187:
approaches produced an unqualified view that
Parliament could legislate to give effect to any obligation or even non-binding recommendation contained in an international treaty once ratified. It was later qualified by Stephen J that it was necessary that the treaty at the very least deals with an area of international concern. However, this test of 'international concern' was rejected by Mason J in
186:
To some extent, there has been debate over whether the ratification of an international treaty may justify the exercise of
Commonwealth legislative power for the purpose of the implementation of that treaty. There is a marked difference between earlier and modern approaches to this issue. Initial
53:
According to
Constitutional law academic Michael Coper, it is "not entirely clear what the founding fathers intended" by conferring upon the Commonwealth Parliament the right to legislate with respect to "external affairs". Section 51(xxix) was amended a number of times in the Constitutional
178:" committed in Europe during World War II. Chief Justice Mason, and justices Deane, Dawson and McHugh held that this conclusion was sufficiently based on the fact that the geographical location in which the relevant acts were alleged to have been done was physically external to Australia.
54:
Conventions that debated the draft
Constitution in the 1890s. The draft Constitution adopted by the 1891 Sydney Convention allowed the Parliament to make laws with respect to "External affairs and Treaties". This wording carried through the 1897 Adelaide Convention but the
44:
In
Australia, developments in international law have no direct effect for domestic purposes unless a deliberate law-making act by the proper law-making authority has "transformed" the international rule into a domestic rule.
62:
ought to enter treaties that bound
Australia. The removal of the explicit reference to treaties was confirmed by the delegates to the 1897 Sydney Convention and the 1898 Melbourne Convention.
73:
suggested that the external affairs power would "prove to be a great constitutional battle-ground." Some 86 years later, Coper remarked that their prediction "showed remarkable foresight".
685:
41:, the activities regulated by treaty-implementing legislation have not been international in nature but rather located solely within Australia or even solely within a particular State.
890:
104:(1949) that "external affairs" was not confined to the "preservation of friendly relations with other Dominions", but extended to relations with "all countries outside Australia".
854:
1754:
808:
1749:
1719:
1739:
1734:
1714:
1664:
818:
570:
1729:
200:
86:
The term "external affairs" was used in section 51(xxix) rather than "foreign affairs" to make it clear that relations with the United
Kingdom and other parts of the
1689:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1639:
1611:
1496:
956:
159:"to matters or things geographically situated outside Australia". These suggestions were reinforced in later cases, and finally assumed decisive importance in
33:
In recent years, most attention has focused on the use of the power to pass legislation giving effect within
Australia to its obligations under international
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1536:
1516:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
951:
798:
737:
441:
1621:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1426:
1416:
1401:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
946:
936:
926:
783:
680:
639:
634:
603:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
941:
921:
598:
884:
23:
844:
813:
803:
793:
788:
1784:
752:
880:
875:
654:
563:
895:
114:(1982) extended this to relations with other "international persons", especially the United Nations and its various specialised agencies.
1709:
1759:
1744:
1704:
1679:
870:
608:
55:
1699:
1669:
1694:
1684:
1674:
747:
1654:
1659:
732:
539:
499:
1601:
1576:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1466:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
556:
59:
123:(1975) differed as to whether the "external affairs" power entitled the Commonwealth to assert its sovereignty over Australia's
127:, though a majority held that it did. The underlying reason for this was that the idea of national rights with respect to the "
341:
119:
722:
649:
155:, the external affairs power extends to anything "which in its nature is external to" Australia, or according to Justice
839:
390:
161:
58:, when considering whether to ratify the draft, resolved to omit the words "and Treaties" on the basis that only the
459:
900:
312:
191:
in 1983, which outlines the current approach to implementing treaties and was later confirmed by subsequent cases.
110:
834:
579:
778:
762:
469:
450:
424:
400:
351:
321:
94:
was created in 1901, the United
Kingdom and its possessions were not conceived of as "foreign" to Australia.
742:
706:
670:
593:
473:
454:
428:
404:
377:
355:
325:
299:
132:
91:
70:
27:
905:
727:
701:
644:
156:
223:
629:
97:
849:
523:
931:
675:
613:
535:
519:
495:
136:
128:
368:
170:
held that s 51(xxix) contained a sufficient grant of power to support a law to identify and
148:
38:
465:
446:
420:
396:
373:
347:
317:
287:
124:
291:
510:
167:
105:
87:
1778:
757:
66:
548:
175:
171:
34:
511:"External Affairs and Treaties: The Founding Fathers' Perspective"
552:
336:
334:
599:
30:
the right to legislate with respect to "external affairs".
635:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
532:
The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth
855:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
676:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
166:(1991). In this case, all judges other than Justice
131:" had emerged since 1945 distinctly as a product of
1620:
965:
914:
891:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
863:
827:
771:
715:
694:
663:
622:
586:
518:(1990) 16 University of Queensland Law Journal 123
293:
201:Section 51(xxx) of the Constitution of Australia
220:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900
20:Section 51(xxix) of the Australian Constitution
534:(1995 reprint ed.). Sydney: Legal Books.
564:
8:
442:Richardson v Forestry Commission of Tasmania
681:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
640:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
604:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
492:Encounters with the Australian Constitution
259:
1680:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
969:
748:Implied freedom of political communication
571:
557:
549:
247:
182:Implementing treaties (international law)
37:. In some cases, as with human rights or
24:Section 51 of the Australian Constitution
16:Subsection in the Australian Constitution
845:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
212:
90:were intended to be included. When the
1645:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
906:Separatist movements within Australia
753:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
271:
235:
7:
957:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
896:List of proposed states of Australia
530:Quick, John; Garran, Robert (1901).
28:Commonwealth Parliament of Australia
1740:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
871:Constitutional history of Australia
56:New South Wales Legislative Council
494:. North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
14:
1635:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
1685:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
462:(Industrial Relations Act case)
344:(Seas and Submerged Lands case)
1735:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
342:New South Wales v Commonwealth
82:Relations with other countries
1:
1785:Australian constitutional law
723:Australian Constitutional Law
153:Seas and Submerged Lands Case
143:Matters external to Australia
120:Seas and Submerged Lands case
927:II: The Executive Government
509:McDermott, Peter M. (1990).
840:Statute of Westminster 1931
819:Retirement of judges (1977)
391:Polyukhovich v Commonwealth
162:Polyukhovich v Commonwealth
147:According to Chief Justice
1801:
901:Republicanism in Australia
881:Constitutional Conventions
738:Constitutional conventions
313:Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen
111:Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen
972:
835:Constitution of Australia
758:Reserve power (sovereign)
655:Federal Executive Council
580:Constitution of Australia
1710:(xxiiiA) Social security
609:House of Representatives
460:Victoria v Commonwealth
39:environmental protection
35:treaties and conventions
1725:(xxix) External affairs
809:Casual vacancies (1977)
784:Senate elections (1906)
490:Coper, Michael (1987).
260:Quick & Garran 1901
133:international relations
92:Australian Constitution
1622:Enumerated legislative
799:Social services (1946)
794:2nd State debts (1928)
789:1st State debts (1910)
728:Responsible government
702:Inter-State Commission
1730:(xxx) Pacific islands
937:IV: Finance and Trade
763:Reserved State powers
466:[1996] HCA 56
447:[1988] HCA 10
421:[1994] HCA 32
397:[1991] HCA 32
393:(War Crimes Act case)
374:[2007] HCA 33
348:[1975] HCA 58
318:[1982] HCA 27
288:[1949] HCA 46
164:(War Crimes Act Case)
828:Constitutional texts
733:Separation of powers
417:Horta v Commonwealth
250:, p. 123 to 131
98:Chief Justice Latham
1720:(xxvii) Immigration
1624:powers (Section 51)
932:III: The Judicature
60:Imperial Parliament
22:is a subsection of
1755:(xxxviii) Imperial
1745:(xxxvi) Transition
952:VII: Miscellaneous
850:Australia Act 1986
814:Referendums (1977)
804:Aboriginals (1967)
779:Referendum process
695:Other institutions
686:Boilermakers' Case
189:Tasmanian Dam Case
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1750:(xxxvii) Referral
1690:(xx) Corporations
922:I: The Parliament
587:Legislative power
137:international law
129:continental shelf
1792:
1760:(xxxix) Incident
1705:(xxiii) Pensions
970:
650:Governor-General
573:
566:
559:
550:
545:
517:
515:
505:
477:
438:
432:
414:
408:
387:
381:
369:Thomas v Mowbray
365:
359:
338:
329:
309:
303:
295:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
217:
77:External affairs
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1675:(xiv) Insurance
1655:(ix) Quarantine
1623:
1616:
961:
910:
859:
823:
767:
711:
690:
659:
623:Executive power
618:
582:
577:
542:
529:
513:
508:
502:
489:
486:
481:
480:
439:
435:
415:
411:
388:
384:
366:
362:
339:
332:
310:
306:
282:
278:
270:
266:
258:
254:
246:
242:
234:
230:
218:
214:
209:
197:
184:
145:
125:territorial sea
106:Justice Brennan
84:
79:
51:
26:that gives the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:(xxii) Divorce
1697:
1695:(xxi) Marriage
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:(xiii) Banking
1667:
1665:(xii) Currency
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
967:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
947:VI: New States
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
916:
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
873:
867:
865:
861:
860:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
775:
773:
769:
768:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
717:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
698:
696:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
665:
664:Judicial power
661:
660:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
624:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
588:
584:
583:
578:
576:
575:
568:
561:
553:
547:
546:
540:
527:
506:
500:
485:
482:
479:
478:
433:
409:
382:
360:
330:
304:
276:
264:
252:
248:McDermott 1990
240:
228:
211:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
196:
193:
183:
180:
144:
141:
117:The judges in
88:British Empire
83:
80:
78:
75:
50:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1797:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:(x) Fisheries
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:(ii) Taxation
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
964:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:V: The States
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
876:The Dismissal
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
862:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
714:
708:
707:Privy Council
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
693:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
662:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
621:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
589:
585:
581:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
554:
551:
543:
541:1-86316-071-X
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
512:
507:
503:
501:0-86903-903-2
497:
493:
488:
487:
483:
475:
471:
468:, (1996) 187
467:
463:
461:
456:
452:
449:, (1988) 164
448:
444:
443:
437:
434:
430:
426:
423:, (1994) 181
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:, (1991) 172
398:
394:
392:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
364:
361:
357:
353:
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320:, (1982) 153
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1724:
1650:(vi) Defence
864:Other topics
531:
491:
458:
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389:
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1715:(xxvi) Race
484:Cited texts
284:R v Sharkey
102:R v Sharkey
966:By section
915:By chapter
772:Amendments
743:Federalism
671:High Court
594:Parliament
474:High Court
455:High Court
429:High Court
405:High Court
378:High Court
356:High Court
326:High Court
300:High Court
292:(1949) 79
272:Coper 1987
236:Coper 1987
207:References
176:war crimes
71:John Quick
1631:Powers of
716:Doctrines
524:0083-4041
224:s 51
172:prosecute
65:In 1901,
1779:Category
645:Monarchy
195:See also
100:said in
630:Cabinet
226:(xxix).
168:Brennan
149:Barwick
49:Origins
614:Senate
538:
522:
498:
222:(Cth)
514:(PDF)
472:416,
464:
453:261,
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427:183,
419:
403:501,
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354:337,
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324:168,
316:
286:
157:Mason
1497:105A
885:1998
536:ISBN
520:ISSN
496:ISBN
457:and
135:and
69:and
1612:128
1607:127
1602:126
1597:125
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470:CLR
451:CLR
425:CLR
401:CLR
352:CLR
322:CLR
296:121
294:CLR
151:in
108:in
1781::
1462:99
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376:,
333:^
298:,
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139:.
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883:(
572:e
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558:v
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174:"
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