
673:
662:even in the
660:
656:
651:
646:
627:
623:
612:
607:
602:
589:
580:
575:
565:
560:
548:
542:
528:
523:
519:
515:
500:
495:Shoe Cleaner
494:
471:
462:
445:
436:
431:
425:
416:
412:
405:
399:
376:
367:
360:
327:
295:
264:
260:
249:
218:
206:
163:
157:
151:
145:
143:
135:middle-class
124:Daniel Defoe
114:
113:
112:
52:
51:
42:Daniel Defoe
29:
3070:1729 essays
2870:Non-fiction
758:Dick Turpin
584:Bloody Code
408:prostitutes
391:Prostitutes
298:night watch
198:night watch
192:throughout
182:prostitutes
162:(1727) and
139:criminality
3059:Categories
2574:0582263956
2534:0801837855
2508:0801837855
2477:0801837855
2418:0801837855
2191:0582263956
2134:0801837855
2067:(3): 466.
2013:(3): 465.
1925:(3): 498.
1888:(3): 481.
1841:(3): 489.
1804:(3): 483.
1584:0801837855
1467:0582263956
1417:0582263956
909:0801845122
802:References
746:highwaymen
664:Old Bailey
555:workhouses
457:cavalrymen
380:Old Bailey
371:Old Bailey
347:constables
302:Poor House
209:pseudonyms
118:is a 1729
96:1729-10-08
79:W. Meadows
3090:Pamphlets
2920:(1724-27)
2885:The Storm
2723:Works by
592:Gin Craze
279:The Watch
221:George II
76:Publisher
2861:John Gow
723:John Gay
543:Gin Lane
511:linkboys
507:vagrants
448:soldiers
428:servants
422:Servants
343:poor law
319:theatres
259:journal
235:and the
223:and his
190:vagrants
156:(1726),
150:(1725),
120:pamphlet
71:Pamphlet
60:Language
2468:489โ490
2246:, p.14.
2167:, p.20.
2154:, p.19.
2094:, p.10.
1982:, p.11.
1940:2299/33
1903:2299/33
1870:parish.
1856:2299/33
1819:2299/33
1782:2299/33
1679:, p.16.
1371:, p.15.
1345:, p.20.
1256:, p.12.
1213:, p.13.
853:, p.17.
503:beggars
452:sailors
351:beadles
338:halberd
311:taverns
257:Walpole
231:, the
215:Preface
202:theatre
186:beggars
94: (
63:English
3045:(1703)
3037:(1701)
3018:(1729)
3010:(1728)
3002:(1727)
2994:(1726)
2978:(1702)
2967:Essays
2959:(1728)
2951:(1727)
2943:(1726)
2935:(1726)
2904:(1720)
2896:(1715)
2888:(1704)
2851:(1719)
2843:(1711)
2835:(1706)
2827:(1705)
2799:(1724)
2791:(1722)
2783:(1722)
2775:(1722)
2767:(1720)
2759:(1720)
2751:(1719)
2743:(1719)
2732:Novels
2653:
2638:
2616:
2594:
2572:
2547:
2532:
2505:
2474:
2440:
2415:
2388:
2364:
2339:
2314:
2289:
2264:
2233:, p.1.
2213:
2188:
2131:
1962:
1730:
1709:
1656:
1631:
1606:
1581:
1541:
1517:
1489:
1464:
1439:
1414:
1389:
1325:
1290:
1231:
1186:
1161:
1140:
1128:
1104:
1079:
1054:
1029:
951:
906:
885:
824:
619:Roxana
334:parish
194:London
188:, and
38:Author
3026:Poems
174:watch
68:Genre
2651:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2129:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1027:ISBN
949:ISBN
904:ISBN
883:ISBN
822:ISBN
772:and
764:and
617:and
505:and
450:and
349:and
131:Esq.
2499:518
2409:517
2125:484
2069:doi
2042:doi
2015:doi
1935:hdl
1927:doi
1898:hdl
1890:doi
1851:hdl
1843:doi
1814:hdl
1806:doi
1777:hdl
1769:doi
1575:508
1265:In
551:gin
178:gin
122:by
3061::
2501:.
2470:.
2452:^
2411:.
2172:^
2143:^
2127:.
2081:^
2065:44
2063:.
2038:44
2036:.
2011:44
2009:.
1933:.
1923:44
1921:.
1896:.
1886:44
1884:.
1849:.
1839:44
1837:.
1812:.
1802:44
1800:.
1775:.
1765:44
1763:.
1742:^
1668:^
1577:.
1501:^
1360:^
1274:^
1243:^
1198:^
996:^
963:^
918:^
836:^
756:,
752:,
683::
621:.
321:,
317:,
313:,
184:,
2716:e
2709:t
2702:v
2657:.
2642:.
2620:.
2598:.
2576:.
2551:.
2536:.
2511:.
2480:.
2446:.
2421:.
2370:.
2345:.
2320:.
2295:.
2270:.
2219:.
2194:.
2137:.
2075:.
2071::
2048:.
2044::
2021:.
2017::
1995:.
1968:.
1943:.
1937::
1929::
1906:.
1900::
1892::
1859:.
1853::
1845::
1822:.
1816::
1808::
1785:.
1779::
1771::
1736:.
1662:.
1637:.
1612:.
1587:.
1523:.
1495:.
1470:.
1445:.
1420:.
1395:.
1331:.
1296:.
1237:.
1192:.
1167:.
1110:.
1085:.
1060:.
1035:.
957:.
912:.
830:.
98:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.