94:, but this was never expanded on as it would have had no deterrent effect given Western Australia was to receive the minimum five representatives upon federation regardless. Later in the drafting process, section 30 was introduced, allowing the Commonwealth to legislate its own voting franchise, thus enabling the Commonwealth government to theoretically exclude certain races from voting in federal elections with no corresponding effect on the number of representatives in each state. Section 25 was nevertheless retained despite this change.
98:
Aboriginal people from being counted in population data, meant that the exclusion of
Aboriginal people from state franchise had no effect on a state's population in applying section 24 to determine the make-up of the House of Representatives, as Aboriginal people were excluded from the population for the purposes of determining a state's proportion of seats anyway. Likewise, it had little effect on exclusion of other races, such as
227:
More recently, it has been suggested section 25 be removed on the basis that it contemplates the possibility that a state may disenfranchise a race of people. The Expert Panel on
Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution, in a report released in January 2012, among
171:
by ensuring electorates at state and federal level would be based on population and not geographic size or other methods. Again, this referendum was defeated, receiving only 47% of the national yes vote, and only attaining a majority in New South Wales. Both these referendums failed for reasons more
124:
judgements relating to the application of section 25. This is largely because its existence has always been of little to no effect to date, and because any dispute over its application is unlikely to have been in relation to a population large enough to have any effect on the representation numbers
97:
Despite section 25's purported intention to deter future disenfranchisement on the basis of race, inline with the purpose of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, in practice it has been of little effect to date. The existence of section 127 in the Constitution, which excluded
232:
suggests, some of the criticism surrounding section 25 is possibly misguided, with some contributors on the panel seeming to be of the belief that section 25 allows a state to prohibit people of a race from voting in the future, given the wording of the section. She argues that section 25 neither
85:
At the time what became section 25 was introduced to the draft there was not intended to be a separate federal franchise. Rather, those permitted to vote in lower house elections at state level would form the make-up of the
Commonwealth franchise. One argument is that the drafters included it to
257:
is not constitutionally enshrined, such protection is not permanently guaranteed. Regardless, the High Court may read down the Act from applying in this way so as not to allow the
Commonwealth to infringe on a state's ability to legislate on its own constitutional matters as in
223:
in 2015, the Expert Panel has described their contribution in 2012 as only the 'first word, not the last word'. The Joint Select
Committees in 2015 and 2018 discussed the removal of section 25 as a roundtable discussion question and recommended it to be repealed.
233:
allows nor disallows such action, but merely disapproves or deters it. However, she advises removing it as part of a wider effort to remove race from the
Constitution appropriate given it has no practical effect at present, due to the existence of the
183:
The 1975 Australian
Constitutional Convention referred to the section as outmoded and expended and recommended it be repealed. Likewise, the Constitutional Commission in 1988 suggested it be repealed on the basis that it was outmoded and archaic.
86:
ensure that a state could not on the one hand exclude people of a race from voting at the
Commonwealth level, while also benefiting from their inclusion in the population when determining the number of representatives that state would elect to the
596:
480:
102:
exclusion of indigenous populations of other nations, as they were either insignificant in number in relation to the broader population or could be excluded by other means, such as on the basis of nationality under the
618:
205:(Cth) would prevent the States from discriminating against people on grounds of race. Nevertheless, section 25 ‘recognises that people might constitutionally be denied the franchise on the ground of race'.
114:
117:
in determining representation in federal parliament, all states already included
Aboriginal people in their respective franchises, with the last state to do so being Queensland two years earlier.
209:
In their submission to the Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians in 2010, the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies recommended section 25 to be repealed.
943:
26:
headed "Provision as to races disqualified from voting" and providing that "For the purposes of the last section, if by the law of any State all persons of any race are disqualified from
1148:
63:
1112:
640:
2012:
1066:
220:
35:
502:
90:. During the convention, it was argued that such a clause should be broader in order to prevent disenfranchisement such as that caused by property ownership qualifications in
2007:
1977:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1922:
1076:
828:
168:
1987:
574:
1947:
1907:
142:
1902:
1892:
267:
192:
1897:
1869:
1754:
1214:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1794:
1774:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1209:
1056:
995:
1879:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1684:
1674:
1659:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1041:
938:
897:
892:
861:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1199:
1179:
856:
1142:
1102:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1046:
157:
110:
524:
164:. The nexus question failed to get a majority nationwide, receiving just 40% of the yes vote, and only passed with a majority in New South Wales.
216:
161:
2042:
1010:
1138:
1133:
912:
821:
51:
1153:
1967:
2017:
2002:
1962:
1937:
1128:
866:
774:
271:
87:
1957:
1927:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1005:
1912:
1917:
990:
558:
752:
1859:
1834:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1724:
180:
Recommendations for the repeal of section 25 date back as far as the 1959 Parliamentary Joint Committee on Constitutional Review.
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
814:
105:
162:
removed the nexus between the number of representatives in the House of Representatives and the number of senators in the Senate
666:
241:
201:
980:
907:
59:
1097:
249:
now means that a state could not prevent people of a race from being able to vote, and that due to this section 25 is
148:
referred to it in passing as support for the proposition that racial qualifications have been eliminated from voting.
458:
1158:
67:
1092:
837:
23:
549:
Harvey, Matt; Longo, Michael; Ligertwood, Julian; Babovic, David, eds. (2010). "Constitutional Law in Context".
212:
Section 25 has often been described as a relic from Australia's constitutional history which should be removed.
1036:
1020:
662:
306:
188:
685:"Report of the expert panel on recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the Constitution"
1000:
964:
928:
851:
138:
121:
1163:
985:
959:
721:
336:
229:
2047:
902:
259:
145:
130:
597:"Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples"
887:
410:
55:
1107:
126:
125:
in Parliament. It has however been referred to in numerous cases, in relation to matters such as
75:
71:
160:, it was put forward to be repealed as part of an amendment to the Constitution that would have
109:
and similar barriers, such as language testing, which would not trigger section 25. By the time
725:
82:. Unlike section 25 in Australia, however, the US provision made no direct reference to race.
1189:
933:
871:
554:
318:
314:
310:
91:
169:
constitutional amendment enshrining the concept of "one vote, one value" in the Constitution
799:
431:
134:
530:. Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies, University of Melbourne Law School. 2010
195:
on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in 2008 - Chapter 5.9 of the submission stated that:
684:
525:"Submission to the Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians"
2036:
1015:
79:
156:
The repeal of section 25 has been put to referendum twice. In 1967, alongside the
411:"One Hundred Years of (Almost) Solitude: The Evolution of Australian Citizenship"
250:
753:"The Suspension and Reinstatement of the RDA and Special Measures in the NTER"
99:
78:
and intended to deter states from excluding certain races from voting in the
806:
39:
221:
Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
31:
775:"Constitutional reform: FAQs - Why reform of the Constitution is needed"
42:, persons of that race resident in that State shall not be counted."
38:, then, in reckoning the number of the people of the State or of the
27:
172:
complex than any controversy surrounding the removal of section 25.
340:
278:
could easily be defeated by new legislation and the 'race power'.
810:
726:"A revised proposal for indigenous constitutional recognition"
199:
Section 25 no longer has any significant legal effect, as the
857:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
266:
may be suspended under section 8(1), as it was through the
167:
Later, in 1974, section 25 was to be repealed as part of a
893:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
575:"Indigenous constitutional recognition and representation"
228:
other things, recommended that section 25 be removed. As
274:
case highlighted the fact that the effectiveness of the
441:
439:
345:
Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No 12/57
392:
390:
240:
There have been arguments that the application of the
1113:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
503:"Reforming our Constitution: A roundtable discussion"
311:"Removing racism from Australia's constitutional DNA"
934:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
1878:
1223:
1172:
1149:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1121:
1085:
1029:
973:
952:
921:
880:
844:
16:
Provision disqualifying certain "races" from voting
674:(2013) 28(1) Australasian Parliamentary Review 4.
323:(2012) 37(3) Alternative Law Journal 151, p. 151.
341:"An Obituary for Section 25 of the Constitution"
822:
70:, which was introduced in 1868 following the
8:
428:Mullholand v Australian Electoral Commission
939:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
898:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
862:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
505:. House of Representatives Committees. 2008
481:"Other proposals for constitutional change"
459:"Commonwealth of Australia 1967 Referendum"
20:Section 25 of the Constitution of Australia
1938:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
1227:
1006:Implied freedom of political communication
829:
815:
807:
777:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 2021
755:. Australian Human Rights Commission. 2021
1103:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
286:
1903:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
739:
708:
667:"Race and the Australian Constitution"
445:
396:
381:
369:
357:
1164:Separatist movements within Australia
1011:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
191:on reforming the Constitution by the
158:referendum in relation to Aboriginals
64:section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment
7:
1215:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
1154:List of proposed states of Australia
331:
329:
50:The section was proposed during the
1998:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
1129:Constitutional history of Australia
730:(2014) 36(3) Sydney Law Review 381.
115:Aboriginal population to be counted
34:for the more numerous House of the
14:
1893:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
62:. Clark adapted the wording from
106:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
1943:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
643:. Parliament of Australia. 2018
621:. Parliament of Australia. 2015
599:. Parliament of Australia. 2013
577:. Parliament of Australia. 2020
483:. Parliament of Australia. 2021
268:Northern Territory Intervention
1993:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
235:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
202:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
52:1891 constitutional convention
1:
2043:Australian constitutional law
981:Australian Constitutional Law
1185:II: The Executive Government
1098:Statute of Westminster 1931
1077:Retirement of judges (1977)
2064:
1159:Republicanism in Australia
1139:Constitutional Conventions
996:Constitutional conventions
60:Tasmanian Attorney-General
1230:
1093:Constitution of Australia
1016:Reserve power (sovereign)
913:Federal Executive Council
838:Constitution of Australia
796:Kartinyeri v Commonwealth
276:Racial Discrimination Act
264:Racial Discrimination Act
255:Racial Discrimination Act
243:Racial Discrimination Act
120:There has been no direct
24:Constitution of Australia
1968:(xxiiiA) Social security
867:House of Representatives
193:House Standing Committee
133:, and the definition of
111:section 127 was repealed
88:House of Representatives
80:United States of America
1983:(xxix) External affairs
1067:Casual vacancies (1977)
1042:Senate elections (1906)
800:[1998] HCA 22
432:[2004] HCA 41
294:Australian Constitution
272:Hindmarsh Island bridge
36:Parliament of the State
1880:Enumerated legislative
1057:Social services (1946)
1052:2nd State debts (1928)
1047:1st State debts (1910)
986:Responsible government
960:Inter-State Commission
217:Joint Select Committee
207:
176:Contemporary proposals
113:in 1967, allowing the
22:is a provision of the
1988:(xxx) Pacific islands
1195:IV: Finance and Trade
1021:Reserved State powers
260:Austin v Commonwealth
197:
189:roundtable discussion
1086:Constitutional texts
991:Separation of powers
262:. Additionally, the
1978:(xxvii) Immigration
1882:powers (Section 51)
1190:III: The Judicature
127:universal franchise
56:Andrew Inglis Clark
2013:(xxxviii) Imperial
2003:(xxxvi) Transition
1210:VII: Miscellaneous
1108:Australia Act 1986
1072:Referendums (1977)
1062:Aboriginals (1967)
1037:Referendum process
953:Other institutions
944:Boilermakers' Case
724:(September 2014).
551:Constitutional Law
253:. However, as the
76:Reconstruction era
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2008:(xxxvii) Referral
1948:(xx) Corporations
1180:I: The Parliament
845:Legislative power
92:Western Australia
2055:
2018:(xxxix) Incident
1963:(xxiii) Pensions
1228:
908:Governor-General
831:
824:
817:
808:
802:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
749:
743:
737:
731:
729:
718:
712:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
689:
681:
675:
673:
671:
663:Williams, George
659:
653:
652:
650:
648:
637:
631:
630:
628:
626:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
571:
565:
564:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
529:
521:
515:
514:
512:
510:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
477:
471:
470:
468:
466:
455:
449:
443:
434:
425:
419:
417:
415:
406:
400:
394:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
348:
333:
324:
322:
307:Williams, George
303:
297:
291:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2022:
1933:(xiv) Insurance
1913:(ix) Quarantine
1881:
1874:
1219:
1168:
1117:
1081:
1025:
969:
948:
917:
881:Executive power
876:
840:
835:
805:
794:
790:
780:
778:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
751:
750:
746:
738:
734:
720:
719:
715:
707:
703:
693:
691:
690:. AustLII. 2012
687:
683:
682:
678:
669:
661:
660:
656:
646:
644:
639:
638:
634:
624:
622:
617:
616:
612:
602:
600:
595:
594:
590:
580:
578:
573:
572:
568:
561:
548:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
518:
508:
506:
501:
500:
496:
486:
484:
479:
478:
474:
464:
462:
457:
456:
452:
444:
437:
426:
422:
413:
409:Irving, Helen.
408:
407:
403:
395:
388:
380:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
339:(August 2012).
335:
334:
327:
305:
304:
300:
292:
288:
284:
215:Along with the
178:
154:
131:voting equality
68:US Constitution
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:(xxii) Divorce
1955:
1953:(xxi) Marriage
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:(xiii) Banking
1925:
1923:(xii) Currency
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:VI: New States
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
956:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
923:
922:Judicial power
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
842:
841:
836:
834:
833:
826:
819:
811:
804:
803:
788:
766:
744:
732:
713:
701:
676:
654:
641:"Final report"
632:
619:"Final report"
610:
588:
566:
559:
553:. LexisNexis.
541:
516:
494:
472:
450:
435:
420:
401:
386:
374:
362:
350:
325:
298:
285:
283:
280:
177:
174:
153:
150:
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:(x) Fisheries
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:(ii) Taxation
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:V: The States
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:The Dismissal
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
976:
972:
966:
965:Privy Council
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
839:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
809:
801:
797:
792:
789:
776:
770:
767:
754:
748:
745:
742:, p. 22.
741:
740:Twomey (2012)
736:
733:
727:
723:
717:
714:
711:, p. 23.
710:
709:Twomey (2012)
705:
702:
686:
680:
677:
668:
664:
658:
655:
642:
636:
633:
620:
614:
611:
598:
592:
589:
576:
570:
567:
562:
560:9780409324464
556:
552:
545:
542:
526:
520:
517:
504:
498:
495:
482:
476:
473:
461:. Trove. 2021
460:
454:
451:
448:, p. 20.
447:
446:Twomey (2012)
442:
440:
436:
433:
429:
424:
421:
412:
405:
402:
399:, p. 15.
398:
397:Twomey (2012)
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:Twomey (2012)
378:
375:
371:
370:Twomey (2012)
366:
363:
359:
358:Twomey (2012)
354:
351:
346:
342:
338:
332:
330:
326:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
299:
295:
290:
287:
281:
279:
277:
273:
270:in 2007. The
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
247:
244:
238:
236:
231:
225:
222:
218:
213:
210:
206:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
185:
181:
175:
173:
170:
165:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
146:Justice Kirby
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
107:
101:
95:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2048:Race and law
1908:(vi) Defence
1354:
1122:Other topics
795:
791:
779:. Retrieved
769:
757:. Retrieved
747:
735:
722:Twomey, Anne
716:
704:
692:. Retrieved
679:
657:
645:. Retrieved
635:
623:. Retrieved
613:
601:. Retrieved
591:
579:. Retrieved
569:
550:
544:
532:. Retrieved
519:
509:29 September
507:. Retrieved
497:
485:. Retrieved
475:
463:. Retrieved
453:
427:
423:
404:
384:, p. 7.
377:
372:, p. 4.
365:
360:, p. 3.
353:
344:
337:Twomey, Anne
301:
293:
289:
275:
263:
254:
245:
242:
239:
234:
226:
214:
211:
208:
200:
198:
186:
182:
179:
166:
155:
139:Commonwealth
119:
104:
100:Queensland's
96:
84:
72:US Civil War
49:
40:Commonwealth
19:
18:
1973:(xxvi) Race
230:Anne Twomey
74:during the
58:, the then
2037:Categories
1224:By section
1173:By chapter
1030:Amendments
1001:Federalism
929:High Court
852:Parliament
781:30 October
759:12 October
625:10 October
282:References
143:High Court
122:High Court
1889:Powers of
974:Doctrines
694:10 August
465:19 August
32:elections
903:Monarchy
647:12 April
603:28 April
581:12 April
534:25 April
487:15 March
888:Cabinet
319:2144763
137:of the
66:to the
46:History
872:Senate
557:
418:(2001)
317:
152:Reform
135:people
28:voting
798:
688:(PDF)
670:(PDF)
528:(PDF)
430:
414:(PDF)
347:: 20.
296:s 25.
251:spent
187:In a
1755:105A
1143:1998
783:2021
761:2021
696:2023
649:2021
627:2021
605:2021
583:2021
555:ISBN
536:2021
511:2021
489:2021
467:2021
315:SSRN
246:1975
1870:128
1865:127
1860:126
1855:125
1850:124
1845:123
1840:122
1835:121
1830:120
1825:119
1820:118
1815:117
1810:116
1805:115
1800:114
1795:113
1790:112
1785:111
1780:110
1775:109
1770:108
1765:107
1760:106
1750:105
1745:104
1740:103
1735:102
1730:101
1725:100
219:on
54:by
30:at
2039::
1720:99
1715:98
1710:97
1705:96
1700:95
1695:94
1690:93
1685:92
1680:91
1675:90
1670:89
1665:88
1660:87
1655:86
1650:85
1645:84
1640:83
1635:82
1630:81
1625:80
1620:79
1615:78
1610:77
1605:76
1600:75
1595:74
1590:73
1585:72
1580:71
1575:70
1570:69
1565:68
1560:67
1555:66
1550:65
1545:64
1540:63
1535:62
1530:61
1525:60
1520:59
1515:58
1510:57
1505:56
1500:55
1495:54
1490:53
1485:52
1480:50
1475:49
1470:48
1465:47
1460:46
1455:45
1450:44
1445:43
1440:42
1435:41
1430:40
1425:39
1420:38
1415:37
1410:36
1405:35
1400:34
1395:33
1390:32
1385:31
1380:30
1375:29
1370:28
1365:27
1360:26
1355:25
1350:24
1345:23
1340:22
1335:21
1330:20
1325:19
1320:18
1315:17
1310:16
1305:15
1300:14
1295:13
1290:12
1285:11
1280:10
665:.
438:^
389:^
343:.
328:^
313:.
309:.
237:.
141:.
129:,
1275:9
1270:8
1265:7
1260:6
1255:5
1250:4
1245:3
1240:2
1235:1
1145:)
1141:(
830:e
823:t
816:v
785:.
763:.
728:.
698:.
672:.
651:.
629:.
607:.
585:.
563:.
538:.
513:.
491:.
469:.
416:.
321:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.