2906:. A new literary canon, authored by writers committed to the secular cause, was to provide the people with a Jewish culture that could compete with the Polish or Russian ones. It was supplemented with burgeoning theatre and press scenes, reaching a vast audience. Intellectuals, dedicated to a secular cultural revival, enlisted to reinterpret and reformulate the holidays and other aspects of Jewish tradition: New children's songs, for example, served to remove the old religious narratives and impart new ones, centered on the family or the nation. The secular messages were spread by the modern Jewish schools and youth movements, which catered to hundreds of thousands of pupils.
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2971:'s religious aspects, centering on the miracle of the oil, were repressed and replaced with an emphasis on national sovereignty and a victory against foreign enemies (circumventing the religious civil war among Jews). The Zionist reappropriation of the Jewish calendar similarly affected all holidays. Those that could serve the national ideals, especially in celebrating military feats or agriculture, were emphasised and cultivated. Those that could not, like
2797:. Unlike other thinkers exposed to the influences of secularisation, he did not seek to avoid their implications, but to confront them while maintaining full continuity with the Jewish past. He understood that the theological discourse which defined the Jews was about to lose relevance, first for the young and educated and later for most. While others ignored the subject, Ginsberg delineated a revolutionary solution, borrowing especially from the
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2686:", who introduced critical academic methods in the study of Jewish history, rebutted traditional interpretation, but were rarely interested in alternatives for the secularised, modern crowd. They even scorned the efforts of religious reform, whether radical or conservative, and many were convinced that Judaism was destined to dissipate;
2967:, strongly influenced by Ahad Ha'am, was the dominant philosophy. The highly centralised and ideologically-driven Zionist enterprise in the land, allowed its leaders to rapidly disseminate the intellectual products of their philosophers and thinkers, committed to create a new Jewish culture. The old holidays were radically refashioned:
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civic integration and modernisation, had to contend with a well-entrenched rabbinic leadership which enjoyed little-questioned prestige. Unlike their emancipated brethren in the West, their
Jewishness was self-evident and unreflective. On that "thick" layer of ethnicity, with virtually no alternative
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The new understanding of
Jewishness swiftly spread from the intellectuals to the rest of society, into the spheres of popular culture and daily life. As Eastern European Jews were undergoing secularisation and acculturation, in the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, and being recognised as a
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thought, all rapidly chafed at traditional observance. With the weakening of
Catholic Church, the Jews' traditional role as humiliated witnesses to its truth was no longer a political maxim, and the absolutist rulers pondered how to turn them into useful subjects. Jewish intellectuals, members of a
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Not to be confused with the epithet "secular Jew", which has various meanings in different contexts. A "secular Jew" may be a religious Jew who espouses secularism in a general context; in the 20th century, American rabbis who endorsed strict separation of church and state were the most prominent
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remained the language of letters, and traditional education was the norm; out of 5.2 million Jews, only 21,308 attended state schools in 1880. Suffering severe discrimination, they remained a distinct corporate and ethnic group. Secularisation processes were slow: Radical enlighteners, preaching
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and preached for a rupture with the past. Ginsberg greatly valued tradition, regarding it not as a body of divine commandments standing in their own right, but as a set of customs aimed at consolidating the people, which could be adapted or abandoned based on that same consideration (this
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into Jewish society through intermarriage, without conversion. Not a few
Yiddishists, like Bundist ideologue A. Litvak (Khayim Yankl Helfand, 1874–1932)), urged that declaring Yiddish as one's mother tongue was the only measure for determining Jewish nationality. Zionist
2869:. With the demise of faith, Zhitlowsky advocated that a monolinguistic Yiddish nation and culture were the future of local Jews, with old traditions serving as folklore to be selectively adopted. Neither he nor his followers ever discussed other Jewish ethnic groups.
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Ahad Ha'am, Berdyczewski, Dubnow and
Zhitlowsky were only few of the most prominent Jewish secularist ideologues of their age. Hundreds of others, influenced by the major thinkers and supporting the various national movements, were active among the millions in the
2667:". The synagogue, family life and strictly religious questions – the differentiation between "secular" and "religious" spheres, imported from Christianity, was alien to Jewish tradition – were the only venues in which Jewishness could be expressed. The nascent
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once commented that their aim was to "duly bury its corpse." Utter religious apathy was common among 19th-century Jews, but it was not accompanied by any positive identity. The children of such people often converted to
Christianity.
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Among the millions of
Eastern Europeans who immigrated to the United States and other western countries, the new Jewish secularism imported from home continued to prosper. A group of radical intellectuals coalesced in 1915 to found
139:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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Only in late-19th century
Eastern Europe did a new, positive and secular definition of Jewish existence arise. Eastern European Jews, more than 90% of world Jewry at the time, were decidedly unacculturated: In 1897, 97% declared
2599:, the herald of the secular age, advocated the demise of religious control over society and the delegation of faith to the private sphere. Yet his notions lacked anything specifically Jewish: He believed that without the
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view, the people arose by itself, not by God's intervention; the driving, enlivening force of Jewish history was not the transmission of God's teachings through the generations, but the creative instincts and
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in
Central and Western Europe, willing to tolerate the Jews as a Christian-like denomination and rejecting any vestige of corporate autonomy, ensured that modernisation and secularisation were expressed in
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to assimilate into, the slow disintegration of community life and exposure to modern notions allowed an adaptation, rather than marginalisation. In the 1870s and 1880s, several Jewish
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coalesced in
Eastern Europe, coupled with a literary renaissance of Hebrew and Yiddish. In tandem, young intellectuals advanced a radically new understanding of Jewish identity.
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The logic of redefining the Jews as a modern nation was extended to the criteria for being a Jew, changing them to ethno-cultural markings. Ahad Ha'am repudiated the idea of
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to define the Jews, their collective existence would eventually cease, an outcome he regarded as welcome. There is no evidence he retained a sense of Jewishness after being
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At the end of the 18th century, communal autonomy was gradually abolished by the rising centralised states of Europe, and with it the authority of rabbis and
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in Spain, who retained some sense of Jewish identity and alienation while formally Catholic, anticipated the European secularisation process to some degree.
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Judaism. It was limited to the private sphere, while its adherents were expected to conform to civil norms in the public one, and identify with the
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declared that those who identified with other nations (as did most Western and Central European "citizens of Mosaic faith"), were committing "
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Ahad Ha'am was not the only one, and far from the most radical, to promulgate a cultural-national conception of Jewishness. His harsh critic
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The most prominent of these, who is widely considered as the father of Jewish secularism, was Asher Hirsch Ginsberg, known by his
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example of "secular Jews". Broadly, it may denote any Jew who partakes in secular life and is not extremely religious.
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instrumental view of Jewish law was adopted by many secularist ideologists, and even taught as historically factual).
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aspects. The concept of Jewish secularism first arose in the late 19th century, with its influence peaking during the
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radically altered the religion so it could be adapted to modern circumstances. The traditionalists, coalescing into
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united believing Catholics, returnees to Judaism (on both accounts, rarely fully at comfort in their religions) and
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provided a strong sense of Jewish ethnicity, and an audience for the intellectuals and cultural activists.
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and other trade unions, furthered the secular reformulation of Jewish life: traditional texts, like the
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in 1656. Religious laxity and acculturation, widespread among Spanish exiles, began to appear among the
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to criminally sanction transgressors. Acculturation, piecemeal integration and, far less importantly,
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new non-rabbinic secularised elite, likewise attempted to solve the modern problems. Radical
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The Origins of the Modern Jew: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany, 1749–1824
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and Perez Peter Beer (1758-1838) suggested that Judaism be reduced to little more than
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A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza's Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age
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Judaism: Myth, Legend, History and Custom: From the Religious to the Secular
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An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thinkers: From Spinoza to Soloveitchik
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
3131:
The Other Within — The Marranos: Split Identity and Emerging Modernity
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3289:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 461–476.
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at YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Accessed 2023-12-2.
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The Origins of Jewish Secularization in Eighteenth-Century Europe
2818:" of the Jews. He described himself and his like-minded in 1898:
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Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought
200:, one of the most prominent Jewish secularist ideologues
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3162:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. pp. xi–xiii.
2926:", and were therefore outside the pale of Jewishness.
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The free-thinking Jew, who loves his own people, is a
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2849:. "Science of Judaism" scholars in Germany, mainly
3266:Hunter College of the City University of New York
3308:. Montreal - Toronto: Robert Davies Publishing.
3149:, Princeton University Press, 2011. pp. 166–168.
3133:, Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. 352–358.
2890:, Jewish secularism thrived. From the socialist
2886:national minority with autonomous rights in the
2770:their mother tongue and only 26% could read the
211:in a Jewish context, denoting the definition of
3230:The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Secular Judaism
157:accompanying your translation by providing an
123:Click for important translation instructions.
110:expand this article with text translated from
3366:
3117:. Oxford University Press, 2017. pp. 320–321.
2564:
8:
2663:in the political, often as "citizens of the
4855:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3104:. Princeton University Press, 2015, p. xii.
2733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
808:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
27:Secularism in a specifically Jewish context
3535:
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3359:
3351:
3113:Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).
2952:. The dense immigrants' neighbourhoods in
2571:
2557:
2421:
2062:
1135:
942:
547:
416:
235:
2753:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:with little or no attention given to its
3402:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3031:Peretz Centre for Secular Jewish Culture
4901:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3090:
3069:
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2424:
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7:
2731:adding citations to reliable sources
2877:, Poland and the adjacent regions.
4848:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4828:American Jewish Historical Society
3286:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism
25:
2959:In the Zionist settlement in the
2679:, acculturation was even lauded.
599:Historical population comparisons
169:{{Translated|he|×—×™×ś×•× ×™×•×Ş יהודית}}
47:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
5012:
4999:
4998:
2999:
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2703:
2611:of Central Europe when affluent
1243:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1157:Historical population by country
97:
34:
2650:Eventually, the constraints of
4920:Relations with other religions
3283:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.).
3232:. Center for Cultural Judaism.
3115:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
167:You may also add the template
1:
4907:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3277:"Secular Forms of Jewishness"
2695:The rise of Jewish secularism
2615:entered Christian society.
2589:Their diaspora outside Iberia
814:Christianity and Judaism
4838:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4833:American Sephardi Federation
3345:The New York Review of Books
3262:The End of Jewish Secularism
3214:Wayne State University Press
86:Secular Jew (disambiguation)
3661:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3330:Secular Culture & Ideas
3304:Arnold, Abraham J. (1995).
3015:Center for Cultural Judaism
2113:
2094:
1821:Latin America and Caribbean
517:
232:The Jews and secularisation
180:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
5067:
4889:National Library of Israel
3530:Zionism, race and genetics
3175:; Klein, Roger C. (2006).
2855:national personal autonomy
2677:modernist Orthodox circles
2426:Jewish political movements
2123:Conversion to Judaism
131:Machine translation, like
83:
76:
4987:
4843:Yeshiva University Museum
4823:Center for Jewish History
3392:
3058:Reconstructionist Judaism
2865:, the founder of radical
2832:, strongly influenced by
2595:in one "Marrano nation."
829:Hinduism and Judaism
112:the corresponding article
3435:Ancient Israel and Judah
3183:Rowman & Littlefield
2838:transvaluation of values
2830:Micha Josef Berdyczewski
655:Temple in Jerusalem
348:Bar and bat mitzvah
77:Not to be confused with
60:may contain suggestions.
45:may need to be rewritten
3811:North African Sephardim
3784:Jewish tribes of Arabia
617:Twelve Tribes of Israel
178:For more guidance, see
4914:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4884:Jewish Virtual Library
201:
4861:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4643:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3828:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3578:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2975:, were marginalised.
2904:1911 Zionist Congress
2847:Jewish historiography
2688:Moritz Steinschneider
2682:The scholars of the "
1363:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1358:Republic of the Congo
752:Second Temple Judaism
623:Kingdom of Judah
594:Modern historiography
196:
151:copyright attribution
3440:Second Temple period
2727:improve this section
2673:self-aware Orthodoxy
2465:World Agudath Israel
1606:United Arab Emirates
693:Second Temple period
683:Babylonian captivity
84:For other uses, see
5051:Judaism and society
4878:Jewish Encyclopedia
4623:Hekhalot literature
4434:Religious movements
3969:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2946:class consciousness
2933:The Menorah Journal
2629:Jewish enlighteners
758:Hellenistic Judaism
336:Land of Israel
295:Principles of faith
5019:Judaism portal
4955:Jews and Halloween
4950:Jews and Christmas
4340:Rabbinic authority
4092:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3525:Xueta Christianity
3430:Origins of Judaism
3397:Outline of Judaism
3273:Mendes-Flohr, Paul
3226:Sarna, Jonathan D.
3026:Humanistic Judaism
2875:Pale of Settlement
2809:. In his secular,
2785:national movements
2684:Science of Judaism
2319:Jewish Koine Greek
1861:Dominican Republic
1142:Judaism by country
821:Jews and Christmas
676:Assyrian captivity
202:
159:interlanguage link
5041:Jewish secularism
5028:
5027:
4994:extinct languages
4895:YIVO Encyclopedia
4670:Hebrew literature
4638:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4478:Reconstructionist
4156:Judaeo-Portuguese
3845:
3844:
3801:Eastern Sephardim
3445:Synagogal Judaism
3206:Meyer, Michael A.
3173:Levenson, Alan T.
2942:Passover Haggadah
2924:national apostasy
2915:Palestinian Arabs
2894:to the bourgeois
2763:
2762:
2755:
2657:confessionalising
2645:divine revelation
2581:
2580:
2530:
2529:
2278:
2277:
2025:Reconstructionist
1969:
1968:
1121:
1120:
928:
927:
765:Jewish–Roman wars
713:Hasmonean dynasty
629:Kingdom of Israel
533:
532:
205:Jewish secularism
191:
190:
124:
120:
75:
74:
49:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
5058:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5002:
5001:
4134:Judeo-Golpaygani
3735:Palestinian Jews
3710:Alexandrian Jews
3666:Crimean Karaites
3583:Unterlander Jews
3536:
3450:Rabbinic Judaism
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3319:
3300:
3245:
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3158:Feiner, Shmuel.
3156:
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3051:Hashomer Hatzair
3009:
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2989:
2988:
2965:Cultural Zionism
2863:Chaim Zhitlowsky
2799:social Darwinism
2772:Russian alphabet
2758:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2707:
2699:
2637:Lazarus Bendavid
2573:
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1957:New Zealand
1909:
1872:El Salvador
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1794:Northern America
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1136:
1047:Crimean Karaites
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840:
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803:Rabbinic Judaism
784:
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707:Maccabean Revolt
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4104:Judeo-Malayalam
4050:Judeo-Aragonese
4021:Lishanid Noshan
3853:
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3573:Oberlander Jews
3534:
3464:
3406:
3388:
3379:
3347:, 15 July 1982.
3326:
3316:
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3297:
3271:
3254:
3252:Further reading
3249:
3248:
3240:
3236:
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3185:. p. 121.
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3127:Yirmiyahu Yovel
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2888:interwar period
2883:
2851:Heinrich Graetz
2816:national spirit
2807:divine election
2803:Herbert Spencer
2759:
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2669:Reform movement
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2379:Judaeo-Georgian
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795:and Middle Ages
793:Rabbinic period
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640:in Judaism
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3324:External links
3322:
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3281:Neusner, Jacob
3269:
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3216:, pp. 115–123.
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3007:Judaism portal
2996:
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4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Sefer HaBahir
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Sifrei Kodesh
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4416:Who is a Jew?
4414:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Chosen people
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4301:Scots-Yiddish
4299:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4274:Klezmer-loshn
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Judeo-Shirazi
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:Judeo-Persian
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Judeo-Marathi
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Judeo-Italian
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Judeo-Amazigh
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Hadhrami Jews
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Mountain Jews
3728:
3726:
3725:Egyptian Jews
3723:
3721:
3720:Bukharan Jews
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Lists of Jews
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:Breaking Away
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3315:1-895854-26-1
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3296:1-57718-058-5
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:Steven Nadler
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3084:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2993:Jewish portal
2983:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:This section
2710:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:Enlightenment
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Judeo-Aramaic
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Judeo-Italian
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:Denominations
1975:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:United States
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Guinea-Bissau
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Lists of Jews
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
933:
922:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:The Holocaust
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
833:
831:
826:
822:
816:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
790:
783:
777:
771:
766:
763:
759:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
694:
690:
685:
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
641:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
538:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Mishneh Torah
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
473:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
422:
418:
413:
408:
407:
400:
397:
395:
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267:Who is a Jew?
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108:You can help
104:
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55:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5010:
5003:
4989:
4912:
4905:
4893:
4876:
4859:
4693:perspectives
4536:
4527:Samaritanism
4488:Neo-Hasidism
4468:Conservative
4382:Names of God
4291:
4272:
4082:Judaeo-Greek
4077:Judeo-Gascon
4016:Lishán Didán
4011:Lishana Deni
3979:Judeo-Yemeni
3947:Judeo-Arabic
3821:Meshuchrarim
3740:Persian Jews
3673:Kurdish Jews
3651:Kaifeng Jews
3600:Beta Abraham
3563:Galitzianers
3518:Antisemitism
3493:Israeli Jews
3478:Assimilation
3338:
3305:
3285:
3261:
3258:Howe, Irving
3237:
3229:
3221:
3209:
3201:
3177:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3093:
3072:
2958:
2938:Arbeter Ring
2931:
2928:
2908:
2884:
2871:
2843:Simon Dubnow
2827:
2819:
2792:nom de plume
2791:
2789:
2781:high culture
2764:
2749:
2740:
2725:Please help
2713:
2681:
2665:Mosaic faith
2661:nation-state
2652:emancipation
2649:
2617:
2582:
2523:Post-Zionism
2454:
2394:Judeo-Berber
2389:Judeo-Arabic
2349:Judeo-Gascon
2096:Pidyon haben
2015:Conservative
1561:Saudi Arabia
1379:South Africa
1368:Sierra Leone
1190:Israeli Jews
1104:Mosaic Arabs
1057:Kaifeng Jews
918:Arab–Israeli
891:Emancipation
770:Great Revolt
579:Anti-Judaism
574:Antisemitism
569:Name "Judea"
364:Baal teshuva
204:
203:
155:edit summary
146:
117:
109:
90:
63:
54:You can help
44:
4935:Catholicism
4517:Hellenistic
4355:Eschatology
4293:Lachoudisch
4218:Lotegorisch
4196:Lachoudisch
4186:Koiné Greek
4099:Judeo-Latin
4036:Palestinian
3930:Palestinian
3779:MustaĘżravim
3705:Afghan Jews
3693:Berber Jews
3617:Bene Israel
3605:Falash Mura
3595:Beta Israel
3513:Persecution
3455:Middle Ages
3335:Irving Howe
3102:David Biale
2896:Folkspartei
2836:, sought a
2743:August 2024
2633:Saul Ascher
2605:anathemised
2518:Revisionist
2508:Neo-Zionism
2115:Zeved habat
1908:Puerto Rico
1734:Netherlands
1566:South Korea
1551:Philippines
1431:Afghanistan
1298:Ivory Coast
1072:Crypto-Jews
1037:Bnei Anusim
1016:Bene Israel
981:Beta Israel
938:Communities
845:Middle Ages
584:Persecution
359:Bereavement
119:(June 2020)
66:August 2024
5035:Categories
4930:Anabaptism
4872:Jew (word)
4739:Leadership
4552:Literature
4537:Secularism
4483:Humanistic
4350:Conversion
4320:Philosophy
4161:Judeo-Urdu
3925:Babylonian
3770:Saada Jews
3755:Adeni Jews
3548:Ashkenazim
3503:Samaritans
3470:Population
3425:Israelites
3242:Litvak, A.
3192:0742546071
3085:References
2973:Yom Kippur
2911:conversion
2867:Yiddishism
2795:Ahad Ha'am
2613:court Jews
2609:Ashkenazim
2503:Maximalism
2455:Secularism
2435:Autonomism
2252:Literature
2045:Humanistic
1649:Azerbaijan
1611:Uzbekistan
1586:Tajikistan
1506:Kyrgyzstan
1491:Kazakhstan
1338:Mozambique
1313:Madagascar
1233:Cape Verde
1185:New Yishuv
1180:Old Yishuv
1131:Population
1109:Subbotniks
1067:Samaritans
1006:Romanyotim
949:Ashkenazim
896:Old Yishuv
876:Sabbateans
863:Modern era
855:Golden Age
782:Bar Kokhba
502:Beit Yosef
369:Philosophy
209:secularism
207:refers to
198:Ahad Ha'am
4992:indicate
4940:Mormonism
4925:Christian
4805:Symbolism
4793:Synagogue
4773:Mythology
4734:Education
4705:Astronomy
4688:Astrology
4505:relations
4310:Zarphatic
4258:Galitzish
4060:Yeshivish
3937:Catalanic
3900:Samaritan
3875:Ashkenazi
3856:Diasporic
3851:Languages
3796:Sephardim
3791:Romaniote
3678:Krymchaks
3612:Desi Jews
3488:Buddhists
3275:(2003) .
2950:rabbinism
2948:and anti-
2834:Nietzsche
2822:pantheist
2714:does not
2513:Religious
2369:Zarphatic
2359:Bukharian
2329:Judeo-Tat
2314:Yeshivish
2288:Languages
2243:Sephardic
2233:Israelite
2223:Ethiopian
2213:Ashkenazi
2152:Religious
1942:Australia
1924:Venezuela
1830:Argentina
1812:Greenland
1724:Lithuania
1576:Sri Lanka
1571:Singapore
1496:Kurdistan
1461:Indonesia
1451:Hong Kong
1404:Abayudaya
1328:Mauritius
1062:Igbo Jews
1052:Krymchaks
971:Sephardim
839:relations
733:Sadducees
729:Pharisees
719:Sanhedrin
634:Jerusalem
394:Synagogue
262:Etymology
217:religious
173:talk page
114:in Hebrew
58:talk page
5005:Category
4975:Hinduism
4965:Buddhism
4867:Genetics
4783:Politics
4756:Marriage
4715:Holidays
4710:Calendar
4591:Rabbinic
4567:/Hebrew
4512:Haymanot
4439:Orthodox
4426:Branches
4399:Kabbalah
4394:Haskalah
4372:Holiness
4248:dialects
4228:Shassagh
4191:Krymchak
4171:Kayliñña
4065:Yinglish
4041:Galilean
4031:Talmudic
4026:Biblical
4001:Betanure
3920:Biblical
3915:Mishnaic
3910:Medieval
3895:Tiberian
3890:Yemenite
3880:Sephardi
3816:Paradesi
3760:Ḥabbanim
3750:Teimanim
3715:Baghdadi
3688:Maghrebi
3656:Karaites
3634:GruzĂnim
3622:Kochinim
3540:Diaspora
3498:Karaites
3483:Atheists
3420:Timeline
3260:(1995).
3228:(2007).
3208:(1979).
2979:See also
2969:Hanukkah
2954:New York
2900:Zionists
2857:for the
2811:agnostic
2585:Marranos
2540:Category
2498:Kahanism
2445:Feminism
2417:Politics
2301:Biblical
2271:American
2218:Bukharan
2208:American
2108:Shidduch
2084:Clothing
2040:Haymanot
1986:Orthodox
1914:Suriname
1897:Paraguay
1850:Colombia
1749:Portugal
1659:Bulgaria
1596:Thailand
1546:Pakistan
1526:Mongolia
1521:Malaysia
1441:Cambodia
1415:Zimbabwe
1390:Tanzania
1268:Eswatini
1258:Ethiopia
1248:Djibouti
1228:Cameroon
1223:Botswana
1152:Diaspora
1114:Noahides
1087:Marranos
1011:Cochinim
996:Bukharim
986:Gruzinim
976:Teimanim
966:Mizrahim
954:Galician
920:conflict
881:Hasidism
871:Haskalah
776:Diaspora
647:timeline
559:Timeline
472:Rabbinic
379:Kabbalah
354:Marriage
330:Tzedakah
320:Holidays
278:Religion
241:a series
239:Part of
149:provide
4990:Italics
4815:Studies
4761:Divorce
4727:Kashrut
4722:Cuisine
4680:Culture
4611:Midrash
4606:Tosefta
4596:Mishnah
4584:Ketuvim
4579:Nevi'im
4542:Schisms
4532:Science
4522:Karaite
4493:Renewal
4454:Litvaks
4449:Hasidic
4404:Sefirot
4389:Halakha
4360:Messiah
4333:Mitzvah
4328:Beliefs
4282:Western
4268:Poylish
4263:Litvish
4253:Eastern
4243:Yiddish
4238:Shuadit
4223:Qwareña
4211:Tetuani
4206:Haketia
4181:Knaanic
4176:Kivruli
4124:Bukhori
4070:Heblish
4006:Hulaulá
3996:Barzani
3952:Yahudic
3885:Mizrahi
3745:Urfalim
3700:Mizrahi
3644:Neofiti
3639:Italkim
3568:Lita'im
3460:Zionism
3412:History
3386:Judaism
2768:Yiddish
2735:removed
2720:sources
2620:wardens
2483:General
2474:Zionism
2450:Leftism
2440:Bundism
2364:Knaanic
2324:Yevanic
2309:Yiddish
2266:Yiddish
2261:Israeli
2238:Mizrahi
2228:Israeli
2199:Cuisine
2175:Ancient
2157:Secular
2103:Kashrut
2079:Wedding
2066:Customs
2058:Culture
2035:Science
2030:Renewal
2020:Karaite
2001:Hasidic
1933:Oceania
1919:Uruguay
1887:Jamaica
1867:Ecuador
1835:Bolivia
1779:Ukraine
1754:Romania
1729:Moldova
1709:Hungary
1699:Germany
1694:Georgia
1684:Finland
1679:Estonia
1674:Denmark
1669:Czechia
1654:Belarus
1644:Austria
1639:Armenia
1616:Vietnam
1531:Myanmar
1516:Lebanon
1436:Bahrain
1395:Tunisia
1373:Somalia
1348:Nigeria
1343:Namibia
1333:Morocco
1263:Eritrea
1208:Algeria
1092:Neofiti
1001:Italkim
991:Juhurim
901:Zionism
850:Khazars
745:Sicarii
741:Zealots
737:Essenes
724:Schisms
589:Leaders
551:General
543:History
486:Tosefta
481:Midrash
458:Mishnah
440:Ketuvim
435:Nevi'im
384:Customs
315:Shabbat
310:Halakha
302: (
300:Mitzvot
287: (
253:Judaism
227:History
171:to the
153:in the
116:.
4798:Hazzan
4788:Prayer
4665:Siddur
4601:Talmud
4565:Tanakh
4500:Neolog
4473:Reform
4461:Modern
4444:Haredi
4367:Ethics
4233:Shassi
4201:Ladino
4166:Karaim
4149:Juhuri
3991:Targum
3905:Signed
3870:Modern
3865:Hebrew
3833:Xuetes
3629:Dönmeh
3588:Yekkes
3312:
3293:
3189:
3020:Hiloni
2881:Heyday
2776:Hebrew
2593:deists
2545:Portal
2404:Domari
2334:Shassi
2295:Hebrew
2190:Humour
2134:Hiloni
2129:Aliyah
2089:Niddah
2074:Minyan
2009:Reform
1996:Haredi
1991:Modern
1892:Mexico
1877:Guyana
1840:Brazil
1802:Canada
1774:Sweden
1764:Serbia
1759:Russia
1744:Poland
1739:Norway
1719:Latvia
1704:Greece
1689:France
1664:Cyprus
1630:Europe
1601:Turkey
1591:Taiwan
1501:Kuwait
1486:Jordan
1476:Israel
1410:Zambia
1400:Uganda
1318:Malawi
1288:Guinea
1278:Gambia
1213:Angola
1199:Africa
1082:Dönmeh
1077:Anusim
1021:Berber
959:Litvak
911:Israel
817:
754:
668:Second
636:
497:Targum
463:Gemara
449:Talmud
421:Tanakh
374:Ethics
325:Prayer
56:. The
4970:Islam
4778:Names
4768:Music
4749:Rebbe
4744:Rabbi
4698:Monen
4653:Zohar
4574:Torah
4569:Bible
3683:Lemba
3558:Chuts
3279:. In
3064:Notes
2641:deism
2631:like
2493:Labor
2488:Green
2185:Dance
2143:Music
1962:Palau
1882:Haiti
1845:Chile
1769:Spain
1714:Italy
1621:Yemen
1581:Syria
1556:Qatar
1536:Nepal
1481:Japan
1456:India
1446:China
1385:Sudan
1308:Libya
1303:Kenya
1283:Ghana
1273:Gabon
1253:Egypt
1238:Benin
1097:Xueta
1042:Lemba
661:First
526:Zohar
430:Torah
412:Texts
399:Rabbi
389:Rites
289:names
133:DeepL
3384:and
3382:Jews
3310:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3187:ISBN
2892:Bund
2718:any
2716:cite
2583:The
1952:Guam
1947:Fiji
1902:Peru
1855:Cuba
1541:Oman
1511:Laos
1471:Iraq
1466:Iran
1423:Asia
1352:Igbo
1323:Mali
342:Brit
251:and
249:Jews
147:must
145:You
4377:God
2801:of
2729:by
2166:Art
512:Tur
304:613
135:or
5037::
3343:.
3337:,
3264:.
3212:.
3181:.
3145:,
3129:,
3100:.
2963:,
2774:.
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743:,
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731:,
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