Secretarybird - Knowledge (XXG)

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period of only 10–15 milliseconds. This short time of contact suggests that the secretarybird relies on superior visual targeting to determine the precise location of the prey's head. Although little is known about its visual field, it is assumed that it is large, frontal and binocular. Secretarybirds have unusually long legs (nearly twice as long as other ground birds of the same body mass), which is thought to be an adaptation for the bird's unique stomping and striking hunting method. However, these long limbs appear to also lower its running efficiency. Ecophysiologist Steve Portugal and colleagues have hypothesised that the extinct

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fully-feathered young start to flap their wings. Their weight gain over this period changes from 56 g (2.0 oz) at hatching, to 500 g (18 oz) at 20 days, 1.1 kg (2.4 lb) at 30 days, 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) at 40 days, 2 kg (4.4 lb) at 50 days, 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) at 60 days, and 3 kg (6.6 lb) at 70 days. The time they leave the nest can be anywhere between 65 and 106 days of age, although it most typically occurs between 75 and 80 days of age. Fledging is accomplished by jumping out of the nest or using a semi-controlled glide to the ground.

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feet. Only with small prey items such as wasps will the bird use its bill to pick them directly. There are some reports that, when capturing snakes, a secretarybird will take flight with their prey and then drop them to their death, although this has not been verified. Even with larger prey, food is generally swallowed whole through the birds' considerable gape. Occasionally, like other raptors, they will hold down a food item with their feet while tearing it apart with their bill.

223: 1090:. The legs and feet are pinkish grey, the upper legs clad in black feathers. The toes are short—around 20% of the length of those of an eagle of the same size—and stout, so that the bird is unable to grasp objects with its feet. The rear toe is small and the three forward facing toes are connected at the base by a small web. Immature birds have yellow rather than orange bare skin on their faces, more brownish plumage, shorter tail feathers and greyish rather than brown irises. 1175: 94: 4494: 1571: 1495: 1735:. Although secretarybirds normally build their nests in the trees in the wild, the captive birds at the zoo built theirs on the ground, which left them open to depredation by local wild mammals. To address this problem, the zoo staff removed the eggs from the nest each time they were laid so that they could be incubated and hatched at a safer location. The species has also been bred and reared in captivity at the 69: 749:. Vosmaer suggested that the species was called "sagittarius" by the Dutch settlers because its gait was thought to resemble an archer's. He also mentioned that it was known as the "secretarius" by farmers who had domesticated the bird to combat pests around their homesteads, and proposed that the word "secretarius" might be a corruption of "sagittarius". Ian Glenn of the 1629:, or "one arrow", referring to its crest feathers. They have used parts of the bird in traditional medicine: its feathers could be burnt and the resulting smoke inhaled to treat epilepsy, its egg could be consumed with tea twice daily to treat headaches, and its fat could be boiled and drunk for child growth or livestock health. The 1750:, born to parents Janine and Kevin, who have lived at the park since 2018. The chick’s gender is not yet known, and keepers are providing smaller food items for the protective parents. This successful hatch is seen as a promising step towards establishing a new breeding program for the species at the park. 1716: 1526:

Secretarybirds specialise in stomping their prey until it is killed or immobilised. This method of hunting is commonly applied to lizards or snakes. An adult male trained to strike at a rubber snake on a force plate was found to hit with a force equal to five times its own body weight, with a contact

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respectively, were discovered in France. The feet in these fossils are more like those of the Accipitridae; it is suggested that these characteristics are primitive features within the family. In spite of their age, the two species are not thought to be ancestral to the secretarybird. Though strongly

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The birds often flush prey from tall grass by stomping on the surrounding vegetation. Their crest feathers may raise during a hunt, which may serve to help scare the target and provide shade for the face. A bird will chase after prey with the wings spread and kill by striking with swift blows of the

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Eggs are laid at 2- to 3-day intervals until the clutch of 1–3 eggs is complete. The elongated chalky bluish green or white eggs average 78 mm × 57 mm (3.1 in × 2.2 in) and weigh 130 g (4.6 oz). Both parents incubate the eggs, starting as soon as the first egg

1308:, at a height of between 2.5 and 13 m (8 and 40 ft) above the ground. The nest is constructed as a relatively flat platform of sticks 1.0–1.5 m (3–5 ft) across with a depth 30–50 cm (12–20 in). The shallow depression is lined with grass and the occasional piece of dung. 1865:

Hackett, S. J.; Kimball, R. T.; Reddy, S.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Braun, E. L.; Braun, M. J.; Chojnowski, J. L.; Cox, W. A.; Han, K-L.; Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Marks, B. D.; Miglia, K. J.; Moore, W. S.; Sheldon, F. H.; Steadman, D. W.; Witt, C. C.; Yuri, T. (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds

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in 2020, due to a recent rapid decline across its entire range. Although widespread, the species is thinly distributed across its range; its population has been estimated in 2016 to be anywhere between 6,700 and 67,000 individuals. Long term monitoring across South Africa between 1987 and 2013 has

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existence. More specifically, it prefers areas with grass under 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) high and avoids those with grass over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high. It is rarer in grasslands in northern parts of its range that otherwise appear similar to areas in southern Africa where it is

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legs. It stands about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) tall. It has a length of between 1.1 and 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in and 4 ft 11 in) and a wingspan of between 1.9 and 2.1 m (6 ft 3 in and 6 ft 11 in). The weight ranges from 3.74 to 4.27 kg (8.2 to

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Food that cannot be digested is regurgitated as pellets 40–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in) in diameter and 30–100 mm (1.2–3.9 in) in length. These are dropped on the ground usually near the roost or nest trees. The secretarybird has a relatively short digestive tract in comparison to large

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The eggs hatch after around 45 days at intervals of 2–3 days. Both parents feed the young. The adults regurgitate food onto the floor of the nest and then pick up items and pass them to the chicks. For the first 2 or 3 weeks after the eggs hatch the parents take turns to stay at the nest with the

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before flying in upwind. Birds encountered singly are often unattached males, their territories generally in less suitable areas. Conversely, larger groups of up to 50 individuals may be present at an area with a localised resource such as a waterhole in a dry area or an irruption of rodents or

1206:. Mated pairs roost together but may forage separately, though often remaining in sight of one another. They pace around at a speed of 2.5–3 km/h (1.6–1.9 mph), taking 120 steps per minute on average. After spending much of the day on the ground, secretarybirds return at dusk, moving 1093:

Adults are normally silent but can utter a deep guttural croaking noise in nuptial displays or at nests. Secretarybirds make this sound when greeting their mates or in a threat display or fight against other birds, sometimes throwing their head backwards at the same time. When alarmed, the

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that becomes darker grey after two weeks. Their bare facial skin and legs are yellow. Crest feathers appear at 21 days, and flight feathers by 28 days. They can stand up and feed autonomously after 40 days, although the parents still feed the nestlings after that time. At 60 days, the now

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is laid, but it is usually the female that remains on the nest overnight. The incubating parent greets its partner when it returns with a display of bowing and bobbing its head with neck extended. The tail is held upright with feathers fanned out, and the chest feathers are puffed out.

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Juveniles remain in their natal range before dispersing when they are between 4 and 7 months of age. The usual age at which they first breed is uncertain but there is a record of a male bird breeding successfully at an age of 2 years and 9 months, which is young for a large raptor.

1082:, rump and thighs are black, while the uppertail coverts are white, though barred with black in some individuals. The tail is wedge-shaped with white tipping, marbled grey and black colouring at the base, and two broad black bands, one at the base and the other at the end. 1581:

The secretarybird has traditionally been admired in Africa for its striking appearance and ability to deal with pests and snakes. As such it has often not been disturbed, although this is changing as traditional observances have declined. It is a prominent feature on the

1078:. The plumage of the crown, upperparts, and lesser and median wing coverts is blue-grey, and the underparts and underwing coverts are lighter grey to grey-white. The crest is made up of long black feathers arising from the nape. The scapulars, primary and secondary 3562: 3393:"The secretarybird dilemma: identifying a bird species from the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari [In] Z. E. Szafrański (Ed.), Deir el-Bahari Studies 2. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27/2, pp. 83–116. Warsaw: University of Warsaw Press" 999:

meaning either "hawk of the semi-desert" or "hawk that flies". Glenn has dismissed this etymology on the grounds that there is no evidence that the name came through French, instead supporting Buffon's etymology; namely, that the word comes from the Dutch

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As a population, the secretarybird is mainly threatened by loss of habitat due to fragmentation by roads and development and overgrazing of grasslands by livestock. Some adaptation to altered areas has been recorded but the trend is for decline.

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Secretarybirds soar with their primary feathers splayed to manage turbulence. Their wings can flap, though in a slow laborious manner and requiring uplift to be sustained; otherwise they may become exhausted. In the heat of the day, they use

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averages 31 cm (12 in) and the tail is 57–85 cm (22–33 in): both factor into making it both taller and longer than any other species of raptor. The neck is not especially long, and can only be lowered down to the

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legs that give the bird a height of as much as 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in). The sexes are similar in appearance. Adults have a featherless red-orange face and predominantly grey plumage, with a flattened dark crest and black

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is laid. In years with plentiful food all three young can survive to fledging. The secretarybird hunts and catches prey on the ground, often stomping on victims to kill them. Insects and small vertebrates make up its diet.

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Sexes resemble one another, although the male tends to have longer tail feathers, more head plumes, a shorter head and more blue-grey plumage. Adults have a featherless red-orange face with pale brown irises and a yellow

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suggested that the name secretary/secrétaire had been chosen because of the long quill-like feathers at the top of the bird's neck, reminiscent of a quill pen behind the ear of an ancient scribe. In 1977, C. Hilary Fry of

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Allan, D. G.; Harrison, J. A.; Navarro, R. A.; van Wilgen, B. W.; Thompson, M. W. (1997). "The impact of commercial afforestation on bird population in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa – Insights from Bird-Atlas Data".

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Herholdt, J. J.; Anderson, M. D. (2006). "Observations on the population and breeding status of the African whitebacked vulture, the black-chested snake eagle, and the secretarybird in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park".

1546:. Eagles mainly steal larger prey and will attack secretarybirds both singly or in pairs. Secretarybird pairs are sometimes successful in driving the eagles away and may even knock them down and pin them to the ground. 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1679: 1722: 1586:, which was adopted in 2000. With its wings outstretched, it represents growth, and its penchant for killing snakes is symbolic as the protector of the South African state against enemies. It is on the 2246:

Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017).

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secretarybird may emit a high-pitched croak. Mated pairs at the nest make soft clucking or whistling calls. Chicks make a sharp sound heard as "chee-uk-chee-uk-chee-uk" for their first 30 days.

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young. Despite the difference in nestling size due to the asynchronous hatching, little sibling aggression has been observed. Under favourable conditions all chicks from a clutch of three eggs

1599: 2286:; Berv, J. S.; Dornburg, A.; Field, D. J.; Townsend, J. P.; Lemmon, E. M.; Lemmon, A. R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". 756: 559:

Although the secretarybird resides over a large range, the results of localised surveys suggest that the total population is experiencing a rapid decline, probably as a result of

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The bird's average lifespan is thought to be 10 to 15 years in the wild and up to 19 years in captivity. The oldest confirmed secretarybird in the wild was a 5-year-old that was

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Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, M. E. J. (2014). "Cheetah cub survival revisited: a re-evaluation of the role of predation, especially by lions, and implications for conservation".

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Smith, Benjamin; Lewis-Williams, J. D.; Blundell, Geoffrey; Chippindale, Christopher (2000). "Archaeology and symbolism in the new South African coat of arms".

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Breeding can take place at any time of year but tends to be late in the dry season. The nest is built at the top of a thorny tree, and a clutch of one to three

6170: 1391:, hunting its prey on foot. Adults hunt in pairs and sometimes as loose familial flocks, stalking through the habitat with long strides. Prey may consist of 1371: 1297:

croaking. Males and females can also perform a ground display by chasing each other with their wings up and back, which is also the way they defend their

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The evolutionary relationship of the secretarybird to other raptors had long puzzled ornithologists. The species was usually placed in its own family

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culture (c. 3,200 BC). This and other knife handles indicate the secretarybird most likely occurred historically further north along the Nile.

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pairs and defend a large territory of around 50 km (19 sq mi). They can breed at any time of the year, more frequently in the late

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as having broader crest feathers than those from South Africa, and reporting a distinct species from the Philippines based on the writings of

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Les Sagittariidae fossiles (Aves, Accipitriformes) de l'Oligocène des phosphorites du Quercy et du Miocène inférieur de Saint-Gérand-le-Puy

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Bennett, G. F.; Earlé, R. A.; Peirce, M. A. (1993). "The Leucocytozoidae of South African birds: The Falconiformes and Strigiformes".

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Maloiy, G.; Warui, C. N.; Clemens, E. T. (1987). "Comparative gastrointestinal morphology of the Kori bustard and secretary bird".

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suggests that Vosmaer's "sagittarius" is a misheard or mis-transcribed form of "secretarius", rather than the other way around.

5882: 1590:, adopted in 1969. It is featured on the Sudanese presidential flag and presidential seal. The secretarybird has been a common 1511:

is specialised for the consumption of large amounts of meat and there is little need for the mechanical breakdown of food. The

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Description d'un oiseau de proie, nommé le sagittaire, tout-à-fait inconnu jusque'ici; apporté du Cap de Bonne Espérance

1583: 1376: 880: 750: 580: 5772: 1202:, or even introduced pine trees in South Africa. They set off 1–2 hours after dawn, generally after spending some time 5807: 1110:, though it may be locally nomadic as it follows rainfall and the resulting abundance of prey. Its range extends from 853: 321: 277: 3406: 3327: 1648:

The German biologist Ragnar Kinzelbach proposed in 2008 that the secretarybird was recorded in the 13th-century work

492:. It is mostly terrestrial, spending most of its time on the ground, and is usually found in the open grasslands and 93: 3326:

Churcher, C. S. (1984). "A zoological study of the ivory knife handle from Abu Zaidan". In Needler, Winifred (ed.).

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Beschryving van eenen Afrikaanschen nog geheel onbekenden roof-vogel de Sagitarrius genaamd op de Kaap de Goede Hoop

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During flight, two elongated central feathers of the tail extend beyond the feet, and the neck stretches out like a

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Amakobe, Bernard; Ndang'ang'a, Kariuki; Githiru, Mwangi; Gray, Claudia; Owen, Nisha; Couchman, Olivia (2019).

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Greiner, Ellis C.; Kocan, A. A. (1977). "Leucocytozoon (Haemosporida; Leucocytozoidae) of the Falconiformes".

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Dean, W. R. J.; Milton, S. J.; Jeltsch, F. (1999). "Large trees, fertile islands, and birds in arid savanna".

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n. sp. (Hepatozoidae): description of the first avian apicomplexan blood parasite inhabiting granulocytes".

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also wrote a description of a mysterious bird in 1558 that has been likened by Kinzelbach to this species.

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described the secretarybird in 1769 on the basis of a live specimen that had been sent to Holland from the

6140: 5794: 5734: 3829: 1031: 915: 895:. There is no other evidence this taxon existed. Despite its large range, the secretarybird is considered 728: 357: 2644: 2342: 938:, Sagittariidae, Pandionidae and Accipitridae were therefore moved from Falconiformes to the resurrected 6012: 5812: 3622: 2040: 1703:, an increase in the tall vegetation cover, resulting in loss of open habitat that the species prefers. 795: 776: 761: 501: 429: 333: 212: 195: 4588: 4578: 2156: 1820: 5067: 4380: 4198: 5856: 5781: 4077: 3821: 3763: 3697: 3639: 3257: 3108: 3015: 2964: 2928: 2812: 2682: 2386: 2295: 2006: 1875: 1696: 1532: 1207: 977:

has designated "secretarybird" the official common name for the species. In 1780 the French polymath

3834: 4789: 4316: 2235:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 390. 1591: 1282: 983: 560: 58: 5076: 4779: 4333: 1293:, they exhibit a nuptial display by soaring high with undulating flight patterns and calling with 222: 5786: 5465: 5428: 5404: 4861: 4729: 3563:"Uses of birds for ethno medicine among the Maasai people in Monduli District, Northern Tanzania" 3543: 3526:

Galaty, John G. (1998). "The Maasai ornithorium: tropic flights of avian imagination in Africa".

3451: 3283: 3081: 3073: 3031: 2980: 2867: 2319: 2022: 1899: 1687: 1388: 1298: 1103: 857: 564: 497: 409: 235: 88: 6017: 4821: 4769: 4709: 4353: 4279: 1531:(terror birds) may have employed a similar hunting technique to secretarybirds because they are 1012: 5939: 5394: 4901: 4841: 4749: 4739: 4719: 4647: 4390: 4370: 5999: 5965: 5830: 5161: 4831: 4800: 4430: 4410: 4065: 3791: 3725: 3660: 3574: 3476: 3333: 3306: 3275: 2859: 2785: 2653: 2564: 2534: 2353: 2352:. Vol. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 11–56. 2311: 2206: 2200: 2087: 1891: 1290: 1039: 742: 6004: 3470: 2652:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 206–215. 5445: 4963: 4657: 4165: 4150: 4034: 3900: 3839: 3781: 3771: 3715: 3705: 3535: 3443: 3373: 3265: 3197: 3143: 3116: 3065: 3023: 2972: 2936: 2851: 2820: 2777: 2690: 2585: 2474: 2421: 2394: 2303: 2263: 2120: 2014: 1883: 1815: 1543: 1444: 966: 822: 539:

The secretarybird is instantly recognizable as a very large bird with an eagle-like body on

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is nonmuscular, as in other carnivorous birds. The large intestine has a pair of vestigial

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meaning "serpent" or "snake". A second edition of Miller's plates was published in 1796 as

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Kemp, Alan C. (1995). "Aspects of the breeding biology and behaviour of the secretarybird

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shown that populations have declined across the country, even in protected areas such as

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The first successful rearing of a secretarybird in captivity occurred in 1986 at the

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The secretarybird is instantly recognisable as a very large terrestrial bird with an

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Portugal, Steven J.; Murn, Campbell P.; Sparkes, Emily L.; Daley, Monica A. (2016).

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The secretarybird is depicted on an ivory knife handle recovered from Abu Zaidan in

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Walters, Michael (2009). "The identity of the birds depicted in Shaw and Miller's

2018: 1411:, but small vertebrates often form main biomass. Secretarybirds are known to hunt 1174: 3776: 3710: 2412:

Feduccia, A.; Voorhies, M. R. (1989). "Miocene hawk converges on Secretarybird".

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The secretarybird has distinctive black feathers protruding from behind its head.

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Population Trends and Ecology: Insights from South African Citizen Science Data"

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Population Trends and Ecology: Insights from South African Citizen Science Data"

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are regularly among the types of snakes preyed upon. Secretarybirds do not eat

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Secretarybirds, like all birds, have haematozoan blood parasites that include

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Bird-lore of the Eastern Cape Province. Bantu Studies. Monograph Series No. 2

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as there is no requirement for the fermentative digestion of plant material.

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The nest is built by both sexes at the top of a dense thorny tree, often an

1198: 1162: 1158: 1146: 1138: 1130: 956: 896: 724: 105: 3863:, an output from Wildlife Works, Kenya and an EDGE of Existence fellowship" 3795: 3729: 3279: 3201: 2863: 2694: 2315: 1895: 2742: 2454:(in French). Vol. 14. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 30–39 . 1487:, though they occasionally eat dead animals killed in grass or bushfires. 1166:

abundant, suggesting it may avoid hotter regions. It also avoids deserts.

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In flight showing the long tail and legs, dorsal (above) and ventral views

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The Birds of South Africa. Volume III. Picarians, Parrots, Owls and Hawks

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Biggs, H. C.; Kemp, A. C.; Mendelsohn, H. P.; Mendelsohn, J. M. (1979).

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Secretarybirds rarely encounter other predators, except in the case of

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and proposed three species of secretarybird, distinguishing those from

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African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

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Some ornithologists place the family Cathartidae in a separate order

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Hofmeyr, Sally D.; Symes, Craig T.; Underhill, Leslie G. (2014).

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Hofmeyr, Sally D.; Symes, Craig T.; Underhill, Leslie G. (2014).

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over later scientific names. The species was assigned to its own

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buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures

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In June 2024, a secretarybird chick was successfully hatched at

1472: 1436: 1432: 1416: 1404: 1187: 1087: 517: 135: 5732: 4509: 4163: 4081: 3994: 2998:

Whitecross, M. A.; Retief, E. F.; Smit-Robinson, H. A. (2019).

2346:. In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.). 3329:

Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn

1993:

Glenn, Ian (2018). "Shoot the messager? How the secretarybird

1791: 1789: 1787: 1333: 1219:

to rise up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft) above the ground.

552: 2465:

Fry, Charles Hilary (1977). "Etymology of "Secretary Bird"".

1029:

9.4 lb), with a mean of 4.05 kg (8.9 lb). The

964:

convergent with the modern secretarybird, the extinct raptor

918:

study published in 2008 concluded that the secretarybird was

3655:

Bowman, Michael; Davies, Peter; Redgwell, Catherine (2010).

3246:"The fast and forceful kicking strike of the secretary bird" 3099:

Harrison, J. Spranger (1944). "From an angler's note-book".

3644:. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. p. 22. 3161:

Davies, G. B. P.; Retief, E. F.; Smit-Robinson, H. (2014).

3887:

Todd, William T. (1988). "Hand-rearing the secretary bird

1498:

Secretarybird skeleton; the feet are used for killing prey

949:

associated with the family are two species from the genus

3567:

International Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine

2533:. Vol. 1. London: Academic Press. pp. 437–440. 3919:"Endangered secretary bird born at Longleat Safari Park" 3561:

Kioko, John; Smith, Delaney; Kiffner, Christian (2015).

3301:

Sinclair, I.; Ryan, P.; Christy, P.; Hockey, P. (2003).

1637:

and attribute great intelligence to it in folklore. The

1614:, regions where the bird does not exist, as well as the 3054:"The depression of reptile biomass by large herbivores" 2141:

Tableau élémentaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux

3659:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 262. 779:

included a coloured plate of the secretarybird in his

2712:"Secretary Bird | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants" 2648:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). 2529:

Brown, L. H.; Urban, E. K.; Newman, K., eds. (1982).

1927:"Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors" 504:

described the species in 1779. A member of the order

6156:

Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Afrotropics

5461: 5451: 5434: 5424: 5400: 5390: 5109: 5099: 5064: 4897: 4887: 4857: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4795: 4785: 4775: 4765: 4755: 4745: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4705: 4695: 4685: 4673: 4663: 4653: 4643: 4633: 4594: 4584: 4574: 4523: 4450: 4426: 4416: 4406: 4396: 4386: 4376: 4366: 4349: 4339: 4329: 4312: 4295: 4285: 4275: 4209: 4194: 2895:

Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa

2373:

Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Cheneval, Jacques (1983). "

6054: 5741: 5638: 5604: 5584: 5543: 5509: 5482: 5381: 5347: 5327: 5272: 5241: 5123: 5086: 5063: 4980: 4946: 4871: 4624: 4615: 4565: 4545: 4522: 4468: 4266: 4208: 4185: 4176: 4032: 3986:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

2838:

Valkiūnas, G.; Mobley, K.; Iezhova, T. A. (2016). "

1447:. They occasionally prey on larger mammals such as 1186:aside from pairs and their offspring. They usually 1042:, so birds must stoop to reach down to the ground. 2643: 2341: 2049:(in Latin). Vol. 1. London. Part 5, Plate 28. 1821:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696221A173647556.en 1503:African birds with more mixed diets, such as the 1137:to the highlands. The secretarybird prefers open 2554: 2552: 2550: 1230:and recovered 440 km (270 mi) away in 3000:"Dispersal dynamics of juvenile secretarybirds 2182:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2086:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 345, 354. 1678:In 1968 the species became protected under the 1277:Captive secretarybird with two eggs in its nest 1004:"secretary", used by settlers in South Africa. 2706: 2704: 2586:"Weights of southern African raptors and owls" 2205:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 413. 1684:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1301:. They mate either on the ground or in trees. 986:suggested that "secretary" is from the French 930:and the kites, hawks and eagles in the family 569:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4093: 4006: 3859:"A survival blueprint for the Secretarybird, 3358:"Pre-Linnaean pictures of the secretarybird, 3351: 3349: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 1860: 1858: 1686:(IUCN) listed the secretarybird in 2016 as a 8: 3741: 3739: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2161:(in Latin). Berlin: C. Salfeld. p. 234. 2083:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1848:Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 1840: 1838: 991: 3239: 3237: 2910: 2908: 2563:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 248. 2559:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. A. (2001). 719:Position of the secretarybird in the order 5729: 5092: 4621: 4519: 4506: 4182: 4173: 4160: 4100: 4086: 4078: 4013: 3999: 3991: 3215:Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). 2144:(in French). Paris: Baudouin. p. 254. 1129:The species is also found at a variety of 221: 67: 40: 31: 3833: 3785: 3775: 3719: 3709: 3472:Encyclopedia of Sudan Banknotes 1856–2012 3332:. The Brooklyn Museum. pp. 154–155. 3269: 3047: 3045: 2885:Martin-Mateo, M. P.; Gallego, J. (1992). 2267: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1819: 1535:, although they are not closely related. 1354:The young are born covered in grey-white 790:. As the oldest published specific name, 836:, with added text by English naturalist 745:two years earlier by an official of the 661:– Kites, hawks and eagles (256 species) 2158:Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium 1783: 1759: 250: 5914:secretarybird-sagittarius-serpentarius 3167:: an example from Balfour, Mpumalanga" 3163:"Snakes in the diet of Secretarybirds 2645:"Family Sagittariidae (Secretarybird)" 2335: 2333: 979:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 563:. The species is therefore classed as 3975:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 2722:from the original on 19 November 2014 2229:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). 2155:Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). 1958:(in French). Amsterdam: Pierre Meyer. 1933:. International Ornithologists' Union 1917: 1915: 1913: 1866:reveals their evolutionary history". 926:containing the ospreys in the family 7: 6098:5E8339F1-3572-4876-B3D0-A92283F63B31 3627:. London: R. H. Porter. p. 403. 3391:Braulinska, Kamila (December 2018). 3303:Birds of Africa: South of the Sahara 1976:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Pierre Meyer. 768:, published 1779, with the original 6171:Taxa named by John Frederick Miller 3657:Lyster's International Wildlife Law 1807:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 992: 975:International Ornithologists' Union 852:in 1798, and the German naturalist 651: 625: 602: 595: 571:. The secretarybird appears on the 3905:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1988.tb03220.x 2650:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2479:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb02069.x 2426:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02784.x 2349:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2250:Check-list of North American Birds 532:, it is placed in its own family, 25: 1978:Contains eight pages and a plate. 1960:Contains eight pages and a plate. 1253:. Ectoparasites include the lice 1226:as a nestling on 23 July 2011 in 1182:Secretarybirds are not generally 805:in 1783 by the French naturalist 612:– New World vultures (7 species) 508:, which also includes many other 6161:National symbols of South Africa 6121:IUCN Red List endangered species 4492: 2440:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de 2232:Check-list of Birds of the World 1845:Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1874). 1471:, and both young and full-grown 1102:The secretarybird is endemic to 1060: 1049: 970:is thought to be an accipitrid. 775:In 1779 the English illustrator 92: 1931:IOC World Bird List Version 9.2 1925:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). 1796:BirdLife International (2020). 1387:, the secretarybird is largely 3973:Explore Species: Secretarybird 3868:. Zoological Society of London 3356:Kinzelbach, Ragnar K. (2008). 2919:near Pretoria, South Africa". 2452:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux 1574:Secretarybird depicted as the 1349:Alphonse Trémeau de Rochebrune 1: 3844:10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00098-5 3121:10.1080/00306525.1944.9634703 3028:10.2989/00306525.2019.1581295 2941:10.1080/00306525.1995.9633760 2825:10.1080/00306525.1993.9634206 2399:10.1016/S0016-6995(83)80104-1 2046:Icones animalium et plantarum 2019:10.2989/00306525.2018.1499561 1997:got its names mostly wrong". 1375:Juvenile with lizard kill at 990:, a corruption of the Arabic 875:In 1835 the Irish naturalist 864:from the Ancient Greek words 781:Icones animalium et plantarum 766:Icones animalium et plantarum 3777:10.1371/journal.pone.0096772 3711:10.1371/journal.pone.0096772 2741:de Swardt, Dawid H. (2016). 2675:Journal of Arid Environments 2446:Le Secrétaire ou Le Messager 2066:Tabula affinitatum animalium 1584:coat of arms of South Africa 1377:Namib-Naukluft National Park 1343:Illustration of chick, from 955:. The two species, from the 881:Zoological Society of London 811:Tabula affinitatum animalium 751:University of the Free State 731:analysis published in 2008. 230:Distribution shown in green 6136:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa 3366:Archives of Natural History 3217:"The avian cecum: a review" 3171:Ornithological Observations 2770:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2747:resighted after five years" 2113:Archives of Natural History 893:Voyage à la Nouvelle-Guinée 854:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger 6187: 6151:Falconiformes (sensu lato) 3981:Birdlife Species Factsheet 3893:International Zoo Yearbook 2080:Jobling, James A. (2010). 1727:Secretarybird in captivity 1651:De arte venandi cum avibus 1255:Neocolpocephalum cucullare 1239:Leucocytozoon beaurepairei 879:spoke at a meeting of the 6166:National symbols of Sudan 5095: 4518: 4505: 4490: 4172: 4159: 4121: 3448:10.1017/S0003598X00059688 3378:10.3366/E0260954108000375 3271:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.004 2977:10.2989/00306520609485523 2856:10.1007/s00436-015-4777-4 2751:Biodiversity Observations 2125:10.3366/E0260954109001016 1814:: e.T22696221A173647556. 1737:San Diego Zoo Safari Park 1594:for African countries on 1263:Falcolipeurus secretarius 672: 656: 649: 630: 623: 607: 600: 405:Serpentarius reptilivorus 241: 234: 229: 220: 201: 194: 89:Scientific classification 87: 65: 56: 48: 39: 34: 6044:Sagittarius-serpentarius 5787:Sagittarius_serpentarius 5773:Sagittarius serpentarius 5743:Sagittarius serpentarius 4116:and their extinct allies 3861:Sagittarius serpentarius 3750:Sagittarius serpentarius 3684:Sagittarius serpentarius 3638:Godfrey, Robert (1941). 3500:Sagittarius serpentarius 3475:. Lulu.com. p. 43. 3360:Sagittarius serpentarius 3165:Sagittarius serpentarius 3002:Sagittarius serpentarius 2917:Sagittarius serpentarius 2889:Sagittarius serpentarius 2840:Hepatozoon ellisgreineri 2745:Sagittarius serpentarius 2199:Hume, Julian P. (2017). 2172:Ogilby, William (1835). 2138:Cuvier, Georges (1798). 1995:Sagittarius serpentarius 1970:Vosmaer, Arnout (1769). 1952:Vosmaer, Arnout (1769). 1800:Sagittarius serpentarius 1701:woody plant encroachment 1674:Threats and conservation 1662:, it was mistaken for a 1550:Relationship with humans 1243:Hepatozoon ellisgreineri 1211:locusts fleeing a fire. 1098:Distribution and habitat 844:. The French naturalist 747:Dutch East India Company 477:Sagittarius serpentarius 417:Serpentarius secretarius 389:Gypogeranus philippensis 341:Gypogeranus reptilivorus 317:Gypogeranus serpentarius 297:Secretarius reptilivorus 205:Sagittarius serpentarius 6146:Birds of prey of Africa 6131:Birds described in 1779 3891:at Oklahoma City Zoo". 3889:Sagitarius serpentarius 3813:Biological Conservation 3621:Sclater, W. L. (1903). 3414:Western Cape Government 2716:animals.sandiegozoo.org 2590:Durban Museum Novitates 1888:10.1126/science.1157704 437:Serpentarius orientalis 425:Sagittarius secretarius 3604:Waters, M. W. (1926). 3407:"The National Symbols" 3202:10.1002/zoo.1430060307 3052:Janzen, D. H. (1976). 2695:10.1006/jare.1998.0455 2041:Miller, John Frederick 1728: 1654:by Holy Roman Emperor 1600:stamp-issuing entities 1578: 1499: 1380: 1351: 1345:Faune de la Sénégambie 1278: 1190:in trees of the genus 1179: 1017: 916:molecular phylogenetic 821:for "archer", and the 772: 729:molecular phylogenetic 512:birds of prey such as 397:Gypogeranus gambiensis 365:Serpentarius cristatus 309:Serpentarius africanus 6013:Paleobiology Database 3607:Cameos from the Kraal 3506:Theme Birds on Stamps 3362:(J. F. Miller, 1779)" 3305:. Cape Town: Struik. 2844:Parasitology Research 2340:Caley, Kevin (2007). 1726: 1573: 1555:Cultural significance 1497: 1374: 1342: 1276: 1177: 1170:Behaviour and ecology 1015: 777:John Frederick Miller 762:John Frederick Miller 759: 737:The Dutch naturalist 502:John Frederick Miller 353:Gypogeranus africanus 329:Ophiotheres cristatus 3469:Ali, Bushra (2013). 2963:(3&4): 127–135. 2642:Kemp, A. C. (1994). 2561:Raptors of the World 1744:Longleat Safari Park 1697:Kruger National Park 1533:anatomically similar 1427:, and birds such as 1281:Secretarybirds form 1161:that may impede its 377:Gypogeranus capensis 187:S. serpentarius 3826:1997BCons..79..173A 3768:2014PLoSO...996772H 3702:2014PLoSO...996772H 3262:2016CBio...26..R58P 3113:1944Ostri..15..130H 3058:American Naturalist 3020:2019Ostri..90...97W 3004:in southern Africa" 2969:2006Ostri..77..127H 2933:1995Ostri..66...61K 2817:1993Ostri..64...67B 2687:1999JArEn..41...61D 2531:The Birds of Africa 2391:1983Geobi..16..443M 2308:10.1038/nature15697 2300:2015Natur.526..569P 2269:10.1642/AUK-16-77.1 2011:2018Ostri..89..287G 1880:2008Sci...320.1763H 1874:(5884): 1763–1767. 1515:is dilated and the 984:Aberdeen University 842:Vultur serpentarius 813:. The generic name 561:habitat destruction 273:Vultur serpentarius 59:Conservation status 6056:Falco serpentarius 4066:New World vultures 3949:www.longleat.co.uk 3496:Scharning, Kjell. 3136:Journal of Zoology 1729: 1688:vulnerable species 1579: 1500: 1381: 1352: 1279: 1180: 1178:A pair atop a tree 1104:sub-Saharan Africa 1018: 848:erected the genus 788:Falco serpentarius 773: 498:sub-Saharan region 285:Vultur secretarius 253:Falco serpentarius 6108: 6107: 6000:Open Tree of Life 5735:Taxon identifiers 5726: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5268: 5267: 5162:Cryptoleucopteryx 4589:Amphiserpentarius 4501: 4500: 4488: 4487: 4464: 4463: 4075: 4074: 3945:"A New Hatchling" 3482:978-1-300-92058-8 3339:978-0-87273-099-1 3312:978-1-86872-857-2 3148:10.1111/jzo.12087 3064:(973): 371–400 . 2659:978-84-87334-15-3 2540:978-0-12-137301-6 2359:978-84-96553-42-2 2294:(7574): 569–573. 2212:978-1-4729-3746-9 2093:978-1-4081-2501-4 1733:Oklahoma City Zoo 1724: 1544:steal their kills 1445:domestic chickens 1234:on 7 June 2016. 1106:and is generally 1040:intertarsal joint 1024:head and body on 910:within the order 872:"crane" in 1811. 856:erected the (now 743:Cape of Good Hope 735: 734: 713: 712: 704: 703: 695: 694: 686: 685: 464: 463: 449:Astur secretarius 261:Otis serpentarius 176: 82: 16:(Redirected from 6178: 6101: 6100: 6088: 6087: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6033: 6021: 6020: 6008: 6007: 5995: 5994: 5982: 5981: 5969: 5968: 5956: 5955: 5943: 5942: 5930: 5929: 5917: 5916: 5904: 5903: 5891: 5890: 5878: 5877: 5865: 5864: 5852: 5851: 5839: 5838: 5826: 5825: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5789: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5730: 5463: 5453: 5436: 5426: 5402: 5392: 5111: 5101: 5093: 5068:Archaehieraxinae 5066: 4964:Erythrotriorchis 4899: 4889: 4859: 4849: 4839: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4797: 4787: 4777: 4767: 4757: 4747: 4737: 4727: 4717: 4707: 4697: 4687: 4675: 4665: 4658:Apatosagittarius 4655: 4645: 4635: 4622: 4596: 4586: 4576: 4525: 4520: 4507: 4496: 4452: 4428: 4418: 4408: 4398: 4388: 4378: 4368: 4351: 4341: 4331: 4314: 4297: 4287: 4277: 4211: 4199:Parasarcoramphus 4196: 4183: 4174: 4166:Accipitrimorphae 4161: 4151:Accipitrimorphae 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3837: 3820:(2–3): 173–185. 3806: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3713: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3551: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3498:"Secretary Bird 3493: 3487: 3486: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3442:(285): 467–468. 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3273: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3049: 3040: 3039: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2891:(Miller) (Aves)" 2882: 2876: 2875: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2647: 2639: 2598: 2597: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2556: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2483: 2482: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2345: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2037: 2031: 2030: 1990: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1793: 1771: 1764: 1725: 1660:bistarda deserti 1563:, dating to the 1465:striped polecats 1367:Food and feeding 1064: 1053: 1034: 995: 994: 967:Apatosagittarius 903:are recognised. 823:specific epithet 652: 626: 603: 596: 591: 590: 457: 445: 433: 421: 413: 401: 393: 385: 373: 361: 349: 337: 325: 313: 305: 293: 281: 269: 257: 247: 225: 207: 171: 97: 96: 76: 71: 70: 44: 32: 21: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6126:Accipitriformes 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6003: 5998: 5990: 5987:Observation.org 5985: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5860: 5855: 5847: 5842: 5834: 5829: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5737: 5727: 5710: 5634: 5600: 5580: 5539: 5505: 5478: 5377: 5343: 5323: 5264: 5237: 5119: 5082: 5059: 4976: 4942: 4867: 4611: 4561: 4541: 4527:Horusornithidae 4514: 4512:Accipitriformes 4497: 4484: 4470:Accipitriformes 4460: 4262: 4213:Teratornithidae 4204: 4168: 4155: 4117: 4106: 4076: 4071: 4043:Sagittariidae ( 4028: 4026:Accipitriformes 4019: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3835:10.1.1.625.4717 3808: 3807: 3803: 3748:"Secretarybird 3745: 3744: 3737: 3682:"Secretarybird 3679: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3585:on 7 April 2020 3560: 3559: 3555: 3540:10.2307/3774014 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3250:Current Biology 3243: 3242: 3235: 3224:Wilson Bulletin 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3142:(2): 136–141 . 3133: 3132: 3128: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3051: 3050: 3043: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2782:10.1139/z77-099 2767: 2766: 2762: 2743:"Secretarybird 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2641: 2640: 2601: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2558: 2557: 2548: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2486: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2109:Cimelia physica 2106: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2061:Hermann, Johann 2059: 2058: 2054: 2039: 2038: 2034: 1992: 1991: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1911: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1715: 1713: 1676: 1658:. Described as 1588:emblem of Sudan 1576:Emblem of Sudan 1557: 1552: 1369: 1271: 1172: 1100: 1080:flight feathers 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1036: 1010: 940:Accipitriformes 889:Pierre Sonnerat 840:, who named it 834:Cimelia physica 783:and coined the 721:Accipitriformes 714: 705: 696: 687: 589: 546:flight feathers 506:Accipitriformes 460: 451: 439: 427: 419: 407: 399: 391: 379: 367: 355: 343: 331: 319: 311: 299: 287: 275: 263: 255: 249: 248: 245: 216: 209: 203: 190: 170: 146:Accipitriformes 91: 83: 72: 68: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6089: 6076: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6035: 6022: 6009: 5996: 5983: 5970: 5957: 5944: 5931: 5918: 5905: 5892: 5879: 5866: 5853: 5840: 5827: 5817: 5804: 5791: 5778: 5763: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5459: 5449: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5398: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5026:Lophotriorchis 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4895: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4845: 4835: 4825: 4815: 4805: 4793: 4783: 4773: 4763: 4753: 4743: 4733: 4723: 4713: 4703: 4693: 4683: 4671: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4630: 4628: 4626:incertae sedis 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4592: 4582: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4424: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4364: 4357: 4347: 4337: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4303: 4293: 4283: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4191: 4189: 4187:incertae sedis 4180: 4178:Cathartiformes 4170: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4057:Accipitridae ( 4055: 4048: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3967:External links 3965: 3962: 3961: 3936: 3925:. 28 June 2024 3910: 3899:(1): 258–263. 3879: 3849: 3801: 3735: 3672: 3665: 3647: 3630: 3613: 3596: 3553: 3534:(3): 227–238. 3518: 3488: 3481: 3461: 3426: 3398: 3383: 3372:(2): 243–251. 3345: 3338: 3318: 3311: 3293: 3256:(2): R58–R59. 3233: 3207: 3196:(3): 243–251. 3180: 3153: 3126: 3107:(2): 130–134. 3091: 3070:10.1086/283074 3041: 2990: 2946: 2927:(2–3): 61–68. 2904: 2877: 2850:(2): 609–613. 2830: 2795: 2776:(5): 761–770. 2760: 2733: 2700: 2665: 2658: 2599: 2576: 2570:978-0618127627 2569: 2546: 2539: 2484: 2457: 2431: 2420:(3): 349–354. 2404: 2385:(4): 443–459. 2365: 2358: 2343:"Fossil birds" 2329: 2275: 2262:(3): 544–560. 2238: 2218: 2211: 2191: 2164: 2147: 2130: 2119:(2): 316–326. 2099: 2092: 2072: 2052: 2032: 2005:(3): 287–290. 1980: 1962: 1944: 1909: 1854: 1834: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768:Cathartiformes 1758: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1712: 1709: 1675: 1672: 1633:call the bird 1616:United Nations 1596:postage stamps 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1529:Phorusrhacidae 1368: 1365: 1270: 1267: 1171: 1168: 1153:) rather than 1135:coastal plains 1099: 1096: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1030: 1009: 1006: 877:William Ogilby 868:"vulture" and 846:Georges Cuvier 828:is from Latin 807:Johann Hermann 739:Arnout Vosmaer 733: 732: 727:is based on a 716: 715: 711: 710: 707: 706: 702: 701: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 679: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 655: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 629: 624: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 606: 601: 599: 594: 588: 585: 472:secretary bird 462: 461: 459: 458: 446: 434: 422: 414: 402: 400:(Ogilby, 1835) 394: 392:(Ogilby, 1835) 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 326: 314: 306: 294: 282: 270: 258: 256:(J. F. Miller) 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 232: 231: 227: 226: 218: 217: 210: 199: 198: 192: 191: 184: 182: 178: 177: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:Secretarybird 26: 24: 18:Secretary-bird 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6183: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Birds of prey 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5656:Chondrohierax 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5586:Lophospizinae 5583: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5568:Macheiramphus 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5290:Dryotriorchis 5287: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5054:Stephanoaetus 5051: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4971:Megatriorchis 4968: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4790:Palaeoplancus 4784: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4700:Gigantohierax 4694: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4599:Pelargopappus 4593: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4567:Sagittariidae 4564: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4421:Pleistovultur 4415: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4317:Cathartidarum 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4067: 4064:Cathartidae ( 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4050:Pandionidae ( 4049: 4046: 4045:secretarybird 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762:(5): e96772. 3761: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696:(5): e96772. 3695: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3666:9781139494953 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230:(1): 93–121 . 3229: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014:(2): 97–110. 3013: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901:(1): 137–147. 2900: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381:(in French). 2380: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2202:Extinct Birds 2195: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1945: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:ol-enbai nabo 1624: 1623:Maasai people 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1542:, which will 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:birds of prey 1378: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118:and south to 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:non-migratory 1105: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1063: 1052: 1043: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1003: 998: 989: 985: 980: 976: 971: 969: 968: 962: 958: 954: 953: 952:Pelargopappus 948: 945:The earliest 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Falconiformes 909: 908:Sagittariidae 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 785:binomial name 782: 778: 771: 770:binomial name 767: 763: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717: 709: 708: 700: 699: 691: 690: 682: 681: 678: 676: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 660: 654: 653: 647: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 637:Secretarybird 634: 633:Sagittariidae 628: 627: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 611: 605: 604: 598: 597: 593: 592: 586: 584: 582: 578: 574: 573:coats of arms 570: 566: 562: 557: 554: 549: 547: 542: 537: 535: 534:Sagittariidae 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480:) is a large 479: 478: 473: 469: 468:secretarybird 455: 450: 447: 443: 438: 435: 431: 426: 423: 418: 415: 411: 406: 403: 398: 395: 390: 387: 383: 378: 375: 371: 366: 363: 359: 354: 351: 347: 342: 339: 335: 330: 327: 323: 318: 315: 310: 307: 303: 298: 295: 291: 286: 283: 279: 274: 271: 267: 262: 259: 254: 251: 240: 237: 233: 228: 224: 219: 214: 208: 206: 200: 197: 196:Binomial name 193: 189: 188: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156:Sagittariidae 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 80: 75: 64: 60: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6055: 5742: 5703: 5698:Lophoictinia 5696: 5689: 5684:Henicopernis 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5629:Urotriorchis 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606:Melieraxinae 5593: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5534:Microspizias 5532: 5525: 5518: 5498: 5491: 5484:Haliaeetinae 5473:Polyboroides 5471: 5464: 5456:Neophrontops 5454: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5393: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5336: 5316: 5309: 5304:Pithecophaga 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5257: 5250: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5204:Morphnarchus 5202: 5197:Leucopternis 5195: 5188: 5183:Helicolestes 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5114:Garganoaetus 5112: 5102: 5077:Archaehierax 5075: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948:Accipitrinae 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4890: 4880: 4860: 4852:Titanohierax 4850: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4799: 4788: 4780:Palaeocircus 4778: 4768: 4760:Palaeohierax 4758: 4748: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4677: 4666: 4656: 4646: 4636: 4625: 4617:Accipitridae 4605: 4604: 4597: 4587: 4577: 4554: 4534: 4453: 4443: 4438:Sarcoramphus 4436: 4429: 4419: 4409: 4399: 4389: 4379: 4369: 4359: 4352: 4342: 4334:Diatropornis 4332: 4322: 4315: 4305: 4298: 4288: 4278: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4236:Cathartornis 4234: 4227: 4220: 4197: 4186: 4044: 4033: 3952:. 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Retrieved 2715: 2681:(1): 61–78. 2678: 2674: 2668: 2649: 2596:(7): 73–81 . 2593: 2589: 2579: 2560: 2530: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2434: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2348: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2231: 2221: 2201: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2157: 2150: 2140: 2133: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2082: 2075: 2065: 2055: 2045: 2035: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1972: 1965: 1954: 1947: 1935:. Retrieved 1930: 1871: 1867: 1847: 1825:. Retrieved 1811: 1805: 1799: 1762: 1741: 1730: 1711:In captivity 1705: 1677: 1668:André Thevet 1659: 1656:Frederick II 1649: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1631:Xhosa people 1626: 1620: 1580: 1558: 1540:tawny eagles 1537: 1525: 1505:kori bustard 1501: 1489: 1401:grasshoppers 1383:Unlike most 1382: 1361: 1353: 1344: 1332:, and large 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1280: 1262: 1254: 1247:granulocytes 1242: 1238: 1236: 1228:Bloemfontein 1221: 1213: 1197: 1191: 1181: 1128: 1124:South Africa 1120:Western Cape 1101: 1092: 1084: 1073: 1019: 1001: 997:saqr et-tair 996: 987: 972: 965: 950: 944: 932:Accipitridae 905: 892: 874: 869: 865: 861: 850:Serpentarius 849: 841: 833: 829: 826:serpentarius 825: 814: 810: 802: 792:serpentarius 791: 787: 780: 774: 765: 736: 673: 659:Accipitridae 657: 636: 631: 608: 581:South Africa 558: 550: 548:and thighs. 538: 482:bird of prey 476: 475: 471: 467: 465: 448: 436: 424: 420:(Gray, 1848) 416: 404: 396: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 328: 316: 312:(Shaw, 1809) 308: 296: 284: 272: 260: 252: 213:J. F. Miller 204: 202: 186: 185: 166: 165: 29: 27:Bird of prey 5922:iNaturalist 5767:Wikispecies 5670:Eutriorchis 5500:Icthyophaga 5466:Palaeoborus 5429:Mioneophron 5405:Arikarornis 5358:Chelictinia 5318:Terathopius 5297:Eutriorchis 5274:Circaetinae 5176:Geranospiza 5169:Geranoaetus 5155:Buteogallus 4937:Trigonoceps 4916:Necrosyrtes 4862:Vinchinavis 4730:Mioaegypius 4690:Dynatoaetus 4679:Cruschedula 4606:Sagittarius 4547:Pandionidae 4479:See below ↓ 4290:Brasilogyps 4268:Cathartidae 4250:Taubatornis 3573:(1): 1–13. 3419:23 December 3190:Zoo Biology 2726:18 November 2284:Prum, R. O. 2227:Mayr, Ernst 2176:Gypogeranus 1937:21 November 1923:Gill, Frank 1827:19 November 1643:intungunono 1635:inxhanxhosi 1561:Upper Egypt 1389:terrestrial 1347:(1883), by 1251:neutrophils 1133:, from the 1008:Description 936:Cathartidae 928:Pandionidae 862:Gypogeranus 838:George Shaw 815:Sagittarius 803:Sagittarius 760:Plate from 675:Pandionidae 610:Cathartidae 442:J. Verreaux 167:Sagittarius 51:Maasai Mara 6115:Categories 6071:Q122639320 6039:Xeno-canto 5677:Hamirostra 5622:Micronisus 5595:Lophospiza 5561:Harpyopsis 5527:Kaupifalco 5511:Harpaginae 5493:Haliaeetus 5419:Gypohierax 5383:Gypaetinae 5225:Rostrhamus 5218:Pseudastur 5134:Busarellus 5088:Buteoninae 5040:Polemaetus 5012:Ictinaetus 5005:Hieraaetus 4892:Cryptogyps 4873:Aegypiinae 4822:Proictinia 4770:Palaeastur 4710:Gobihierax 4638:Amplibuteo 4579:Amanuensis 4536:Horusornis 4401:Phasmagyps 4354:Geronogyps 4280:Aizenogyps 4257:Teratornis 4229:Argentavis 4145:Telluraves 4108:Genera of 3177:: 361–364. 2757:(26): 1–2. 2473:(4): 550. 2188:: 104–105. 1778:References 1692:endangered 1610:, and the 1565:Naqada III 1287:dry season 1283:monogamous 1265:(Giebel). 1232:Mpumalanga 1184:gregarious 1157:and dense 1139:grasslands 1131:elevations 1026:crane-like 1022:eagle-like 1002:secretaris 988:secrétaire 914:. A large 901:subspecies 885:Senegambia 858:synonymous 565:Endangered 541:crane-like 430:Strickland 74:Endangered 5663:Elanoides 5545:Harpiinae 5395:Anchigyps 5372:Gampsonyx 5311:Spilornis 5283:Circaetus 5252:Haliastur 5211:Parabuteo 5125:Buteonini 5047:Spizaetus 5019:Lophaetus 4982:Aquilinae 4957:Accipiter 4923:Sarcogyps 4902:Gansugyps 4842:Qiluornis 4750:Necrastur 4740:Miohierax 4720:Milvoides 4668:Aviraptor 4648:Aquilavus 4455:Wingegyps 4391:Pampagyps 4371:Hadrogyps 4361:Gymnogyps 4307:Cathartes 4243:Oscaravis 4222:Aiolornis 4125:Kingdom: 3954:22 August 3929:22 August 3830:CiteSeerX 3579:2394-0891 3528:Ethnology 3456:162034040 3436:Antiquity 3036:195422587 2324:205246158 1748:Wiltshire 1453:mongooses 1449:hedgehogs 1441:hornbills 1425:tortoises 1379:, Namibia 1330:hornbills 1299:territory 1291:courtship 1289:. During 1249:, mainly 1199:Balanites 1163:cursorial 1159:shrubbery 1147:shrubland 993:صقر الطير 957:Oligocene 897:monotypic 725:cladogram 677:– Osprey 370:R. Lesson 181:Species: 112:Kingdom: 106:Eukaryota 6065:Wikidata 6026:Species+ 5966:22696221 5940:10190827 5800:22696221 5795:BirdLife 5752:Wikidata 5691:Leptodon 5640:Perninae 5615:Melierax 5575:Morphnus 5520:Harpagus 5446:Neophron 5412:Gypaetus 5349:Elaninae 5329:Circinae 5232:Rupornis 5141:Butastur 5104:Bermuteo 5033:Nisaetus 4882:Aegypius 4832:Promilio 4801:Palaetus 4431:Pliogyps 4411:Perugyps 4344:Dryornis 4324:Coragyps 4300:Breagyps 4133:Chordata 4131:Phylum: 4127:Animalia 3923:BBC News 3796:24816839 3756:PLOS ONE 3730:24816839 3690:PLOS ONE 3511:23 April 3280:26811886 3086:83955487 2985:85889249 2872:18151844 2864:26472715 2720:Archived 2442:(1780). 2316:26444237 2063:(1783). 2043:(1779). 2027:91373517 1896:18583609 1641:call it 1625:call it 1612:Maldives 1602:such as 1469:gazelles 1467:, young 1459:such as 1455:, small 1439:, small 1429:warblers 1423:, small 1399:, other 1395:such as 1295:guttural 1269:Breeding 1217:thermals 1208:downwind 1204:preening 1143:savannas 860:) genus 796:priority 587:Taxonomy 530:harriers 526:vultures 484:that is 454:Schlegel 358:Stephens 334:Vieillot 236:Synonyms 152:Family: 126:Chordata 122:Phylum: 116:Animalia 102:Domain: 79:IUCN 3.1 6093:ZooBank 6085:9933553 6005:1036186 5901:5229409 5862:1049539 5849:secret2 5823:secret2 5758:Q168748 5649:Aviceda 5439:Neogyps 5243:Milvini 5190:Ictinia 4812:Pengana 4556:Pandion 4149:Clade: 4143:Clade: 4137:Class: 4114:condors 3872:8 April 3822:Bibcode 3787:4016007 3764:Bibcode 3721:4016007 3698:Bibcode 3589:7 April 3548:3774014 3288:4965363 3258:Bibcode 3109:Bibcode 3101:Ostrich 3078:2459760 3016:Bibcode 3008:Ostrich 2965:Bibcode 2957:Ostrich 2929:Bibcode 2921:Ostrich 2813:Bibcode 2805:Ostrich 2683:Bibcode 2387:Bibcode 2379:Geobios 2296:Bibcode 2256:The Auk 2174:"Genus 2007:Bibcode 1999:Ostrich 1904:6472805 1876:Bibcode 1868:Science 1699:due to 1690:and as 1664:bustard 1517:gizzard 1509:foregut 1485:carrion 1461:cheetah 1421:lizards 1413:rodents 1409:beetles 1397:locusts 1393:insects 1155:forests 1116:Somalia 1112:Senegal 961:Miocene 947:fossils 891:in his 870:geranos 830:serpens 809:in his 567:by the 510:diurnal 496:of the 494:savanna 486:endemic 456:, 1862) 444:, 1856) 432:, 1855) 412:, 1840) 384:, 1835) 372:, 1831) 360:, 1826) 348:, 1823) 346:Ranzani 336:, 1819) 324:, 1811) 322:Illiger 304:, 1806) 292:, 1796) 280:, 1790) 268:, 1786) 266:Scopoli 215:, 1779) 173:Hermann 162:Genus: 142:Order: 132:Class: 77: ( 49:in the 6018:399940 5953:175692 5927:117214 5883:EURING 5875:SAGISE 5705:Pernis 5554:Harpia 5365:Elanus 5338:Circus 5259:Milvus 4998:Clanga 4991:Aquila 4930:Torgos 4445:Vultur 4381:Kuntur 4110:eagles 4052:osprey 4035:Family 3832: 3794: 3784: 3728: 3718: 3663: 3577: 3546: 3479: 3454: 3336: 3309: 3286: 3278: 3084: 3076: 3034: 2983: 2870: 2862: 2790:406030 2788: 2656: 2567: 2537: 2356: 2322: 2314: 2288:Nature 2209: 2090: 2025: 1902: 1894: 1682:. The 1608:Manama 1507:. The 1481:cobras 1477:adders 1463:cubs, 1457:felids 1443:, and 1407:, and 1326:ravens 1318:fledge 1306:Acacia 1261:) and 1259:Giebel 1224:banded 1193:Acacia 1033:tarsus 920:sister 723:. The 528:, and 514:eagles 490:Africa 382:Ogilby 302:Daudin 278:Latham 175:, 1783 5992:73326 5979:56258 5935:IRMNG 5888:34750 5844:eBird 5836:4TYT8 5820:BOW: 5813:32026 5148:Buteo 4022:Order 3866:(PDF) 3544:JSTOR 3452:S2CID 3410:(PDF) 3284:S2CID 3220:(PDF) 3082:S2CID 3074:JSTOR 3032:S2CID 2981:S2CID 2868:S2CID 2320:S2CID 2023:S2CID 1900:S2CID 1754:Notes 1639:Zulus 1604:Ajman 1592:motif 1473:hares 1437:doves 1433:larks 1417:frogs 1405:wasps 1322:crows 1188:roost 1151:Karoo 1076:stork 924:clade 922:to a 899:: no 819:Latin 800:genus 577:Sudan 522:kites 518:hawks 6080:GBIF 6031:4551 5974:NCBI 5961:IUCN 5948:ITIS 5896:GBIF 5870:EPPO 5808:BOLD 4909:Gyps 4139:Aves 3956:2024 3931:2024 3874:2020 3792:PMID 3726:PMID 3661:ISBN 3591:2020 3575:ISSN 3513:2020 3477:ISBN 3421:2019 3334:ISBN 3307:ISBN 3276:PMID 2860:PMID 2786:PMID 2728:2017 2654:ISBN 2565:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2467:Ibis 2414:Ibis 2354:ISBN 2312:PMID 2207:ISBN 2178:Ill" 2088:ISBN 1939:2019 1892:PMID 1829:2021 1812:2020 1621:The 1521:ceca 1513:crop 1479:and 1356:down 1334:owls 1145:and 1088:cere 973:The 959:and 866:gyps 794:has 579:and 553:eggs 466:The 410:Gray 290:Shaw 246:List 136:Aves 5909:IBC 5857:EoL 5831:CoL 5782:ADW 3901:doi 3840:doi 3782:PMC 3772:doi 3716:PMC 3706:doi 3536:doi 3444:doi 3374:doi 3266:doi 3228:107 3198:doi 3144:doi 3140:292 3117:doi 3066:doi 3062:110 3024:doi 2973:doi 2937:doi 2852:doi 2848:115 2821:doi 2778:doi 2691:doi 2475:doi 2471:119 2422:doi 2418:131 2395:doi 2377:". 2304:doi 2292:526 2264:doi 2260:133 2121:doi 2111:". 2015:doi 1884:doi 1872:320 1816:doi 1746:in 1336:. 1196:or 1114:to 817:is 764:'s 575:of 488:to 470:or 6117:: 6095:: 6082:: 6067:: 6041:: 6028:: 6015:: 6002:: 5989:: 5976:: 5963:: 5950:: 5937:: 5924:: 5911:: 5898:: 5885:: 5872:: 5859:: 5846:: 5833:: 5810:: 5797:: 5784:: 5769:: 5754:: 4682:"? 4112:, 4024:: 3947:. 3921:. 3897:27 3895:. 3838:. 3828:. 3818:79 3816:. 3790:. 3780:. 3770:. 3758:. 3754:. 3738:^ 3724:. 3714:. 3704:. 3692:. 3688:. 3569:. 3565:. 3542:. 3532:37 3530:. 3504:. 3450:. 3440:74 3438:. 3412:. 3370:35 3368:. 3364:. 3348:^ 3282:. 3274:. 3264:. 3254:26 3252:. 3248:. 3236:^ 3226:. 3222:. 3192:. 3173:. 3169:. 3138:. 3115:. 3105:15 3103:. 3080:. 3072:. 3060:. 3056:. 3044:^ 3030:. 3022:. 3012:90 3010:. 3006:. 2979:. 2971:. 2961:77 2959:. 2935:. 2925:66 2923:. 2907:^ 2899:55 2897:. 2893:. 2866:. 2858:. 2846:. 2819:. 2809:64 2807:. 2784:. 2774:55 2772:. 2753:. 2749:. 2718:. 2714:. 2703:^ 2689:. 2679:41 2677:. 2602:^ 2594:12 2592:. 2588:. 2549:^ 2487:^ 2469:. 2450:. 2416:. 2393:. 2383:16 2332:^ 2318:. 2310:. 2302:. 2290:. 2258:. 2254:. 2184:. 2180:. 2117:36 2115:. 2021:. 2013:. 2003:89 2001:. 1983:^ 1929:. 1912:^ 1898:. 1890:. 1882:. 1870:. 1857:^ 1837:^ 1810:. 1804:. 1786:^ 1739:. 1645:. 1618:. 1606:, 1451:, 1435:, 1431:, 1419:, 1415:, 1403:, 1328:, 1324:, 1141:, 1126:. 1122:, 635:– 583:. 536:. 524:, 520:, 516:, 500:. 5462:† 5452:† 5435:† 5425:† 5401:† 5391:† 5110:† 5100:† 5065:† 4898:† 4888:† 4858:† 4848:† 4838:† 4828:† 4818:† 4808:† 4804:" 4798:" 4796:† 4786:† 4776:† 4766:† 4756:† 4746:† 4736:† 4726:† 4716:† 4706:† 4696:† 4686:† 4676:" 4674:† 4664:† 4654:† 4644:† 4634:† 4595:† 4585:† 4575:† 4524:† 4451:† 4427:† 4417:† 4407:† 4397:† 4387:† 4377:† 4367:† 4350:† 4340:† 4330:† 4313:† 4296:† 4286:† 4276:† 4210:† 4195:† 4101:e 4094:t 4087:v 4068:) 4061:) 4054:) 4047:) 4014:e 4007:t 4000:v 3958:. 3933:. 3907:. 3903:: 3876:. 3846:. 3842:: 3824:: 3798:. 3774:: 3766:: 3760:9 3732:. 3708:: 3700:: 3694:9 3669:. 3593:. 3571:1 3550:. 3538:: 3515:. 3502:" 3485:. 3458:. 3446:: 3423:. 3395:. 3380:. 3376:: 3342:. 3315:. 3290:. 3268:: 3260:: 3204:. 3200:: 3194:6 3175:5 3150:. 3146:: 3123:. 3119:: 3111:: 3088:. 3068:: 3038:. 3026:: 3018:: 2987:. 2975:: 2967:: 2943:. 2939:: 2931:: 2874:. 2854:: 2827:. 2823:: 2815:: 2792:. 2780:: 2755:7 2730:. 2697:. 2693:: 2685:: 2662:. 2573:. 2543:. 2481:. 2477:: 2448:" 2444:" 2428:. 2424:: 2401:. 2397:: 2389:: 2362:. 2326:. 2306:: 2298:: 2272:. 2266:: 2252:" 2215:. 2186:3 2127:. 2123:: 2096:. 2029:. 2017:: 2009:: 1941:. 1906:. 1886:: 1878:: 1831:. 1818:: 1802:" 1798:" 1770:. 1257:( 1149:( 474:( 452:( 440:( 428:( 408:( 380:( 368:( 356:( 344:( 332:( 320:( 300:( 288:( 276:( 264:( 211:( 81:) 20:)

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