598:, p. 162, 172:"Muizzuddin's army had four veteran war-lords of Ghazni-experienced, determined and desterous--Kharbak, Kharmil, Ilah, Mukalba. Each had under his command a huge army, Besides them there were--Tajuddin Yalduz, Qubacha and Aibek. The Sultan started from Ghazni in 587/1191, reached Tarain in 588/1191-92 and pitched his tent at the same place where he had suffered a serious defeat a year before. According to Ferishta, 150 Rajput rais had come to the feld with Rai Pithora, determined to crush or be crushed :-Bakhtiyar did not belong to an obscure family. His uncle, Muhammad bin Mahmud, had fought against Prithvi Rai at the second battle of Tarain"
315:
50:
409:, in the battle, "the Chauhan army consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry", which is considered an exaggeration by modern historians. According to Satish Chandra, the figures were exaggerated in order to "emphasise the challenge faced by Muizzuddin and the scale of his victory". Kaushik Roy similarly notes that Muslim chroniclers regularly exaggerated Hindu military strength to glorify the Muslim kings, and 300,000 was probably the theoretical number that could potentially be mobilized by all the Rajput kingdoms at the time.
705:, p. 86: "Prithviraja was asleep, the Rajput soldiers were just moving out for their daily ablutions and other morning duties. Having thus taken by surprise, the Rajputs could not have escaped considerable losses, but they could still have drawn themselves into fighting order, if the well thought out strategy of Muhammad Ghori had not lured and drawn them out into an unsystematic and ill-advised pursuit. The Rajputs were completely routed, losing about 100,000 men according to Hasan Nizami.
208:
322:
755:, p. 458: "..Nevertheless, the battle, as far as the Rajput powers were concerned, was not so destructive as the battle of Tarain between Prithviraja III and Muizuddin Ghori. Though it weakened the power of the kingdom of Mewar and lowered its general prestige, it did not destroy the grip of the Sisodias over their kingdom, nor did it affect the social and economic conditions of life in the state"
622:, p. 164:"The details supplied by Isami about the actual disposition of the armies are more interesting. According to him Govìnd Rai was the mugaddam of the Rajput forces. He fought in advance of Pithoras army; Pithora fought in the centre. The left wing of Pithora's army was under Bhola, who was the wazir; the right wing was led by Badamsa Rawal"
445:
have arrived here to face adversity. Grant me the opportunity to dispatch a knowledgeable envoy to my brother, conveying the extent of your might. I seek his approval to initiate peace negotiations, suggesting the acquisition of
Tarhind, Punjab, and Multan for us, while the remaining regions fall under your jurisdiction.".
740:
It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led
Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first
478:
In hopes of causing a break in the enemy lines, Mu'izz al-Din ordered his fifth unit to feign retreat. The
Chahamana forces charged the fleeing Ghurid unit, as the Ghurids expected. The Ghurids then sent a fresh cavalry unit of 12,000 and repelled the enemy advance. The remaining Ghurid forces then
444:
states that as soon as Ghori arrived on the battlefield
Prithviraj sent him a formal note saying, ""It would be prudent for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you". Ghori sent back a reply to him saying,"Upon the directive of my sibling, the reigning authority, I
412:
According to Indian sources like Hammir
Mahakavya and Prithviraj Raso, the Chahamana army was simultaneously engaged on multiple fronts and Prithviraj had only a part of his army at the battlefield. The rest of his army was about to reach Prithviraj but the fate was already decided in favour of
460:, it is quite clear that Ghori deceived his opponent who accepted it as a genuine truce. The Ghurids army was formed into five units, and four units were sent to attack the enemy flanks and rear. They attacked the Chahamana army before sunrise who passed the night in slumber and merry-making.
487:
Minhaj states that
Prithviraj ("Rae Pithora") dismounted from his elephant, and fled from the battlefield on a horse. He was, however, captured in the neighbourhood of Sursuti, and later "dispatched to hell". Most medieval sources state that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana capital
420:, Mu'izz al-Din brought 120,000 fully armored men to battle, He personally commanded an elite cavalry force of 40,000 men. According to historian Kaushik Roy, while the real strength of the armies is not certain, it can be speculated that Prithviraj's army was numerically superior.
475:, divided into four divisions, to surround the Chahamana forces on the four sides. He instructed these soldiers not to engage in combat when the enemy advanced to attack, and instead feign retreat in order to exhaust the Chahamana elephants, horses, and infantry.
634:, p. 62: "The Paramara Rajputs held Badlu, Phalodi etc. under them. Parmar Harpapal and Rajpal of Badlu gave away their lives in the battlefield of Tarain in 1192 A.D...Rana Motishvara and his son Vijayraj gave their lives in the second battle of Tarain"
574:
According to the historically unreliable
Prithviraj Raso, Prithviraja's army numbered only eighty three thousands for the final battle. Historian Kaushik Roy estimated that the Rajput army was numerically superior to the Ghurid
380:
The battle is regarded as a watershed event in
Medieval India history as it led to the destruction of Rajput powers for a while and laid the foundation of Muslim rule in North India, which led to the establishment of
564:
considered a gross exaggeration by modern historians, this was probably the theoretical strength that could be engaged by all the Rajput polities in India rather than the forces actually deployed on the
479:
attacked and the
Chahamana troops fled in panic. According to Minhaj, Mu'izz ad-Din's strategy "exhausted and wearied the unbelievers", ultimately resulting in a "victory to Islam".
540:
1032:
335:
1121:
314:
397:
in 1191. The Ghurid king Mu'izz al-Din, who was seriously injured in the battle, returned to Ghazni, and made preparations to avenge his defeat.
1126:
1156:
1096:
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1016:
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1006:
377:. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the invading Ghurids and their successful penetration in north Indian plain.
93:
511:
dethroned
Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral kingdom, but was later defeated by the Ghurid general
49:
1136:
1131:
1061:
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429:
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58:
1146:
1141:
221:
189:
524:
1026:
693:, p. 23:"We can speculated that the Rajput Army was numerically superior to the Ghorid army"
499:
The Ghurid forces subjugated the entire Chahamana territory of "Siwalikh" (or Sawalakh, that is,
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432:. Knowing the Chahamana forces were well-disciplined, the Ghurids did not want to engage in
358:
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971:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
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Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
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504:
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207:
17:
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496:. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled against Muhammad, and was killed for treason.
958:
719:
500:
449:
441:
302:
440:
Ghurids used treachery and diplomacy to defeat the Rajputs. The Taj-ul ma asir by
1088:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
1086:
1065:
1041:
966:
929:
905:
766:
507:
on the throne of Ajmer as their vassal. In 1192 CE, Prithviraj's younger brother
715:
516:
520:
108:
95:
976:
508:
457:
406:
907:
The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000
1067:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)
370:
82:
968:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
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157:
86:
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combat with them. Instead of fighting upfront like they did in the
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433:
374:
138:
Muhammad Ghuri conquers much of northwestern India including Delhi
674:
672:
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951:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
515:. The Ghurids subsequently defeated another powerful king -
393:
Prithviraj Chauhan's forces had defeated the Ghurids at the
815:
813:
811:
809:
725:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
492:, where Muhammad planned to reinstate him as a Ghurid
527:, and conquered parts of northern India as far as
373:), which is 110 kilometres (68 mi), north of
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862:
788:
702:
961:(1992) . "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In
34:
874:
850:
831:
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541:Vigraharaja IV's first war against the Muslims
428:The battle occurred on the same field as the
8:
631:
619:
595:
690:
663:
1031:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
752:
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405:According to the 16th-17th century writer
31:
771:. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–200.
588:
557:
339:Location of the Second Battle of Tarain
1024:
503:). The Ghurids then appointed his son
819:
800:
7:
1122:Battles involving the Ghurid dynasty
369:. It took place near Tarain (modern
42:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor
934:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
25:
546:Slaughter of Turushkas near Ajmer
1043:Prithviraj Chauhan and his times
728:. Psychology Press. p. 21.
320:
313:
206:
48:
353:was fought in 1192 between the
965:; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
910:. Cambridge University Press.
321:
288:300,000 (likely exaggeration)
1:
1127:Battles involving the Rajputs
1157:Battles involving the Tajiks
27:12th century battle in India
467:, Mu'izz ad-Din directed a
1173:
1085:Spencer C. Tucker (2009).
194:Muhammad bin Mahmud Khalji
768:History of the Chāhamānas
308:
292:
275:
163:
146:
65:
55:The last stand of Rajputs
47:
39:
803:, pp. 199–202, 461.
61:for Hutchinson & co.
931:Early Chauhān Dynasties
904:Cynthia Talbot (2015).
351:Second Battle of Tarain
35:Second Battle of Tarain
18:Second battle of Tarain
1046:. Publication Scheme.
1008:A History of Rajasthan
887:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
863:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
789:Spencer C. Tucker 2009
703:Dasharatha Sharma 1959
438:First battle of Tarain
395:First Battle of Tarain
281:120,000 (according to
164:Commanders and leaders
1117:12th century in India
1040:R. V. Somani (1981).
765:Singh, R. B. (1964).
448:From the accounts of
301:100,000 according to
293:Casualties and losses
264:Rana Motishvara
984:Kaushik Roy (2014).
949:Kaushik Roy (2004).
336:class=notpageimage|
246:Harapal Parmar
190:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
1005:Rima Hooja (2006).
875:Cynthia Talbot 2015
851:Cynthia Talbot 2015
832:Cynthia Talbot 2015
822:, pp. 199–202.
679:Satish Chandra 2006
647:Satish Chandra 2006
525:Battle of Chandawar
255:Rajpal Parmar
105: /
889:, pp. 100–01.
401:Size of the forces
367:Prithviraj Chauhan
363:Rajput Confederacy
203:Prithviraj Chauhan
158:Rajput Confederacy
1137:Conflicts in 1192
1132:Conflicts in 1191
1098:978-1-85109-672-5
1077:978-81-241-1064-5
997:978-1-78093-800-4
953:. Orient Longman.
926:Dasharatha Sharma
735:978-0-415-30786-4
681:, pp. 25–26.
666:, pp. 22–23.
632:R. V. Somani 1981
620:K. A. Nizami 1992
596:K. A. Nizami 1992
523:dynasty - at the
513:Qutb al-Din Aibak
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212:Govind Rai
186:Taj al-Din Yildiz
178:Bahauddin Tughril
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990:. Bloomsbury.
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170:Muhammad Ghuri
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128:Ghurid victory
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1070:. Har-Anand.
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1053:9788185263021
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1011:. Rajasthan.
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917:9781107118560
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888:
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877:, p. 33.
876:
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865:, p. 87.
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469:light cavalry
466:
463:According to
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416:According to
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355:Ghurid forces
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59:Allan Stewart
57:, painted by
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1147:1192 in Asia
1142:1191 in Asia
1091:. ABC-CLIO.
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959:K. A. Nizami
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897:Bibliography
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720:Ayesha Jalal
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565:battlefield.
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501:Sapadalaksha
498:
486:
477:
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454:Muhammad ufi
450:Hasan Nizami
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442:Hasan Nizami
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303:Hasan Nizami
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227:
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147:Belligerents
114:29.78; 76.94
54:
29:
716:Sugata Bose
517:Jayachandra
456:as well as
413:Muizuddin.
222:Samantsingh
133:Territorial
112: /
1111:Categories
820:Singh 1964
801:Singh 1964
583:References
521:Gahadavala
389:Background
1027:cite book
483:Aftermath
430:first one
1064:(2006).
977:31870180
928:(1959).
722:(2004).
535:See also
509:Hariraja
458:Firishta
407:Firishta
361:and the
276:Strength
78:Location
40:Part of
371:Taraori
298:Unknown
268:†
259:†
250:†
241:†
228:†
216:†
199:Kharbak
197:Mukalba
135:changes
100:76°56′E
97:29°47′N
83:Taraori
1095:
1074:
1050:
1015:
994:
975:
938:
914:
732:
529:Bengal
494:vassal
465:Minhaj
424:Battle
328:Tarain
283:Minhaj
224:
205:
125:Result
87:Karnal
85:(near
552:Notes
490:Ajmer
434:melee
375:Delhi
235:Bhola
1093:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1033:link
1013:ISBN
992:ISBN
973:OCLC
936:ISBN
912:ISBN
730:ISBN
575:army
349:The
73:1192
70:Date
519:of
365:of
357:of
1113::
1029:}}
1025:{{
839:^
808:^
777:^
738:.
718:;
671:^
654:^
639:^
531:.
452:,
385:.
1101:.
1080:.
1056:.
1035:)
1021:.
1000:.
979:.
944:.
920:.
285:)
89:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
