171:, the word "repeat" refers only to a single episode; "rerun" or "rerunning" is the preferred term for an entire series/season. A "repeat" is a single episode of a series that is broadcast outside its original timeslot on the same channel/network. The episode is usually the "repeat" of the scheduled episode that was broadcast in the original timeslot earlier the previous week. It allows viewers who were not able to watch the show in its timeslot to catch up before the next episode is broadcast. The term "rerun" can also be used in some respects as a synonym for "
374:(four to five seasons' worth) are required for a weekly series to be rerun in daily syndication (at least four times a week). Very popular series running more than four seasons may start daily reruns of the first seasons, while production and airings continue of the current season's episodes; until around the early 1980s, shows that aired in syndication while still in production had the reruns aired under an alternate name (or multiple alternate names, as was the case with
284:. This winter (or "mid-season") phase is also used to try out new shows that did not make it onto the fall schedule to see how they fare with the public. These series usually run six to 13 episodes. If they do well with the public, they may get a renewal for a half (13 weeks) or full season in the new schedule. Shows that are already popular return from February sweeps until the end of the season (which sometimes ends before May sweeps) with only limited reruns used.
877:, cable, and later, from 1998 on, digital television, although many ITV programs up to the early 1990s, particularly imported programming, were syndicated in the sense that each ITV region bought some programs independently of the ITV Network, and in particular many programs out of primetime made by smaller ITV stations were "part-networked" where some regions would show them and others would not. Nowadays, many channels in the UK (for example,
922:, as new contracts have to be drawn up and payments made to the artists concerned. Repeats on multichannel television are cheaper, as are reshowings of newer programs covered by less strict repeat clauses. However, programs are no longer destroyed, as the historical and cultural reasons for keeping them have now been seen and the cost to maintain archives is now far less, even if the programs have little or no repeat value.
36:
433:, combined with a growing body of available postsyndication programming, a handful of specialty channels have been built solely or primarily to run former network programming, which otherwise would no longer be in syndication. Branded as "classic television", these often carry reruns of programming dating back to the
881:) repackage and rebroadcast "classic" programming from both sides of the Atlantic. Some of these channels, like their U.S. counterparts, make commercial timing cuts; others get around this by running shows in longer time slots, and critics of timing cuts see no reason why all channels should not do the same.
408:
was once the most prominent barter syndicator in United States television, offering mostly older series from numerous network libraries. Barter syndicated series may be seen on smaller, independent stations with small budgets or as short-term filler on larger stations; they tend not to be as widely
383:
Few people anticipated the long life that a popular television series would eventually have in syndication, so most performers signed contracts that limited residual payments to about six repeats. After that, the actors received nothing and the production company would keep 100% of any income until
912:
and other trade bodies limited the number of times a single program could be broadcast, usually only twice, and these showings were limited to within a set time period such as five years. This was due to the unions' fear that the channels filling their schedules with repeats could put actors and
403:
syndication, in which television stations are offered the program for free in exchange for a requirement to air additional advertisements (without compensation) bundled with the free program during other shows (barter syndication is far more common, if not the norm, in radio, where only the most
220:
rerunning its episodes during the summer, shows typically went on a summer hiatus and were replaced with summer replacements, generally lower-priority programs; this strategy has seen increased use in the 21st century as fewer episodes have been produced each season and in-season reruns have
760:
Some television programs that are released on DVD (particularly those that have been out of production for several years) may not have all of the seasons released, either due to poor overall sales or prohibitive costs for obtaining rights to music used in the program; one such incidence is
767:, which has seldom been in wide syndication since the late 1990s primarily due to lack of demand, which had only a DVD set of the first and second seasons released due to the expensiveness of relicensing songs used in later seasons of the series that are performed by the show's
739:
have become an increasingly important retail item. Some view this development as a rising new idea in the industry of reruns as an increasingly major revenue source in themselves instead of the standard business model as a draw for audiences for advertising. While there were
275:
In the United States, currently running shows rerun older episodes from the same season to fill the time slot with the same program during the "off-season" period when no new episodes are being made. Shows tend to start rerunning episodes after the
November
917:
after their repeat rights had expired, as they were considered to be of no further use by the broadcasters. Although these agreements changed during the 1980s and beyond, it is still expensive to repeat archive television series on
British
744:
releases of television series before DVD, the format's limited content capacity, large size and reliance on mechanical winding made it impractical as a widespread retail item. Many series which continue to air first-run episodes (such as
894:, which had very low ratings in its first series, as well as a poor reception from both critics and focus groups and was almost cancelled. The series started to gain traction once the BBC decided to repeat it in a different timeslot and
794:
Other TV listings services and publications, including local newspapers, often indicated reruns as "(R)"; since the early 2000s, many listing services only provide a notation if an episode is new -"(N)", with reruns getting no notation.
287:
The number of episodes per season, originally well over 30 episodes during the 1950s and 1960s, dropped below 26 (the number of episodes required to fill a time slot for a year without rerunning any episode more than once) in the 1970s.
807:
channels that rely largely on off-network or library rights to programs (and in many cases, may originate little to no first run programming of their own). Reruns of a broadcaster's own library programs are often used to comply with
715:, and lack of media cross-promotion among them); some self-contained and personality-driven reality shows have been successfully rerun. Reruns of sports broadcasts, which face many of the same issues reality shows face, have found a
774:. In some cases, series whose later season releases have been held up for these reasons may have the remaining seasons made available on DVD, often after a distributor that does not hold syndication rights to the program (such as
365:
or an owner of local television stations. Often, programs are not particularly profitable until they are sold for syndication. Since local television stations often need to sell more commercial airtime than
392:
for the performers, regardless of the number of reruns, while tape recycling effectively came to an end (rapid advancements in digital video in the 1990s made preservation far more economical) and the
199:
and others are called an omnibus. The omnibus is a weekly rerun that is broadcast on a Sunday afternoon on the original channel/network. It only broadcasts the past week's episodes back-to-back.
251:, most television shows from the late 1940s and early 1950s were performed live, and in many cases, they were never recorded. However, television networks in the United States began making
884:
It has been common practice by networks, notably the BBC, to rerun some series after they have not fared particularly well on their original run. This was particularly common with
819:
In the United
Kingdom, most drama and comedy series run for shorter seasons – typically six, seven, or thirteen episodes – and are then replaced by others. An exception is
898:
went on to be an award-winning and critically acclaimed show which has regularly featured in lists of the Best
Sitcoms ever. In 2019, the series was ranked 6th on
280:(the ratings that determine the cost of a commercial run during that time slot), and usually show only reruns from mid-December until mid-January or even February
388:, such was the lack of awareness of the potential for revenue from them. This situation went unchanged until the mid-1970s, when contracts for new shows extended
325:
457:
station. Depending on the programs chosen for a classic network, running the format can be very inexpensive, due to many shows beginning to fall into the
410:
913:
other production staff out of work as fewer new shows would be made. It also had the unintentional side effect of causing many programs to be
909:
850:
commonly repeated classic shows from their archives, but this has more or less dried up in favor of newer (and cheaper) formats such as
227:
544:
networks has allowed for increasing specialization of these classic networks: in addition to general-interest program networks such as
979:
791:
originally used the term "rerun" to designate rebroadcast programs, but abruptly changed to "repeat" between April and May in 1971.
711:
have proven to be a comparative failure in reruns, due to a number of factors (high cast turnover, loss of the element of surprise,
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drew more viewers than the first run as people who had missed the first airing a month prior tuned in to catch the reairing.
57:
763:
312:
175:", the equivalent term for print items; this is especially true for print items that are part of ongoing series such as
816:, requiring that a minimum of the broadcaster's programming be dedicated to programming that is produced by Canadians.
803:
Reruns are often carried by
Canadian broadcasters in much the same way as they are in the United States, especially on
464:
On cable and satellite, channels that devote at least some of their program schedule to postsyndication reruns include
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703:(often in edited form) have been seen less commonly in reruns; game shows can quickly become dated because of
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in various markets; those stations were, as a result of Equity going bankrupt, sold to religious broadcaster
79:
509:
210:
are generally credited as the inventors of the rerun. It was first used for the
American television series
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757:) may release DVD sets of the prior season between the end of that season and the beginning of the next.
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Once a series is no longer performing well enough to be sold in syndication, it may still remain in
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the copyright expired; many shows did not even have their copyrights renewed and others were
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when many episodes of the program are sold as a package. Generally, the buyer is either a
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era, this would be the only opportunity audiences had of seeing a program more than once.
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370:, syndicated shows are usually edited to make room for extra commercials. Often, about
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As in the U.S., fewer new episodes are made during the summer. Until recently, the
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that can be rerun for a long period of time without losing its cultural relevance.
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extended copyright terms to much longer lengths, eliminating the need for renewal.
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Early on in the history of
British television, agreements with the actors' union
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35:
707:, while talk shows often draw humor from contemporary events. Most variants of
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185:, for instance, has been in reruns since the retirement and death of creator
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is especially well received, it will be rerun from time to time. Before the
264:
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17:
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Syndication did not exist as such in United
Kingdom until the arrival of
787:
653:
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195:
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on multichannel television and free ad-supported streaming television.
665:
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585:
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469:
181:
172:
267:, paved the way for extensive reruns of syndicated television series.
885:
517:
442:
281:
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263:. These kinescopes, along with previously filmed shows, and later,
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Traditionally, shows most likely to be rerun in this manner are
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317:
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was credited with proving reruns' viability. Buoyed by strong
29:
954:, February 11, 1955. p. 31. ProQuest Historical Newspapers,
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shows, except on the BBC, where older BBC shows, especially
310:
or a network television broadcast of a classic film such as
380:) to differentiate the reruns from the first-run episodes.
202:
When used to refer to the rebroadcast of a single episode,
835:), or are on for a season similar to the American format.
675:
and dramas. Such shows are more likely to be considered
151:. The two types of reruns are those that occur during a
147:
is a rebroadcast of an episode of a radio or television
971:
Rerun nation: how repeats invented
American television
259:. This allowed the show to be broadcast later for the
1015:"The Wild West of streaming TV is here and it's free"
905:
s list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.
437:
era and are promoted as nostalgia. The corresponding
409:
syndicated as programs syndicated with a rights fee.
345:
are normally reshown each year, for the appropriate
823:, which are either on all year-round (for example,
413:(FAST) relies on the barter model for its revenue.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1039:"TVShowsOnDVD.com - The "What's The Hold-up?" FAQ"
27:Rebroadcast of an episode of a radio or TV program
292:typically pad out the remainder of the schedule.
778:) secures the rights for future DVD releases.
8:
564:, there exist networks solely for comedies (
255:recordings of shows broadcast live from the
216:(1951–57) during Ball's pregnancy. Prior to
1086:"The 100 best TV shows of the 21st century"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
943:
540:. Since the early 2010s, the growth of
155:and those that occur when a program is
1061:"20 Surprising Facts About The Office"
996:"THE LOONEY TUNES TELEVISION SPECIALS"
588:), lifestyle and reality programming (
411:Free ad-supported streaming television
404:popular programs charge rights fees).
640:), true crime and court programming (
7:
950:Gould, Jack. "TV: Twice-Told Tale".
58:adding citations to reliable sources
735:featuring season or series runs of
713:overall hostility toward the format
632:), sci-fi and action programming (
429:channels, as well as over-the-air
25:
421:With the growing availability of
343:Charlie Brown television specials
193:, reruns of the daily soap opera
34:
357:A television program goes into
45:needs additional citations for
326:How the Grinch Stole Christmas
1:
1013:Morrison, Sara (2023-05-24).
580:), ethnic-oriented programs (
530:low-power television stations
323:Seasonal programming such as
812:regulations enforced by the
870:, are frequently repeated.
243:Reruns in the United States
1133:
691:, and to a lesser extent,
538:Daystar Television Network
435:black-and-white television
131:
974:. Routledge. p. 43.
689:Saturday morning cartoons
534:Retro Television Network
386:systematically destroyed
968:Kompare, Derek (2005).
799:Repeats internationally
624:), sports programming (
1117:Television terminology
920:terrestrial television
660:), and feature films (
620:), music programming (
134:Rerun (disambiguation)
727:With the rise of the
701:late-night talk shows
656:), news programming (
526:Equity Media Holdings
394:Copyright Act of 1976
338:It's A Wonderful Life
805:specialty television
441:would be that of an
427:satellite television
406:The Program Exchange
332:The Ten Commandments
132:For other uses, see
54:improve this article
1065:www.mentalfloss.com
431:digital subchannels
296:Television specials
1002:on March 11, 2005.
709:reality television
697:tabloid talk shows
642:True Crime Network
618:Heroes & Icons
542:digital subchannel
417:Classic television
368:network affiliates
302:television special
832:Coronation Street
764:Perfect Strangers
737:television series
677:evergreen content
673:scripted comedies
532:to carry its own
498:Game Show Network
390:residual payments
377:Death Valley Days
225:'s 1955 teleplay
187:Charles M. Schulz
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16:(Redirected from
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998:. Archived from
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522:Hallmark Channel
494:Discovery Family
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43:This article
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32:
31:
19:
1094:. Retrieved
1092:. 2019-09-16
1090:The Guardian
1089:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1067:. 2017-03-07
1064:
1055:
1047:the original
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1022:. Retrieved
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901:The Guardian
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466:Nick at Nite
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451:classic hits
447:classic rock
439:radio format
420:
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372:100 episodes
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300:Often, if a
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204:Lucille Ball
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191:South Africa
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177:comic strips
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
958:(1851–2006)
821:soap operas
782:TV listings
650:Ion Mystery
482:WGN America
478:USA Network
359:syndication
353:Syndication
223:Rod Serling
221:increased.
218:I Love Lucy
213:I Love Lucy
1096:2021-09-06
1071:2021-09-06
1024:2023-11-04
938:References
896:The Office
891:The Office
861:Dad's Army
826:EastEnders
772:characters
723:DVD retail
681:Game shows
630:SportsGrid
574:game shows
558:Antenna TV
520:, and the
261:West Coast
257:East Coast
208:Desi Arnaz
163:Variations
157:syndicated
80:newspapers
18:Second run
932:First run
875:satellite
848:Channel 4
742:videotape
705:inflation
582:Bounce TV
562:Rewind TV
506:Nicktoons
502:Boomerang
341:, or the
307:Peter Pan
265:videotape
253:kinescope
1111:Category
926:See also
888:such as
788:TV Guide
769:two lead
733:box sets
654:Start TV
646:Court TV
598:TrueReal
304:such as
290:Specials
237:Patterns
228:Patterns
196:7de Laan
110:May 2024
886:sitcoms
856:sitcoms
852:reality
666:This TV
662:Movies!
638:Charge!
626:Stadium
602:Defy TV
586:TheGrio
486:Logo TV
470:TV Land
247:In the
182:Peanuts
173:reprint
167:In the
149:program
94:scholar
69:"Rerun"
978:
915:junked
910:Equity
699:, and
664:, and
652:, and
622:Circle
616:, and
608:, and
518:RFD-TV
443:oldies
401:barter
282:sweeps
189:). In
153:hiatus
145:repeat
96:
89:
82:
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67:
717:niche
658:Newsy
634:Comet
610:Quest
606:Twist
578:Buzzr
554:getTV
550:MeTV+
453:, or
423:cable
141:rerun
101:JSTOR
87:books
976:ISBN
879:Gold
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