702:) innervate the structures derived from the corresponding processes of the first arch. In some lower animals, each arch is supplied by two cranial nerves. The nerve of the arch itself runs along the cranial side of the arch and is called post-trematic nerve of the arch. Each arch also receives a branch from the nerve of the succeeding arch called the pre-trematic nerve which runs along the caudal border of the arch. In human embryo, a double innervation is seen only in the first pharyngeal arch. The mandibular nerve is the post-trematic nerve of the first arch and
145:
340:. These project forward from the back of the embryo toward the front of the face and neck. Each arch develops its own artery, nerve that controls a distinct muscle group, and skeletal tissue. The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and arch 5 existing only transiently.
131:
310:
and jaw support. In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the branchial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus. The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It
1086:
Amniotes have five arches, numbered 1 to 5. Older literature reports the fifth arch as the sixth arch, the fifth being absent. More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four. The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, whereas the last two contribute to the
1102:
are produced from the nerve of arch 5, and the laryngeal cartilages from arches 4 and 5. The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve arises from arch 4. Its arteries, which project between the nerves of the fourth and fifth arches, become the left-side arch of the aorta and the right
159:
301:
such as bone and cartilage. However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development. The first, most anterior
40:
411:
The development of the pharyngeal arches provides a useful landmark with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development. Their formation and development corresponds to
2260:
758:
Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch is referred to as
Reichert's cartilage and contributes to many structures in the fully developed adult. In contrast to the
2253:
1481:
782:
before being incorporated into the middle ear cavity, while the ventral portion ossifies to form the lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the
1058:
All the pharyngeal muscles of the fourth and sixth arches are innervated by the superior laryngeal and the recurrent laryngeal branches of the
2480:
2246:
1772:
766:, it does not constitute a continuous element, and instead is composed of two distinct cartilaginous segments joined by a faint layer of
2043:
706:(branch of facial nerve) is the pre-trematic nerve. This double innervation is reflected in the nerve supply of anterior two-thirds of
2077:
1978:
2176:
2148:
1816:
Higashiyama, Hiroki; Koyabu, Daisuke; Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Werneburg, Ingmar; Kuratani, Shigeru; Kurihara, Hiroki (November 2, 2021).
1804:
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675:
447:(corresponding to the first branchial arch of fish), is the first of six pharyngeal arches that develops during the fourth week of
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1115:. During growth, these arteries descend into their ultimate positions in the chest, creating the elongated recurrent paths.
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1107:. On the right side, the artery of arch 5 is obliterated while, on the left side, the artery persists as the
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These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or
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1213:
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region to separate the arches. In fish, the pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become
351:. By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately.
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1111:; circulatory changes immediately following birth cause the vessel to close down, leaving a remnant, the
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1046:. The stylopharyngeus and other structures from the third pharyngeal arch are all innervated by the
427:. Although there are six pharyngeal arches, in humans the fifth arch exists only transiently during
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Fraser GJ, Hulsey D, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman T (2009). Jernvall J (ed.).
1913:"Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos"
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that come from the first pharyngeal arch are innervated by the mandibular divisions of the
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during the fourth week of development and assists in forming the side and front of the
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The skeletal elements and muscles are derived from mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches.
370:. Arches do not develop simultaneously but instead possess a "staggered" development.
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2198:"The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches"
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of the lower two-thirds of the face and the jaw. The maxillary process becomes the
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are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the
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All of the pharyngeal muscles of the second pharyngeal arch are innervated by the
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89:
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1392:
1377:
1352:
1059:
500:
348:
329:, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.
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282:
44:
Schematic of developing human fetus with first, second and third arches labelled
1799:
William J. Larsen (2001). Human embryology. Edinburgh: Churchill
Livingstone.
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component that differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a
232:
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1842:
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1602:
Kardong KV (2003). "Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution".
1251:
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955:, pharyngeal muscles are developmentally formed from the pharyngeal arches.
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1062:. These muscles include all the muscles of the palate (exception of the
325:. Some fish species have a second set of jaws in their throat, known as
158:
114:
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1189:
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952:
576:
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259:
2011:
1996:"A reappraisal and revision of the numbering of the pharyngeal arches"
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10.1002/1521-1878(200101)23:1<54::AID-BIES1007>3.0.CO;2-5
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1668:"An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws"
130:
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567:
519:
307:
294:
72:
39:
1176:(only as a model for mandible not actual formation of mandible),
962:) is pharyngeal. Exceptions include, but are not limited to, the
958:
Most of the skeletal musculature supplied by the cranial nerves (
542:
using Meckel's cartilage as a 'template', but the maxillary does
2282:
2274:
2270:
966:
and some of the muscles of the tongue. These exceptions receive
747:
476:
393:
389:
236:
2242:
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of the mandibular process and eventually regresses to form the
1559:
Graham A, Smith A (2001). "Patterning the pharyngeal arches".
404:
not only remain intact but also continue to be separated by a
289:(the primary layers of cells that form during embryogenesis).
2093:
Higashiyama H, Kuratani S (2014). "On the maxillary nerve".
293:
enter these arches where they contribute to features of the
2171:. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1042:
There is only one muscle of the third pharyngeal arch, the
487:, although there are large differences among animals), and
336:, a series of pharyngeal arch pairs form in the developing
262:. The vasculature of the pharyngeal arches is known as the
1994:
Graham, Anthony; Poopalasundaram, Subathra (11 Aug 2019).
742:
is the second of fifth pharyngeal arches that develops in
1516:
Graham A (2003). "Development of the pharyngeal arches".
306:
gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the
235:
that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In
136:
Floor of the pharynx of human embryo at about 26 days old
1795:
1793:
2072:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 366–372.
1973:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 366–369.
2143:. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. p. 227.
546:
arise from direct ossification of Meckel's cartilage.
250:, the arches are first seen during the fourth week of
1724:. New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 318–323.
2134:
2132:
2416:
2378:
2355:
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285:, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three
95:
83:
71:
66:
54:
49:
32:
1882:
1880:
806:will not remain as development continues, but its
1619:"Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes"
530:, the anterior ligament of the malleus and the
1888:Last's anatomy: Regional and applied (9th ed).
928:in some mammals but atrophies in most humans.
2254:
827:From the cartilage of the second arch arises
694:The mandibular and maxillary branches of the
254:. They appear as a series of outpouchings of
27:Embryonic precursor structures in vertebrates
8:
2139:Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. (2002).
1715:
1713:
920:The artery of the second arch is the second
786:. Caudal to what will eventually become the
1900:Embryology for Medical Students 2nd edition
1818:"Mammalian face as an evolutionary novelty"
2352:
2261:
2247:
2239:
1617:Depew MJ, Lufkin T, Rubenstein JL (2002).
1070:), all the muscles of the pharynx (except
932:Muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches
718:The artery of the first arch is the first
475:, giving rise to structures including the
269:In fish, the branchial arches support the
2221:
2019:
1936:
1851:
1841:
1693:
1683:
1634:
1482:Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck
491:while the mandibular process becomes the
102:arch_by_E5.4.2.0.0.0.2 E5.4.2.0.0.0.2
1117:
1874:Inderbir Sing, G.P Pal-Human Embryology
1503:
770:. Dorsal ends of Reichert's cartilage
2162:
2160:
1773:"Text for Pharyngeal Arch Development"
1078:), and all the muscles of the larynx.
790:, Reichert's cartilage also forms the
710:which is derived from the first arch.
315:and other developmental genes such as
112:
29:
2196:Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R (2005).
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1030:muscle, the auricular muscle and the
7:
2068:Sadler, Thomas W. (February 2009).
1969:Sadler, Thomas W. (February 2009).
1775:. Temple University. Archived from
1749:. Howard University. Archived from
538:or lower jaw forms by perichondral
499:. This arch also gives rise to the
2141:Netter's Atlas of human embryology
722:, which partially persists as the
384:(or clefts) form from the lateral
25:
1747:"Lecture 24. Branchial Apparatus"
986:. These muscles include all the
676:anterior two thirds of the tongue
366:. Each of these is surrounded by
332:During human, and all vertebrate
2214:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x
1929:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x
1252:posterior belly of the digastric
258:on both sides of the developing
157:
143:
129:
38:
951:that developmentally come from
774:during development to form the
164:Scheme of the pharyngeal arches
150:Scheme of the pharyngeal arches
601:squamous part of temporal bone
239:, the arches are known as the
1:
1911:RodrĂguez-Vázquez JF (2008).
1022:, the posterior belly of the
1018:. These muscles include the
947:of the head and neck. Unlike
451:. It is located between the
380:side between the arches, and
227:, are structures seen in the
2481:Animal developmental biology
2169:Gross Anatomy (Board Review)
2070:Langman's Medical Embryology
1971:Langman's Medical Embryology
1685:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031
1232:Muscles of facial expression
1020:muscles of facial expression
990:, the anterior belly of the
924:, which gives origin to the
798:. The cartilage between the
606:anterior ligament of malleus
1720:Larsen, William J. (1993).
1351:, all intrinsic muscles of
1289:Ascending pharyngeal artery
1074:which is innervated by the
1066:which is innervated by the
656:tensor veli palatini muscle
354:Each pharyngeal arch has a
2507:
1467:
1100:recurrent laryngeal nerves
1034:muscle of the middle ear.
1606:. New York (McGraw Hill).
1439:recurrent laryngeal nerve
1403:All intrinsic muscles of
1391:Left fourth aortic arch:
1322:and lower part of body),
1275:and upper part of body),
1224:Second (also called the "
1198:sphenomandibular ligament
960:special visceral efferent
810:will eventually form the
753:
633:lateral pterygoid muscles
591:sphenomandibular ligament
532:sphenomandibular ligament
506:
467:This arch divides into a
421:Hamburger–Hamilton stages
107:
37:
2388:Lateral lingual swelling
2167:Kyung Won Chung (2005).
1449:Left fifth aortic arch:
1382:superior laryngeal nerve
1293:Inferior tympanic artery
1265:temporal styloid process
1192:of the middle ear, also
1150:, anterior belly of the
968:general somatic efferent
838:Temporal styloid process
2403:Hypopharyngeal eminence
1843:10.1073/pnas.2111876118
1636:10.1126/science.1075703
1443:Right 5th aortic arch:
1386:Right 4th aortic arch:
1214:external carotid artery
1054:Fourth and sixth arches
457:first pharyngeal groove
168:I–IV: pharyngeal arches
2321:Frontonasal prominence
2316:Intermaxillary segment
1470:anatomical terminology
1329:Glossopharyngeal nerve
1297:primitive hyoid artery
1279:, Reichert's cartilage
1148:Muscles of mastication
1127:Skeletal contributions
1124:Muscular contributions
1076:glossopharyngeal nerve
1048:glossopharyngeal nerve
988:muscles of mastication
736:second pharyngeal arch
618:muscles of mastication
586:spine of sphenoid bone
501:muscles of mastication
109:Anatomical terminology
2331:Mandibular prominence
2095:Journal of Morphology
1422:corniculate cartilage
1357:levator veli palatini
1113:ligamentum arteriosum
764:first pharyngeal arch
661:tensor tympani muscle
441:first pharyngeal arch
229:embryonic development
18:Second branchial arch
2424:Pharyngeal apparatus
2326:Maxillary prominence
1530:10.1002/ajmg.a.10980
1477:Branchial cleft cyst
1426:cuneiform cartilages
1418:arytenoid cartilages
1373:epiglottic cartilage
1364:tensor veli palatini
1164:tensor veli palatini
1140:First (also called "
1064:tensor veli palatini
1004:tensor veli palatini
754:Reichert's cartilage
311:has been shown that
202:Ductus thyreoglossus
2486:Otorhinolaryngology
2269:Development of the
1898:Sudhir, Sant, 2008.
1834:2021PNAS..11811876H
1828:(44): e2111876118.
1745:McKenzie, James C.
1487:First arch syndrome
1409:cricothyroid muscle
1349:Cricothyroid muscle
1277:stylohyoid ligament
1206:(part of V2 and V3)
964:extraocular muscles
888:Posterior belly of
844:Stylohyoid ligament
812:stylohyoid ligament
184:Tuberculum laterale
2471:Vertebrate anatomy
2336:Meckel's cartilage
2300:Nasal prominences
2107:10.1002/jmor.20193
1886:McMinn, R., 1994.
1771:Marino, Thomas A.
1468:This article uses
1194:Meckel's cartilage
980:pharyngeal muscles
937:Pharyngeal muscles
760:Meckel's cartilage
674:and glands of the
512:Meckel's cartilage
507:Meckel's cartilage
473:mandibular process
382:pharyngeal grooves
374:Pharyngeal pouches
291:Neural crest cells
243:, or gill arches.
177:pharyngeal grooves
173:pharyngeal pouches
2476:Pharyngeal arches
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2429:Pharyngeal groove
2408:Gustatory placode
2393:Median tongue bud
2012:10.1111/joa.13067
1629:(5592): 381–385.
1461:
1460:
1455:ductus arteriosus
1414:Cricoid cartilage
1388:subclavian artery
1369:Thyroid cartilage
1109:ductus arteriosus
1105:subclavian artery
941:branchial muscles
900:Auricular muscles
872:Occipitofrontalis
678:are derived from
469:maxillary process
396:. In mammals the
221:pharyngeal arches
123:
122:
118:
16:(Redirected from
2498:
2446:Pharyngeal pouch
2370:Secondary palate
2353:
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2256:
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2183:
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2136:
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2055:
2046:. Archived from
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2006:(6): 1019–1023.
1991:
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1722:Human embryology
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1678:(2): 0233–0247.
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1518:Am J Med Genet A
1513:
1492:Splanchnocranium
1451:pulmonary artery
1445:pulmonary artery
1339:internal carotid
1301:Stapedial artery
1210:Maxillary artery
1204:Trigeminal nerve
1118:
1068:trigeminal nerve
984:trigeminal nerve
949:skeletal muscles
945:striated muscles
926:stapedial artery
890:digastric muscle
724:maxillary artery
696:trigeminal nerve
652:, anterior belly
650:digastric muscle
645:mylohyoid muscle
423:14 to 28 in the
323:branchial arches
241:branchial arches
223:, also known as
208:Sinus cervicalis
190:Tuberculum impar
175:(inside) and/or
161:
147:
133:
115:edit on Wikidata
42:
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1431:Accessory nerve
1311:Stylopharyngeus
1142:mandibular arch
1121:Pharyngeal arch
1084:
1072:stylopharyngeus
1056:
1044:stylopharyngeus
1040:
1012:
976:
934:
918:
907:
820:
804:styloid process
792:styloid process
756:
732:
716:
692:
672:Mucous membrane
552:
509:
465:
445:mandibular arch
437:
413:Carnegie stages
388:surface of the
327:pharyngeal jaws
304:pharyngeal arch
299:facial skeleton
279:
225:visceral arches
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
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162:
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139:
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78:arcus pharyngei
45:
33:Pharyngeal arch
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5:
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2434:Cervical sinus
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2398:Copula linguae
2395:
2390:
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2365:Primary palate
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1178:zygomatic bone
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429:embryogenesis
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19:
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2205:
2201:
2168:
2140:
2101:(1): 17–38.
2098:
2094:
2088:
2069:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2038:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1970:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1870:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1740:
1721:
1675:
1672:PLOS Biology
1671:
1661:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1567:(1): 54–61.
1564:
1560:
1554:
1521:
1517:
1448:
1435:Cranial root
1390:
1360:
1283:Facial nerve
1273:lesser horns
1168:Premaxilla,
1097:
1085:
1057:
1041:
1016:facial nerve
1013:
977:
957:
940:
936:
935:
919:
916:Blood supply
910:Facial nerve
908:
905:Nerve supply
860:
859:
850:Lesser cornu
826:
822:
821:
757:
739:
735:
733:
717:
714:Blood supply
699:
693:
690:Nerve supply
670:
666:
665:
611:
610:
557:
556:
553:
543:
540:ossification
510:
496:
484:
466:
444:
440:
438:
415:10 to 16 in
410:
376:form on the
372:
353:
342:
331:
316:
280:
268:
248:human embryo
245:
224:
220:
218:
77:
1407:except the
1393:aortic arch
1378:Vagus nerve
1355:(including
1353:soft palate
1060:vagus nerve
1010:Second arch
978:All of the
922:aortic arch
818:Derivatives
730:Second arch
720:aortic arch
550:Derivatives
449:development
349:pericardium
334:development
287:germ layers
283:vertebrates
252:development
233:vertebrates
67:Identifiers
2491:Embryology
2465:Categories
2054:2007-09-09
1783:2007-09-09
1757:2007-09-09
1498:References
1316:Hyoid bone
1269:hyoid bone
1248:stylohyoid
1236:buccinator
1226:hyoid arch
1188:, and the
1038:Third arch
1028:stylohyoid
974:First arch
883:Stylohyoid
854:hyoid bone
800:hyoid bone
784:hyoid bone
780:middle ear
768:mesenchyme
744:fetal life
740:hyoid arch
638:temporalis
620:(chewing)
572:middle ear
528:middle ear
435:First arch
386:ectodermal
378:endodermal
368:mesenchyme
2296:Nasal pit
1561:BioEssays
1256:auricular
1244:stapedius
1156:mylohyoid
1152:digastric
1082:In humans
1032:stapedius
1024:digastric
996:mylohyoid
992:digastric
912:(CN VII)
895:Stapedius
497:lower jaw
485:upper jaw
463:Processes
453:stomodeum
358:stick, a
347:from the
345:stomodeum
313:Hox genes
277:Structure
179:(outside)
2232:16313389
2123:32707087
2115:24151219
2030:31402457
1947:16441562
1862:34716275
1704:19215146
1653:10274300
1645:12193642
1589:10792335
1581:11135309
1546:28318053
1538:12784288
1464:See also
1437:) (XI),
1240:platysma
1196:and the
1174:mandible
878:Platysma
823:Skeletal
684:endoderm
680:ectoderm
624:masseter
581:mandible
558:Skeletal
536:mandible
516:mesoderm
493:mandible
455:and the
406:mesoderm
402:ectoderm
398:endoderm
256:mesoderm
2417:General
2304:Lateral
2223:1571564
2202:J. Anat
2021:6875933
2000:J. Anat
1938:2100189
1917:J. Anat
1853:8673075
1830:Bibcode
1695:2637924
1623:Science
1190:malleus
1184:, the
1170:maxilla
1093:trachea
953:somites
861:Muscles
852:of the
794:of the
778:of the
762:of the
612:Muscles
577:maxilla
570:of the
564:malleus
526:of the
524:malleus
481:maxilla
443:, also
425:chicken
417:mammals
408:layer.
260:pharynx
246:In the
90:D001934
50:Details
2380:Tongue
2357:Palate
2309:Medial
2230:
2220:
2175:
2147:
2121:
2113:
2076:
2028:
2018:
1977:
1945:
1935:
1860:
1850:
1803:
1728:
1702:
1692:
1651:
1643:
1587:
1579:
1544:
1536:
1405:larynx
1361:except
1345:Fourth
1324:thymus
1261:Stapes
1134:Artery
1089:larynx
1026:, the
1002:, and
994:, the
897:muscle
885:muscle
874:muscle
832:Stapes
788:stapes
776:stapes
772:ossify
708:tongue
629:medial
534:. The
489:palate
471:and a
419:, and
360:muscle
338:embryo
2348:Mouth
2119:S2CID
1649:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1542:S2CID
1400:Fifth
1380:(X),
1307:Third
1285:(VII)
1186:incus
1130:Nerve
846:, and
667:Other
568:incus
520:incus
477:bones
394:gills
308:hyoid
295:skull
271:gills
171:1–4:
113:[
73:Latin
2283:Face
2275:neck
2273:and
2271:head
2228:PMID
2173:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2111:PMID
2074:ISBN
2026:PMID
1975:ISBN
1943:PMID
1858:PMID
1822:PNAS
1801:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1700:PMID
1641:PMID
1577:PMID
1534:PMID
1522:119A
1453:and
1331:(IX)
1098:The
1091:and
943:are
802:and
748:neck
734:The
700:CN V
682:and
631:and
579:and
566:and
522:and
483:(or
439:The
400:and
390:neck
297:and
237:fish
219:The
85:MeSH
2218:PMC
2210:doi
2206:207
2103:doi
2099:275
2016:PMC
2008:doi
2004:235
1933:PMC
1925:doi
1921:208
1848:PMC
1838:doi
1826:118
1690:PMC
1680:doi
1631:doi
1627:298
1569:doi
1526:doi
939:or
738:or
544:not
495:or
318:DLX
281:In
231:of
206:e:
200:d:
194:c:
188:b:
182:a:
2467::
2226:.
2216:.
2204:.
2200:.
2159:^
2131:^
2117:.
2109:.
2097:.
2024:.
2014:.
2002:.
1998:.
1955:^
1941:.
1931:.
1919:.
1915:.
1879:^
1856:.
1846:.
1836:.
1824:.
1820:.
1792:^
1712:^
1698:.
1688:.
1674:.
1670:.
1647:.
1639:.
1625:.
1621:.
1583:.
1575:.
1565:23
1563:.
1540:.
1532:.
1520:.
1506:^
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1420:,
1416:,
1371:,
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1095:.
1050:.
1006:.
998:,
814:.
750:.
726:.
503:.
459:.
431:.
273:.
266:.
97:TE
61:10
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2255:t
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2234:.
2212::
2181:.
2153:.
2125:.
2105::
2082:.
2057:.
2032:.
2010::
1983:.
1949:.
1927::
1864:.
1840::
1832::
1786:.
1760:.
1734:.
1706:.
1682::
1676:7
1655:.
1633::
1591:.
1571::
1548:.
1528::
1472:.
1433:(
1318:(
1271:(
1200:.
856:.
840:,
834:,
698:(
117:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
