436:, the Ontario Court of Appeal found that police could not use their traffic stop powers as a pretext to detain an individual in the context of a criminal investigation. Simpson confirms that the power to detain for investigative purposes can only be exercised where there is "a constellation of objectively discernible facts which give the detaining officer reasonable cause to suspect that the detainee is criminally implicated in the activity under investigation." This test was upheld and expanded upon by the Supreme Court of Canada in
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In cases where there is no physical restraint or legal obligation, it may not be clear whether a person has been detained. To determine whether the reasonable person in the individual’s circumstances would conclude that he or she had been deprived by the state of the liberty of choice, the court may
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has stated that "detention" refers to a suspension of an individual's liberty interest by a significant physical or psychological restraint. Psychological detention is established either where the individual has a legal obligation to comply with the restrictive request or demand, or a reasonable
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The circumstances giving rise to the encounter as would reasonably be perceived by the individual: whether the police were providing general assistance; maintaining general order; making general inquiries regarding a particular occurrence; or, singling out the individual for focused
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is not invoked unless there is significant physical or psychological restraint. Detainment can be found to be arbitrary where there is "no express or implied criteria which govern its exercise."
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422:(1990) highway stops were found to be arbitrary where absolute discretion was given to the police. Again, the violation was justified under section 1.
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Section Nine of the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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Fundamental
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Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
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Detainment within the meaning of both section nine and
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Part II – Rights of the
Aboriginal peoples of Canada
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355:section ten
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774:Section 91
512:, para. 44
482:R. v. Mann
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479:para. 19
410:section 1
405:R v Grant
388:(per the
328:Section 9
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968:Preamble
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285:Citation
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1519:Portals
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462:Charter
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330:of the
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668:(1838)
500:(1988)
485:(2004)
468:Notes
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360:The
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239:25
227:24
215:23
203:22
201:,
199:21
197:,
195:20
193:,
191:19
189:,
187:18
185:,
183:17
181:,
177:,
175:16
163:15
151:14
149:,
147:13
145:,
143:12
141:,
139:11
137:,
135:10
133:,
129:,
125:,
97:,
93:,
1521::
1013:9
1008:8
1003:7
998:6
993:5
988:4
983:3
978:2
973:1
581:e
574:t
567:v
316:e
309:t
302:v
131:9
127:8
123:7
111:6
99:5
95:4
91:3
79:2
67:1
20:)
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