310:
273:. Registrability can be understood as a continuum, with "inherently distinctive" marks at one end, "generic" and "descriptive" marks with no distinctive character at the other end, and "suggestive" and "arbitrary" marks lying between these two points. "Descriptive" marks must acquire distinctiveness through secondary meaning—consumers have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator—to be protectable. "Generic" terms are used to refer to the product or service itself and cannot be used as trademarks.
700:, and defines "Shepardizing on a web page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success.
179:
618:
range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see
1394:
551:, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate the mark, as used on the identified goods or in connection with the identified services, with a particular commercial origin or source (i.e. the trademark owner). "Use" may include authorized use by a licensee or other party. If the trade mark office is satisfied that the evidence demonstrates that a mark has "acquired" distinctive character
77:
36:
446:
services of other businesses, and therefore cannot be afforded any legal protection. This is because there has to be some term which may generally be used by anyone—including other manufacturers—to refer to a product without using some organization's proprietary trademark. Marks which become generic after losing distinctive character are known as
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associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.
535:
inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness. Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products.
450:. Marks which are a misspelling of a generic term (e.g., the elimination of a space) do not change the generic significance of the term. Aspirin tablet is a registered trademark by Bayer AG. Aspirin is a generic word in the United States for the pain reliever acetylsalicylic acid (also known as ASA). Another example is the term "
663:
for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of losing their trademark status by becoming declared generic in certain countries, something that the respective trademark owners actively seek to prevent. In order to prevent marks becoming generic, trademark owners often contact those who
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The nature and extent of acceptable evidence of use varies between jurisdictions, although the most useful evidence usually includes sales figures, details of advertising and promotional expenditure, and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly
617:
Trademark rights generally arise out of the use and/or registration (see below) of a mark in connection only with a specific type or range of products or services. Although it may sometimes be possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this
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A general method for assessing the distinctive character of a mark is to consider a consumer's reaction to a mark. The mark may only be inherently registrable if the consumer has never encountered the mark before. On the other hand, the mark is unlikely to be inherently registrable if it informs him
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customers to mean any blended coffee beverage, though employees are instructed to only say "frappuccino blended coffee" or "frappuccino blended cream" when referring to such drinks. This rule is not hard-and-fast, however; for example, Lexis-Nexis has a U.S. trademark registration for "Shepardize,"
515:
might find that the name "Houston ice cream" is denied trademark protection on the grounds that the word
Houston is merely descriptive. However, they might have better luck with the name "North Pole ice cream". In the latter case, although North Pole is a geographical location, the ice cream is not
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The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain exclusive rights
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marks on the other. This is because suggestive marks, like fanciful and arbitrary marks, are presumed to be entitled to trademark protection, while descriptive marks are entitled to protection if they have become known as representing the producer of the goods, and generic marks can never receive
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is the common name for the products or services in connection with which it is used, such as "salt" when used in connection with sodium chloride. A generic term is not capable of serving the essential trademark function of distinguishing the products or services of a business from the products or
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Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term can be
687:" telling them that they should only use the term "modified by Adobe® Photoshop® software." Xerox has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying on machine." Another popular example is the use of the word "
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mark tends to indicate the nature, quality, or a characteristic of the products or services in relation to which it is used, but does not describe this characteristic, and requires imagination on the part of the consumer to identify the characteristic. Suggestive marks invoke the consumer’s
356:" for computers). Such marks consist of words or images which have some dictionary meaning before being adopted as trademarks, but which are used in connection with products or services unrelated to that dictionary meaning. Arbitrary marks are also immediately eligible for registration.
597:). In the U.S., if a trademark has been used for a continuous period of at least five years after the date of registration, the right to use the mark and the registration may become "incontestable" (e.g. invulnerable to cancellation for non-use, but not for becoming
636:" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.
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used in connection with saltine crackers or anchovies. Such terms are not registrable unless it attains a 'secondary meaning', such that the mark is so distinctive that people associated it with specific brand name in the
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for use outside games. Trademark right is generally country specific. Thus, a mark that become generic in one country, such as the example of
Aspirin, can still be used and recognized as a trademark in another country.
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checks and confirms whether the request for incontestability meets formality requirements, but whether a registration is incontestable at law can only be determined during legal proceedings involving the registration.
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about any characteristic of the relevant products or services (e.g. whether they are delicious, large, spicy, black, or sweet, in the case of fruit). In any other case the mark may not be registrable.
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attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of
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of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "
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protection. It can be seen from the examples above that the distinctive character of a term is closely related to the products or services in relation to which the term is used.
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for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.
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unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to
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Another example of a descriptive mark would be a geographical word or phrase that merely indicates the origin of the product or service. For example,
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mark is a term with a dictionary meaning which is used in connection with products or services directly related to that meaning. An example might be
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332:" had no meaning before it was adopted and used as a trademark in relation to goods, whether photographic goods or otherwise. Invented marks are
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appear to be using the trademark incorrectly, from web page authors to dictionary editors, and request that they cease the improper usage.
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1128:
1089:
A century of trade marks : a commentary on the work and history of the Trade Marks
Registry, which celebrates its centenary in 1976
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Therefore marks that identify or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as
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679:, though for certain trademarks, use as nouns and, less commonly, verbs is common. For example,
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A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is
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520:, and no reasonable person would assume that the phrase North Pole is literally descriptive.
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1030:"ASPIRIN Brand or Aspirin Tablets? Avoiding the "Genericide" Headache in the United States"
1829:
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1149:"Always Use a Trademark as an Adjective, Followed by the Appropriate Noun Descriptor(s)"
647:" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for
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385:, a new technology of high-capacity data storage that utilizes a "blue" (actually
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registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "
483:
In trademark litigation, courts are most frequently asked to distinguish between
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would be an arbitrary mark if used in connection with e.g. telephones such as in
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trademark is usually a common word which is used in a meaningless context (e.g. "
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Trademark & copyright disputes : litigation forms and analysis
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1091:. Moorby, R. L., Myall, D. G. A., Dyer, F. J. Ward. London: H.M.S.O.
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527:, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the
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999:"The Witcher studio assuages concerns over 'Cyberpunk' trademark"
558:, then the mark may be accepted for registration on the basis of
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The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the
397:, an aerospace corporation manufacturing commercial aircraft.
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932:"'NETENTERPRISE' Generic For An Internet Business, Says TTAB"
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for "games and online gaming services" (particularly for the
454:", which in the United States is a registered trademark by
269:, if it performs the essential trademark function, and has
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perceptive imagination. Examples of a suggestive mark are
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The proper use of a trademark means using the mark as an
846:"Abercrombie Classification Law & Legal Definition"
197:
1068:
Waters, Baldwin
Shelston; Angela Sutton (July 2001).
778:. Grimes, Charles W. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.
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426:"Generic term" redirects here. For other uses, see
368:" has no particular connection with such products.
265:. A trademark may be eligible for registration, or
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
879:Intellectual property rights : Text and cases
683:sent e-mails to many web authors using the term "
336:which will not previously have been found in any
911:"In re NetEnterprise, Inc., Serial No. 76219917"
881:. Balasubramanian, S. New Delhi: Excel Books.
632:If a court rules that a trademark has become "
1439:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
1264:
987:- European Union Intellectual Property Office
651:as well (although it is still a trademark in
257:is an important concept in the law governing
186:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1055:"Spectrum of Distinctiveness for Trademarks"
808:Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World
287:Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World
950:"Aspirin: Health benefits, uses, and risks"
289:537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1524:
1271:
1257:
1249:
301:classification" or "Abercrombie factors":
589:, and the common law jurisdiction of the
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:"Farewell to Zimmerman's Research Guide"
766:
1174:"Permissions and trademark guidelines"
1087:Great Britain. Patent Office. (1976).
715:Glossary of legal terms in technology
7:
1121:"How Do I Use a Trademark Properly?"
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
297:," also known within the US as the "
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1707:International Trademark Association
1129:International Trademark Association
1053:Miller, Matthew (August 13, 2020).
826:International Trademark Association
720:International Trademark Association
491:marks on the one hand, and between
468:video game adaptation of the former
25:
1196:"A Guide to Proper Trademark Use"
462:and within the European Union by
45:This article has multiple issues.
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177:
75:
34:
1727:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1613:Protected designation of origin
997:Frank, Allegra (6 April 2017).
277:The spectrum of distinctiveness
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1125:Information and Publishing FAQ
822:"Trademarks vs. Generic Terms"
774:Battersby, Gregory J. (2003).
1:
1758:Unregistered trademark symbol
1593:Electronic registration marks
973:CYBERPUNK - Trademark Details
621:Apple Corps v Apple Computer
1748:Registered trademark symbol
628:Maintaining distinctiveness
295:spectrum of distinctiveness
283:United States trademark law
200:, discuss the issue on the
110:"Trademark distinctiveness"
1910:
1339:Initial interest confusion
877:Radhakrishnan, R. (2008).
811:537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976)
593:(which also uses the term
460:tabletop role-playing game
425:
1884:Intellectual property law
1843:
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479:Assessing distinctiveness
255:Trademark distinctiveness
1070:"Trading on a good name"
954:www.medicalnewstoday.com
560:acquired distinctiveness
539:Acquired distinctiveness
525:geographical indications
27:Concept in trademark law
1608:Geographical indication
1242:Canadian Trademark Law
456:R. Talsorian Games Inc.
1848:Category:Trademark law
1835:World Trademark Review
1820:Trademark infringement
1552:Unregistered trademark
1334:Functionality doctrine
755:Unregistered trademark
577:jurisdictions such as
322:inherently distinctive
313:
1583:Collective trademarks
1369:Reputation parasitism
1324:Coexistence agreement
1153:Trademarks and Brands
659:for photocopiers and
643:company's trademark "
601:). In such cases the
516:actually made at the
312:
271:distinctive character
1588:Defensive trademarks
1537:Registered trademark
1434:Community Trade Mark
1384:Well-known trademark
1329:Confusing similarity
1194:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
649:acetylsalicylic acid
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
188:may not represent a
95:improve this article
1794:Washington Redskins
1753:Service mark symbol
1636:Hologram trademarks
1573:Certification marks
1354:Secondary liability
1344:Good faith doctrine
1889:Product management
1815:Trademark examiner
1810:Trademark attorney
1220:www.lexisnexis.com
750:Trademark dilution
745:Trademark attorney
448:generic trademarks
314:
1866:
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1858:WP:MOS/Trademarks
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1641:Motion trademarks
1631:Colour trademarks
1304:Generic trademark
888:978-81-7446-609-9
639:For example, the
595:secondary meaning
401:Descriptive marks
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208:, as appropriate.
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18:Secondary meaning
16:(Redirected from
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1879:Brand management
1656:Sound trademarks
1651:Shape trademarks
1646:Scent trademarks
1623:Non-conventional
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1429:Singapore Treaty
1414:Madrid Agreement
1409:Paris Convention
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555:matter of fact
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1155:. 3Com Legal
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1034:www.inta.org
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88:verification
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1784:Stolichnaya
1603:Ghost marks
1547:Trade dress
1500:Philippines
1309:Passing off
740:Trade dress
710:Ghost marks
689:frappuccino
671:, not as a
612:passing off
545:prima facie
493:descriptive
489:descriptive
416:marketplace
407:descriptive
326:prima facie
299:Abercrombie
267:registrable
1873:Categories
1225:2019-09-12
1201:2006-12-05
1180:2006-09-03
1159:2006-09-03
1134:2006-09-03
1039:2020-04-12
959:2020-04-12
852:2013-01-23
831:2013-01-23
761:References
518:North Pole
485:suggestive
472:Sony Music
378:suggestive
338:dictionary
334:neologisms
259:trademarks
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1853:Case laws
1789:Ugg boots
1774:Budweiser
1475:Hong Kong
1455:Australia
1009:Vox Media
985:CYBERPUNK
897:769888924
693:Starbucks
669:adjective
583:Hong Kong
579:Australia
513:ice cream
470:) and by
452:cyberpunk
350:arbitrary
202:talk page
56:talk page
1767:Disputes
1557:Wordmark
1529:Standard
1402:Treaties
1349:Fair use
1299:Dilution
1287:Concepts
975:- Justia
794:51098248
704:See also
661:Band-Aid
585:and the
458:for its
318:fanciful
291:spectrum
196:You may
151:May 2010
1803:Related
1741:Symbols
1665:Related
1485:Ireland
1448:Country
1176:. Adobe
1107:2647046
1074:Findlaw
1004:Polygon
936:TTABlog
645:Aspirin
634:generic
599:generic
509:Houston
497:generic
428:Generic
383:Blu-ray
135:scholar
1695:Bodies
1677:Emblem
1460:Canada
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511:based
434:, and
395:Airbus
387:violet
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1717:USPTO
1712:EUIPO
1672:Brand
1520:Types
1490:Japan
1480:India
1465:China
1424:TRIPS
918:USPTO
914:(PDF)
691:" by
681:Adobe
675:or a
657:Xerox
641:Bayer
603:USPTO
553:as a
411:Salty
391:laser
358:Salty
354:Apple
330:Kodak
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
1732:CIPO
1702:WIPO
1682:Logo
1495:Oman
1103:OCLC
1093:ISBN
1016:2020
893:OCLC
883:ISBN
790:OCLC
780:ISBN
677:verb
673:noun
573:and
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487:and
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366:salt
261:and
114:news
1244:FAQ
655:).
348:An
281:In
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