107:
unsuitable to modern times. But it is a distinction adopted by the
Constitution and it must be observed however much inter-dependence may now exist between the two divisions of trade and commerce which the Constitution thus distinguishes. A legislative power, however, with respect to any subject matter contains within itself authority over whatever is incidental to the subject matter of the power and enables the legislature to include within laws made in pursuance of the power provisions which can only be justified as ancillary or incidental. But even in the application of this principle to the grant of legislative power made by s. 51 (i.) the distinction which the Constitution makes between the two branches of trade and commerce must be maintained. Its existence makes impossible any operation of the incidental power which would obliterate the distinction.
69:"Trade and commerce" between different countries—we leave out for the present the word "intercourse"—has never been confined to the mere act of transportation of merchandise over the frontier. That the words include that act is, of course, a truism. But that they go far beyond it is a fact quite as undoubted. All the commercial arrangements of which transportation is the direct and necessary result form part of "trade and commerce." The mutual communings, the negotiations, verbal and by correspondence, the bargain, the transport and the delivery are all, but not exclusively, parts of that class of relations between mankind which the world calls "trade and commerce."
126:
control exercised by a State over its intra-State trade, refrained from the full exercise of its own power. Arguments based upon the extent of State legislative power, or, the extent to which that power has been exercised, to measure or confine the legislative power of the
Commonwealth, must, since the
190:
We are definitely of opinion that sec. 92 lays down a general rule of economic freedom, and necessarily binds all parties and authorities within the
Commonwealth, including the Commonwealth itself, because, as was pointed out by the Privy Council itself, it establishes a "system based on the absolute
125:
If control of intra-State trade is necessary to make effectual the exercise of
Commonwealth power, that control may be exercised by the Commonwealth itself regardless of the control exercised by a State and regardless, too, of the fact that at some previous time the Commonwealth, because of the
106:
The distinction which is drawn between inter-State trade and the domestic trade of a State for the purpose of the power conferred upon the
Parliament by s. 51 (i.) to make laws with respect to trade and commerce with other countries and among the States may well be considered artificial and
56:
433:
113:
145:
but the fact that an intra-state journey may economically be required to assure the operation of an interstate service has not been sufficient to allow the
Commonwealth to regulate the entirety.
814:
1019:
166:
On the imposition of uniform duties of customs, trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States, whether by means of internal carriage or ocean navigation, shall be absolutely free.
983:
1883:
937:
1878:
1848:
325:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1793:
947:
699:
1858:
1818:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1740:
1625:
1085:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1665:
1645:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1080:
927:
866:
1750:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1555:
1545:
1530:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1075:
1065:
1055:
912:
809:
768:
763:
732:
211:
157:
46:
The power of the
Parliament to make laws with respect to trade and commerce extends to navigation and shipping, and to railways the property of any State.
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1070:
1050:
727:
1013:
973:
942:
932:
922:
917:
94:
However, the High Court has also ruled that a distinction must be maintained between interstate trade and trade that is strictly within a State. In
186:
as well as State
Parliaments, thus greatly affecting the Parliament's authority under s. 51(i). In their judgement, Evatt and McTiernan JJ stated:
595:
571:
312:
175:
1913:
881:
291:
1009:
1004:
783:
692:
459:
376:
1024:
1838:
1888:
1873:
1833:
1808:
999:
737:
1828:
1798:
1823:
1813:
1803:
876:
1783:
1788:
861:
1730:
1705:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1595:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
685:
851:
778:
968:
613:
1029:
963:
708:
907:
891:
567:
492:
468:
442:
413:
386:
359:
308:
871:
835:
799:
722:
539:
496:
472:
446:
417:
390:
363:
339:
278:
183:
31:
17:
1034:
856:
830:
773:
512:
251:
235:
651:
142:
that s. 51(i) covers both interstate and intrastate activities where they are "inseparably connected";
758:
85:
peripheral matters, such as the employment conditions of workers involved in such activity ; and
485:
Attorney-General (WA) v
Australian National Airlines Commission ("Western Australia Airlines case")
978:
614:"The Re-interpretation of Section 92: The Decline of Free Enterprise and the Rise of Free Trade"
42:
The meaning of trade and commerce is clarified in section 98 of the
Constitution which provides
1060:
804:
742:
563:
304:
629:
531:
488:
409:
382:
355:
331:
270:
625:
464:
438:
205:
118:
587:
555:
535:
335:
296:
274:
128:
1907:
886:
111:
But the distinction between interstate and intrastate activity is not absolute. In
99:
677:
634:
61:"Trade" and "commerce" have been broadly construed. The early case of
57:
Category:Trade and commerce power in the Australian Constitution cases
681:
352:
R v Foster; Ex parte Eastern & Australian Steamship Co Ltd
182:, the High Court decided that this requirement restricted the
38:
Trade and commerce with other countries, and among the States;
665:(1). Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited: 29–46
114:
Airlines of New South Wales Pty Ltd v New South Wales (No 2)
73:"Trade and commerce" has been subsequently held to include:
728:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
764:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
254:
Trade and commerce includes navigation and State railways.
326:
Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (No 1)
984:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
805:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
1749:
1094:
1043:
1020:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
992:
956:
900:
844:
823:
792:
751:
715:
434:Airlines of NSW Pty Ltd v New South Wales (No 2)
174:, which expanded on the previous ruling of the
88:the absolution prohibition of a specific trade.
693:
652:"Reinterpreting the trade and commerce power"
523:
521:
8:
428:
426:
401:
399:
262:
260:
82:Federal participation in trade and commerce;
28:Section 51(i) of the Australian Constitution
18:Section 51(i) of the Australian Constitution
810:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
769:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
733:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
212:Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867
158:Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia
1809:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
1098:
877:Implied freedom of political communication
700:
686:
678:
633:
515:Trade within the Commonwealth to be free.
974:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
584:Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Irving
224:
176:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1774:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
1035:Separatist movements within Australia
882:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
460:Redfern v Dunlop Rubber Australia Ltd
377:Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth
238:Legislative powers of the Parliament.
7:
1086:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
1025:List of proposed states of Australia
591:
559:
300:
191:freedom of trade among the States" (
1869:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
1000:Constitutional history of Australia
267:W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland
193:Colonial Sugar Refining Co v Irving
63:W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland
162:Section 92 states (in part) that:
25:
1764:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
328:("Airlines Nationalisation case")
1814:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
574:(on appeal from Australia).
315:(on appeal from Australia).
136:To that end, it has been held:
1864:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
659:Australian Business Law Review
1:
1914:Australian constitutional law
852:Australian Constitutional Law
208:(United States' Constitution)
1056:II: The Executive Government
495:492 (17 December 1976),
471:194 (25 February 1964),
152:Intersection with Section 92
51:Interpretation by the courts
969:Statute of Westminster 1931
948:Retirement of judges (1977)
311:497 (26 October 1949),
1930:
1030:Republicanism in Australia
1010:Constitutional Conventions
867:Constitutional conventions
598: (on appeal from Qld).
445:54 (3 February 1965),
292:Commonwealth v Bank of NSW
155:
54:
1101:
964:Constitution of Australia
887:Reserve power (sovereign)
784:Federal Executive Council
709:Constitution of Australia
362:256 (12 March 1959),
338: (14 December 1945),
277: (29 November 1920),
1839:(xxiiiA) Social security
738:House of Representatives
570:386 (21 June 1932),
564:[1932] UKPCHCA 2
305:[1949] UKPCHCA 1
1854:(xxix) External affairs
938:Casual vacancies (1977)
913:Senate elections (1906)
612:Carney, Gerard (1991).
416:353 (9 June 1953),
406:Wragg v New South Wales
389:1 (14 April 1976),
271:[1920] HCA 77
214:(Canadian Constitution)
184:Commonwealth Parliament
96:Wragg v New South Wales
79:financial transactions;
32:Parliament of Australia
1751:Enumerated legislative
928:Social services (1946)
923:2nd State debts (1928)
918:1st State debts (1910)
857:Responsible government
831:Inter-State Commission
650:Gray, Anthony (2008).
588:[1906] UKPC 20
556:[1932] UKPC 43
379:("Fraser Island case")
297:[1949] UKPC 37
197:
168:
134:
132:, fall upon deaf ears.
109:
71:
1859:(xxx) Pacific islands
1066:IV: Finance and Trade
892:Reserved State powers
538: (11 June 1935),
532:[1935] HCA 38
489:[1976] HCA 66
410:[1953] HCA 34
383:[1976] HCA 20
356:[1959] HCA 10
332:[1945] HCA 41
188:
164:
123:
104:
67:
957:Constitutional texts
862:Separation of powers
528:James v Commonwealth
465:[1969] HCA 9
439:[1965] HCA 3
172:James v Commonwealth
34:to make laws about:
1849:(xxvii) Immigration
1753:powers (Section 51)
1061:III: The Judicature
1884:(xxxviii) Imperial
1874:(xxxvi) Transition
1081:VII: Miscellaneous
979:Australia Act 1986
943:Referendums (1977)
933:Aboriginals (1967)
908:Referendum process
824:Other institutions
815:Boilermakers' Case
635:10.53300/001c.5208
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1879:(xxxvii) Referral
1819:(xx) Corporations
1051:I: The Parliament
716:Legislative power
536:(1935) 52 CLR 570
275:(1920) 28 CLR 530
16:(Redirected from
1921:
1889:(xxxix) Incident
1834:(xxiii) Pensions
1099:
779:Governor-General
702:
695:
688:
679:
674:
672:
670:
656:
646:
644:
642:
637:
599:
593:
581:
575:
561:
549:
543:
525:
516:
506:
500:
482:
476:
456:
450:
430:
421:
403:
394:
373:
367:
349:
343:
336:(1945) 71 CLR 29
322:
316:
302:
288:
282:
264:
255:
245:
239:
229:
21:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1804:(xiv) Insurance
1784:(ix) Quarantine
1752:
1745:
1090:
1039:
988:
952:
896:
840:
819:
788:
752:Executive power
747:
711:
706:
668:
666:
654:
649:
640:
638:
626:Bond University
618:Bond Law Review
611:
608:
606:Further reading
603:
602:
594:360 at p. 367,
582:
578:
550:
546:
526:
519:
507:
503:
483:
479:
457:
453:
431:
424:
404:
397:
374:
370:
350:
346:
323:
319:
289:
285:
265:
258:
246:
242:
230:
226:
221:
206:Commerce Clause
202:
170:In the case of
160:
154:
59:
53:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:(xxii) Divorce
1826:
1824:(xxi) Marriage
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:(xiii) Banking
1796:
1794:(xii) Currency
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:VI: New States
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
827:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
793:Judicial power
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
676:
675:
647:
607:
604:
601:
600:
576:
544:
517:
501:
477:
451:
422:
395:
368:
344:
317:
283:
256:
240:
223:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
209:
201:
198:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
129:Engineers Case
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
52:
49:
48:
47:
40:
39:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:(x) Fisheries
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:(ii) Taxation
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:V: The States
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:The Dismissal
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
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944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
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921:
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916:
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909:
906:
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903:
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893:
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870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
836:Privy Council
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
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762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
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744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
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718:
714:
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703:
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691:
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664:
660:
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648:
636:
631:
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623:
619:
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596:Privy Council
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
572:Privy Council
569:
565:
557:
553:
552:James v Cowan
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:, (1976) 138
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
470:
467:, (1964) 110
466:
462:
461:
455:
452:
448:
444:
441:, (1965) 113
440:
436:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:, (1976) 136
384:
380:
378:
372:
369:
365:
361:
358:, (1959) 103
357:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
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321:
318:
314:
313:Privy Council
310:
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180:James v Cowan
177:
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97:
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66:
64:
58:
50:
45:
44:
43:
37:
36:
35:
33:
29:
19:
1779:(vi) Defence
1763:
993:Other topics
667:. Retrieved
662:
658:
639:. Retrieved
621:
617:
583:
579:
566:, (1932) 47
551:
547:
542:(Australia).
527:
509:Constitution
508:
504:
499:(Australia).
484:
480:
475:(Australia).
458:
454:
449:(Australia).
432:
420:(Australia).
412:, (1953) 88
405:
393:(Australia).
375:
371:
366:(Australia).
351:
347:
324:
320:
307:, (1949) 79
290:
286:
281:(Australia).
266:
248:Constitution
247:
243:
232:Constitution
231:
227:
192:
189:
179:
171:
169:
165:
161:
135:
127:
124:
112:
110:
105:
95:
93:
72:
68:
65:, declared:
62:
60:
41:
30:enables the
27:
26:
1844:(xxvi) Race
669:5 September
641:5 September
628:: 149–173.
342:(Australia)
200:Comparisons
1095:By section
1044:By chapter
901:Amendments
872:Federalism
800:High Court
723:Parliament
540:High Court
497:High Court
473:High Court
447:High Court
418:High Court
391:High Court
364:High Court
340:High Court
279:High Court
219:References
156:See also:
119:Menzies J.
102:remarked:
55:See also:
1760:Powers of
845:Doctrines
513:s 92
252:s 98
236:s 51
1908:Category
774:Monarchy
100:Dixon J.
759:Cabinet
121:noted:
743:Senate
511:(Cth)
250:(Cth)
234:(Cth)
655:(PDF)
624:(2).
586:
562:542;
554:
530:
487:
463:
437:
408:
381:
354:
330:
303:235;
295:
269:
1626:105A
1014:1998
671:2012
643:2012
1741:128
1736:127
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1726:125
1721:124
1716:123
1711:122
1706:121
1701:120
1696:119
1691:118
1686:117
1681:116
1676:115
1671:114
1666:113
1661:112
1656:111
1651:110
1646:109
1641:108
1636:107
1631:106
1621:105
1616:104
1611:103
1606:102
1601:101
1596:100
630:doi
590:,
568:CLR
558:,
493:CLR
469:CLR
443:CLR
414:CLR
387:CLR
360:CLR
309:CLR
299:,
178:in
1910::
1591:99
1586:98
1581:97
1576:96
1571:95
1566:94
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1196:19
1191:18
1186:17
1181:16
1176:15
1171:14
1166:13
1161:12
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661:.
657:.
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1012:(
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