282:
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to those of the
Spitfire, which were spaced out along the wings, and the armament was more quickly serviced. In spite of its vulnerabilities during the Battle of Britain, the Hurricane shot down the majority of the planes claimed by the RAF (1,593 out of 2,739 in total). Hurricane fighters were sometimes directed against slower bombers whilst the Spitfires attacked German fighters. By the close of the Battle of Britain in late 1940, production of the Spitfire had increased to the point where all squadrons could be supplied with them. In June 1940, the first Hurricane Mk I "Tropical" versions appeared. These featured a Vokes air filter in a large "chin" fairing under the engine cowling. Many of these aircraft were ferried to North Africa and
951:). These were cargo ships equipped with a catapult for launching a single aircraft, but without facilities to recover them. Thus, if the aircraft were not in range of a land base, pilots were forced to bail out and be picked up by the ship. They were informally known as "Hurricats". The majority of the aircraft modified had been worn out in front-line squadrons, so much so that at least one example used during trials broke up under the stress of a catapult launching. At least 60 aircraft were converted from Hurricane Mk Is. CAM launched Hurricanes were used on eight operational sorties and the Hurricanes shot down six enemy aircraft, for the loss of one Hurricane pilot killed. The first Sea Hurricane IA kill was a German
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meant the arrangement was unsatisfactory. A more reliable fit was made with four 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano Mk II cannon, two in each wing, but the weight was enough to seriously reduce performance. The
Hispanos were designed for a rigid, engine-based mounting and it was quickly found that the wings flexing in flight led to problems with the weapons twisting in their mounts as they fired, which caused gun jamming through misaligned shells. Changes made both to the Hispanos and to their mountings cured this problem. Small blisters on the upper wing surfaces were needed to clear the Hispano breeches and feed motors. The first sets of Hispano wings were modified from standard Mark I eight gun wings.
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gearing, ("MS ratio" – Moderate
Supercharge), it "robbed" less power from the engine. The result was more power at both lower and higher altitudes, dramatically increasing the overall performance of the engine, peaking at 1,280 horsepower (950 kW). Because of the new engine, the bay immediately in front of the cockpit was lengthened by 4 inches (100 mm). The carburettor air intake under the forward centre-section was redesigned and moved back 3 inches (76 mm). The more powerful engine was cooled by a 70% to 30% water
495:
787:
329:
317:(441 L) in two fuel tanks, each of 34.5 gal (157 L) in the wing centre-section, between the spars; the fuel was pumped from these into a reserve gravity-feed tank which held an additional 28 gal (127 L) in the forward fuselage, just ahead of the cockpit. This was the main fuel feed to the engine. The 7 gal (32 L) oil tank was built into the forward, port centre section. Early "K" serialled Mk Is were powered by the 1,029 hp (768 kW)
571:
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unwise enough to be lured into a turning match. Against the
Hurricane was the aircraft's relatively slow acceleration and a top speed some 10–30 mph (16–48 km/h) slower, depending on altitude. This meant that the 109 pilot often held the initiative when it came to breaking off or attacking during combat. At higher altitudes especially, the Hurricane was hard-pressed to keep up with a well-flown 109, or even a
964:
877:. Single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber. Mark X is used by some RAF documentation to describe Canadian-built Mark I but was not an official designation. By the time Merlin 28 production began in the US 419 Canadian-built Mark I airframes had arrived in Britain. Ultimately only 234 Canadian-built Hurricanes arrived in Britain with an engine fitted, and they were quickly removed and fitted to Lancasters.
131:
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35:
716:, where it was quickly learned that destroying German tanks was difficult; the cannons did not have the performance needed, while bombing the tanks was almost impossible. The solution was to equip the aircraft with a 40 mm cannon in a pod under each wing, reducing the other armament to a single Browning in each wing loaded with tracers for aiming purposes. The Hurricanes
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660:, using a slightly modified wing. Trials with a pair of external cannons as armament had begun in May 1939, then the internal arrangement in June to August 1940. In November 1940 thirty sets of Hurricane IIC (Four cannon) wings were built by semi-tooled and hand methods in the experimental shop, using wings damaged in the region of the gun bay.
76:
604:, while later Mark IIs had their wing centre sections strengthened. The Mark II went into squadron service in September 1940 at the peak of the Battle of Britain. Hawker had long experimented with improving the armament of the fighter by fitting cannons. Their first experiments used two 20 mm (0.79 in)
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The biggest advantages of the
Hurricane were that it was a relatively easy aircraft to fly, which was a boon when it came to squadrons being flooded with inexperienced pilots, and it was a steady gun platform. The closely grouped .303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings created a superior pattern of fire
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The RAF aircraft census as of end
February 1943 reports 50 Sea Hurricane I built, 378 converted, 36 out of an order for 60 Sea Hurricane IIC built. A further 29 mark I, 52 IIB and 30 IIC were with the Admiralty. RAF census as of end June 1944 reported 50 Sea Hurricane I built, 378 converted, 60 Sea
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equipment was installed. This weighed about 40 lb (18 kg) and could be identified by wire aerials strung between the tailplane tips and rear fuselage. Although the added weight and the aerials reduced maximum speed by about 2 mph (3 km/h), it allowed the aircraft to be identified
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Trials with 12 .303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings (four per wing in the original gun-bays and two more in new gun-bays outboard of the landing lights) were done in June and July 1940, production began at Hawker and Austin in
February 1941. These aircraft also featured a new longer propeller spinner.
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bombers, it was discovered that the
Hurricane's fuel tanks were vulnerable to defensive machine gun fire. The greatest hazard was with the unprotected gravity-feed fuel tank in front of the cockpit which could rupture when hit, allowing a jet of flame to penetrate the cockpit through the instrument
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during the Battle of
Britain, provides examples demonstrating how the Hurricane's superior turning ability could offset the Bf 109's higher speed. This small turning circle often allowed a well-flown Hurricane to get onto the tail of a 109 even more quickly than a Spitfire, assuming a 109 pilot was
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Hurricane Mk IIC version equipped with catapult spools, an arrester hook and full naval avionics; 60 Built by Hawker
November 1942 to May 1943, around another 50 mark IIB were converted, with most receiving C wings. The Merlin XX engine on the Sea Hurricane generated 1,460 hp at 6,250 ft
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in pods, one under each wing, (one aircraft was tested during 1940 with 151 Squadron) but the extra weight and drag seriously compromised the aircraft's performance and manoeuvrability, and the limited amount of ammunition carried coupled with the frequent stoppages suffered by the drum-fed guns,
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the Hurricane Is benefited from an allowable increase in supercharger "boost" from 6 lb to 12 lb without damaging the engine. With the 12 lb "emergency boost", the Merlin III was able to generate 1,305 hp (973 kW) in a five-minute burst. If the pilot resorted to emergency
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rockets. Some sources say that the new design also mounted the improved Merlin 24 or 27 engines of 1,620 hp (1,208 kW) but this is clearly wrong as the RAF Form 78 show. It can be noted that all Merlin 27 were modified to Merlin 25 and used in Mosquitoes, there were only 16 production
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that he had Hawker retrofit the fuselage tanks of Hurricanes with a fire-resistant material called "Linatex" as a matter of priority. The wing tanks had already been fitted with a covering of this sealant, but the fuselage tank was considered to be too small a target. Hurricanes were soon being
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Test flights with external fuel tanks began in May 1940, the first Mark II trials in June 1941. Test flights carrying bombs began in April 1941, the first Mark II trials with 500-pound bombs were in February 1942, most Mark II were built as able or converted to carry external stores. By then
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that could have its impeller speed changed by the pilot depending on the outside air pressure (altitude). At about 18,000 feet (5,500 m) (effective), it would be switched to a higher speed gearing ("FS ratio" – Full Supercharge) for added compression, while below that, at its lower speed
336:
The aircraft handling qualities during take-off and landings were excellent due to a wide-track undercarriage with relatively wide low-pressure tyres. Because of this wide, stable platform, the Hurricane was an easier aircraft to land, with less fear of nose-overs or "ground-loops" than its
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metal propeller. Ejector exhaust stacks were fitted for added thrust. The fabric-covered wings were replaced by re-stressed metal-covered wings. An armour-glass panel was incorporated on the front of the windscreen. The "rod" aerial mast was replaced by a streamlined, tapered design.
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preferred the lighter de Havilland propellers over the Rotol types; it was found during tests that the Rotol unit could lead to the nose dipping during arrested landings, causing the propeller blades to "peck" the carrier deck. The lighter de Havilland units avoided this problem.
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aircraft to survive numerous hits from .303 in (7.7 mm) bullets and still return safely to base. Later versions of the Hurricane were equipped with a more powerful arms package, initially 12 .303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings, and later four 20 mm (.79 in)
982:(MAC ships), which were large cargo vessels with a flight deck enabling aircraft to be launched and recovered. A total of around 300 aircraft were converted. The first Sea Hurricane IB kill occurred on 31 July 1941, when Sea Hurricanes of 880 squadron, operating from
755:. This designation was used by parts of the RAF in 1941 (starting with BE221 in September) and then the Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1942 for mark II factory fitted with wing racks, 270 delivered according to the Ministry, 230 IIB and 40 IIC, the RAF used the
298:. Initially, the tailwheel was designed to be retractable; early on it was discovered that the Hurricane needed a larger rudder area to improve the control characteristics during a spin. To this end, the lower part of the rudder was extended and a distinctive
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C engine; from the "L" serial numbers the later Merlin II of 1,030 hp (768 kW) was installed. The main coolant radiator was housed in a fairing under the rear wing centre-section; the oil cooler was also incorporated into the main radiator.
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Hurricane Mk I version equipped with catapult spools, an arrester hook and the four-cannon wing. Eight known conversions from Sea IA or IB in 1943 for the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit, no operational use. Sea Hurricane IC may have been used during
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used in the Bf 109, on account of a different supercharger design. The DB601A-1 did not start to outperform the Merlin III and XII until above 15,000 ft (4,600 m). The Merlin's only major drawback was a tendency to cut out during
720:, the first squadron equipped with this armament, were so effective that the squadron was nicknamed the "Flying Can Openers". A winged can-opener became an unofficial squadron emblem, and is painted on present-day aircraft of 6 Squadron.
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Originally designated the Mark IIB (Can), changed to mark XII in April 1943. Single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber. Powered by a 1,300 hp (969 kW) Packard Merlin 29. Armed with twelve 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns.
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Although, by this time, production of the Spitfire had started to increase, a prototype of a Merlin XX-powered Hurricane Mk I was built and first flew on 11 June 1940. The initial Mark II is often known as by the unofficial designation
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by Ray Sturtivant with Mick Burrow identify the following Hurricanes as having served: 101 Mk I, 3 Mk IIA, 30 Mk IIB, 90 Mk IIC, 1 Mk IV, 16 Mk Sea Ia, 281 Mk Sea Ib, 2 Mk Sea IIb, 109 Mk Sea IIc along with other possibilities.
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One prototype and another two Hurricane Mk Vs were built as conversions of Mk IVs, and featured a Merlin 27 engine driving a four-bladed propeller, also tested with a Merlin 32. The ground attack role moved to the more capable
775:-built Merlin engine, intending to provide supplies of the British-built engines for other designs. By the time production was to have started, British Merlin production had increased to the point where the idea was abandoned.
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started in January 1942, including additional armour for the pilot, radiator and engine. The aircraft were initially supplied with a Rolls-Royce gun and carried 12 rounds, but soon changed to the 40 mm (1.57 in)
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modified at the rate of 75 per month. In one month of combat, 10 July 1940 to 11 August, defensive fire from bombers hit 25 Hurricanes and 25 Spitfires; as a result, 11 Hurricanes were shot down compared to two Spitfires.
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mix, rather than pure glycol used for earlier Merlin versions. This and the increased cooling requirements required a larger radiator and a redesigned, circular oil cooler housed in a deeper, slightly wider "bath".
1021:(1,900 m) and 1,435 hp at 11,000 ft (3,400 m). Top speed was 322 mph (518 km/h) at 13,500 ft (4,100 m) and 342 mph (550 km/h) at 22,000 ft (6,700 m).
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panel, causing serious burn injuries to the pilot. The wooden and fabric rear fuselage was also far more likely to catch fire than the metal fuselages of its contemporaries. This issue was of such concern to
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Although some of the basic design elements of the aircraft were from an earlier generation, the Hurricane proved to be a match, to an extent, for the German Messerschmitt Bf 109E. In his book,
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For use in North Africa; the Hawker Hurricane IIB, (and other aircraft), were tropicalised, or "trop". They were given engine dust filters and the pilots were issued a desert survival kit.
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The first Mk I production machines were ready fairly quickly, with deliveries starting in December 1937. These early aircraft featured fabric-covered wings, and a wooden, two-bladed, fixed-
443:. From March 1940 increasing quantities of 100 octane fuel, imported from the British-controlled refineries and the US, became available. This meant that during the defensive battles over
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They were equipped with dust filters for desert operations and an additional 350 lb (159 kg) of armour plating was added to the radiator housing, cockpit, and fuel tanks.
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By this time, the Hurricane was no longer a frontline fighter in the United Kingdom. However, it still saw extensive service overseas as a fighter, playing a prominent role in the
807:, or two 40 mm (1.57 in) Rolls-Royce B.H. type guns, or two SBC (small bomb containers) or SCI (smoke curtain installation), or two 45 or 90 gallon drop tanks, or eight
803:. The last major change to the Hurricane was to "rationalise" the wing, configuring it with a single design able to mount two 250 or 500 lb (110 or 230 kg) bombs, two
433:
throughout the RAF in 1941. The new installation meant that the wire running between the aerial mast and rudder could be removed, as could the triangular "prong" on the mast.
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1008:. Some Sea Hurricanes reportedly had their Merlin III engines adjusted to 16 lb maximum boost which would mean more than 1,400 hp at low altitude (5,000 ft). Lt.
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using fixed, cylindrical 40-gallon fuel tanks under each wing to extend the range. The tropical filter and fuel tanks were to be used on later variants of the Hurricane.
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309:. They used "ring and bead" gunsights, with the ring being mounted above the instrument panel and the bead mounted on a post above the engine cowling. The standard GM2
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812:
Merlin 24 by the time over 300 Mark IV had been delivered and despite many Hurricane IV exports Merlin 24 exports were rare, and in accordance with the overseas
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arranged in lots of four in two large gun bays incorporated into the outer wing panels. In 1937 this firepower was enough to outgun the early marks of German
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94:
48:
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fleet. The individual aircraft cards held by the RAF museum reports the final Mark IV had Merlin XX. Mark IV loss reports note the engine as Merlin XX.
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The survivors of 30 Hurricane I transferred to the RCAF and upgraded to use the Merlin 29. Armed with eight 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns.
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Note: This aircraft, referred to as the "heavy old cow", was used by Flt Lt Dick Smith of 151 Squadron on 18 August 1940. Price, 1979, p 22, 41, 156.
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The tailwheel recess on the ventral keel was changed in shape and the tailwheel leg became a levered-suspension unit with a small torque link.
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The Mk IV was used in ground-attack missions in the European theatre until the early days of 1944, before being replaced by the more modern
526:", a simple modification. A direct- injection carburettor later solved the problem and eventually, some versions of the Merlin used direct
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364:, it was recognised that this relatively small-calibre armament was inadequate; during the Battle of Britain it was relatively common for
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Mark number never allocated, many references use it to describe the 150 Hurricanes shipped to Britain from the Canadian order for 400.
463:, was promoted to Squadron Leader and took command of No. 242 (Canadian) Squadron flying Hurricane Mk Is. The famous children's author
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From about May 1940, 70 pounds of armour plate protection was added in the form of head and back armour. Starting in September 1940,
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The layout was originally tested on a converted Mk IIB and flew on 18 September 1941. A new-build version of what was known as the
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In 1939, the RAF had taken on about 500 planes of this later design to form the backbone of the fighter squadrons during the
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1079:, including the blunt, rounded spinner. Later Rotol equipped Hurricane Is and Mk IIs used a longer, pointed spinner shape.
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345:. During its operational life, the Hurricane was able to operate from all sorts of adverse airfield surfaces with ease.
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and fighters were absent, they proved accurate and highly effective against armoured vehicles and all motor transport.
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Hurricane Mk I version equipped with catapult spools plus an arrester hook. From July 1941 they operated from
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with 15 rounds. The weight of guns and armour protection had a marginal effect on the aircraft's performance.
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Lower down the situation was a little more even. The Merlin engine gave more power at low altitude than the
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In 1939, several changes were made to the Hurricane. The powerplant was changed to the Merlin III driving a
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in Belgium had four 12.7 mm (.50 in) FN-Browning guns instead of the .303 inch armament.
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TR9 sets. The pilots enjoyed a much clearer reception, which was a big advantage with the adoption of
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Large, thick wings meant that the fighter proved to be a stable gun platform. It was armed with eight
1372:, p231. Cork was credited with an additional kill during Pedestal while flying a Sea Hurricane Mk 1B.
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Sea Hurricane Mk I: 50 built by Canadian Car and Foundry and 60 Sea Hurricane Mk IIC built by Hawker.
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was introduced in mid-1939, although many Hurricanes retained the "bead". Fuel capacity was 97
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also flew Hurricanes with No. 80 Squadron in Greece and later in Syria, against the Germans and
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and into the Battle of Britain. The first RAF ace of the war, a young New Zealander known as
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Canadian-built Hurricane Mk XII painted to represent Hurricane IIB Z5140 of 126 Squadron RAF
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performance was inferior to the latest German fighters, and the Hurricane changed to the
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boost, he had to report this on landing and it had to be noted in the engine log book.
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Hurricane Mk.I R4118 is the only Hurricane from the 1940 Battle of Britain still flying
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Hurricane IIC built. A further 19 mark I, 51 IIB and 76 IIC were with the Admiralty.
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was a two-seat training version of the Mk. IIC. Only two aircraft were built for the
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Hawker Hurricane Mk IIc PZ865, 'The Last of the Many', which was built in July 1944.
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The improved Merlin XX (Mk.20) engine appeared in 1940 featuring a new two-speed
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was credited with five kills while flying a Sea Hurricane IC during Pedestal.
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17:
1494:. Military Intelligence Service – War Department. 15 July 1943. pp. 1–4
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designation to denote racks fitted. The Mk IIE was NOT an early mark Mk IV.
459:, flew a Hurricane with No. 73 Squadron. In June 1940, another wartime ace,
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360:, which were equipped with only four light machine guns. By the time of the
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as "friendly" on radar: lack of such equipment was a factor leading to the
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Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN.; William Green and Gordon Swanborough.
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The IID was used in anti-tank operations in limited numbers during the
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and "intruder." The last Hurricane built was a Mark IIC, serial number
444:
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Note: The Rotol propeller units were identical to those used on the
302:"keel" was added to the rear fuselage. The tailwheel was now fixed.
1400:
Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two.
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The Sea Hurricane Mk IA was a Hurricane Mk I modified by Hawker or
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Canadian-built Sea Hurricane Mk I converted to use the Merlin 29.
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Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by
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Mk I with original two-bladed propeller, in France circa 1939
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A Mark IID Hurricane of 6 Squadron at Shandur, Egypt (1942)
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At the start of the war, the engine ran on the standard 87
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The Hurricane II armed with four 20 mm (.79 in)
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long range patrol aircraft, shot down on 2 August 1941.
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Hurricane Mk IV at Foggia, Italy, July 1944, armed with
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Hawker Sea Hurricane Mk.Ib (Z7015) arrives at the 2016
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155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1064:Hurricane Operational Characteristics; report 1938
967:Sea Hurricanes Mk IB in formation, December 1941
1461:. New York USA: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1980.
389:Another view of Hurricane I (R4118), a typical
89:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1358:Data on the Merlin III engine and 16 lb boost.
576:National Museum of the United States Air Force
514:manoeuvres and inverted flight, on account of
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622:Mk IIB showing six machine guns on right wing
393:style Mk I with a de Havilland propeller unit
8:
1475:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994.
425:T/R Type 1133 radios started replacing the
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1557:
1549:
1402:London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980.
978:and from October 1941, they were used on
850:. It was also critical to the defence of
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:40 mm (1.57 in) Vickers S guns
259:. Some versions were built in Canada by
1226:"No 6 Squadron Celebrate 93rd Birthday"
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939:. They were modified to be carried by
1492:Military Report on the United Nations
1488:"The Hurricane IID in Anti Tank Role"
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7:
381:Hurricane Mk I (Mid-late production)
373:. Hurricanes built under licence by
255:designed and predominantly built by
153:adding citations to reliable sources
1269:Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945
1246:
1095:18 May 1940.Retrieved: 6 April 2008
913:Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945
668:role, sometimes referred to as the
522:. This was temporarily fixed with "
1044:List of Hawker Hurricane operators
305:Early Hurricanes lacked armour or
25:
1473:British Naval Aircraft Since 1912
1370:British Naval Aircraft since 1912
1320:British Naval Aircraft since 1912
1148:Bungay, 2000, pp 196–198, 266–267
499:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
277:Hurricane Mk I (Early production)
44:This article has multiple issues.
1525:
1513:
1429:Sydney Camm & the Hurricane.
129:
74:
33:
1459:The Hardest Day; 18 August 1940
1267:Ray Sturtivant and Mick Burrow
140:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
2644:1930s British fighter aircraft
1119:. London: Puffin Books, 2001.
1:
1417:. London: Aurum Press, 2000.
1258:National Archives AIR 20/1871
1204:National Air and Space Museum
421:. At about the same time new
854:during 1941 and early 1942.
771:was a Mk II equipped with a
574:Hawker Hurricane IIA at the
1444:Hawker Aircraft since 1920.
482:, who flew Hurricanes with
164:"Hawker Hurricane variants"
2670:
2649:Lists of aircraft variants
1544:Sea Hurricane 1B data card
1200:"Hawker Hurricane Mk. IIC"
1089:Report by P/O John Bushell
672:The Mark also served as a
251:was a British single-seat
980:Merchant aircraft carrier
1532:Hawker Hurricane Mark IV
1415:The Most Dangerous Enemy
953:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
937:General Aircraft Limited
875:Canadian Car and Foundry
261:Canadian Car and Foundry
1520:Hawker Hurricane Mark I
1431:London: Airlife, 1991.
1066:Retrieved: 4 April 2008
524:Miss Shilling's orifice
419:Battle of Barking Creek
1446:London: Putnam, 1991.
968:
932:
867:
796:
739:where, provided enemy
737:North African campaign
709:
649:
624:
595:Hurricane IIA Series 1
578:
502:
394:
333:
288:
1534:at Wikimedia Commons
1522:at Wikimedia Commons
1427:Fozard, John W., ed.
1228:. Ministry of Defence
1025:Sea Hurricane Mk XIIA
966:
927:
865:
789:
707:
647:
620:
573:
501:Hurricane IIC (LF363)
497:
388:
354:Browning machine guns
331:
284:
1175:BAE Systems Heritage
1016:Sea Hurricane Mk IIC
712:Mk IIs were used in
358:Messerschmitt Bf 109
343:Supermarine Spitfire
149:improve this article
2350:F.20/27 Interceptor
999:Sea Hurricane Mk IC
959:Sea Hurricane Mk IB
920:Sea Hurricane Mk IA
858:Canadian production
632:Hurricane IIB Trop.
507:Daimler-Benz DB 601
484:No. 85 Squadron RAF
339:RAF Fighter Command
2320:Australian Fighter
1442:Mason, Francis K.
1171:"Hawker Hurricane"
1139:, 2000, pp 266–267
1104:Bader 2004, p. 16.
1006:Operation Pedestal
969:
933:
868:
797:
710:
650:
625:
579:
503:
395:
334:
311:reflector gunsight
307:self-sealing tanks
289:
93:You can assist by
2631:
2630:
1592:By project number
1530:Media related to
1518:Media related to
1413:Bungay, Stephen.
1383:Wings of the Navy
1346:Wings of the Navy
1333:Wings of the Navy
1307:Wings of the Navy
1294:Wings of the Navy
1281:Wings of the Navy
990:flying-boat. The
894:Hurricane Mk XIIA
809:"60 pounder" RP-3
602:Mark IIA Series 1
391:Battle of Britain
362:Battle of Britain
243:
242:
235:
225:
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217:
199:
123:
122:
115:
67:
16:(Redirected from
2661:
2654:Hawker Hurricane
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1539:Mk XII with skis
1529:
1517:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1471:Thetford, Owen.
1386:
1379:
1373:
1368:Thetford, Owen,
1366:
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1318:Thetford, Owen,
1316:
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1039:Hawker Hurricane
887:Hurricane Mk XII
763:Hurricane Mk III
606:Oerlikon cannons
540:Air Vice Marshal
453:Battle of France
341:counterpart the
267:British variants
253:fighter aircraft
248:Hawker Hurricane
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2499:
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1584:Hawker Siddeley
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1457:Price, Alfred.
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684:Hurricane T.IIC
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566:Hurricane Mk II
533:When attacking
516:fuel starvation
441:aviation spirit
431:Wing formations
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371:Hispano cannons
352:(7.7 mm)
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480:Peter Townsend
478:, British ace
476:Duel of Eagles
406:constant speed
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1408:0-7106-0002-X
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1381:Brown, Eric,
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1206:. Smithsonian
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1177:. BAE Systems
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18:Sea Hurricane
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1496:. Retrieved
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1392:Bibliography
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1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1179:. Retrieved
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1114:
1109:
1100:
1093:151 Squadron
1084:
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1028:
1019:
1010:Richard Cork
1002:
986:shot down a
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670:Hurribomber.
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315:Imperial gal
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147:Please help
142:verification
139:
109:
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87:copy editing
85:may require
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
949:merchantman
844:Middle East
696:Air Force.
656:become the
520:carburettor
319:Rolls-Royce
205:August 2023
103:August 2023
2638:Categories
2289:A.P.D.1019
1232:24 January
1116:Going Solo
1052:References
465:Roald Dahl
175:newspapers
95:editing it
49:improve it
2593:Sea Vixen
2518:Buccaneer
2440:Hurricane
973:HMS
941:CAM ships
814:Avro York
535:Luftwaffe
518:from the
510:negative-
366:Luftwaffe
296:propeller
55:talk page
2527:variants
2495:Woodcock
2470:Sea Hawk
2465:Sea Fury
2444:variants
2434:variants
2410:Hornbill
2385:Hedgehog
2375:Hawfinch
2330:Danecock
1586:aircraft
1498:24 April
1247:MRI 1943
1210:23 March
1181:23 March
1033:See also
945:catapult
848:Far East
690:T Mk IIC
658:Mark IIC
654:Hispanos
558:and the
2598:Trident
2523:Harrier
2513:Andover
2490:Typhoon
2485:Tornado
2475:Tempest
2450:Kestrel
2425:Hotspur
2420:Horsley
2365:Harrier
2335:Dantorp
2308:By name
1322:, p228.
984:Furious
975:Furious
947:-armed
773:Packard
694:Persian
445:Dunkirk
350:.303 in
300:ventral
189:scholar
2623:P.1202
2618:P.1154
2608:P.1017
2603:P.139B
2588:Nimrod
2583:HS.803
2578:HS.748
2573:HS.681
2568:HS.146
2563:HS.145
2558:HS.141
2553:HS.140
2548:HS.138
2543:HS.133
2538:HS.125
2480:Tomtit
2460:Osprey
2455:Nimrod
2430:Hunter
2415:Hornet
2405:Hoopoe
2390:Henley
2380:Hector
2345:Duiker
2325:Cygnet
2284:P.1217
2279:P.1202
2274:P.1155
2269:P.1154
2264:P.1152
2259:P.1150
2254:P.1149
2249:P.1143
2244:P.1141
2239:P.1140
2234:P.1139
2229:P.1137
2224:P.1136
2219:P.1134
2214:P.1132
2209:P.1131
2204:P.1130
2199:P.1129
2194:P.1128
2189:P.1127
2184:P.1126
2179:P.1125
2174:P.1124
2169:P.1123
2164:P.1122
2159:P.1121
2154:P.1120
2149:P.1118
2144:P.1116
2139:P.1115
2134:P.1114
2129:P.1109
2124:P.1108
2119:P.1107
2114:P.1106
2109:P.1105
2104:P.1104
2099:P.1103
2094:P.1102
2089:P.1101
2084:P.1100
2079:P.1099
2074:P.1098
2069:P.1097
2064:P.1096
2059:P.1095
2054:P.1094
2049:P.1093
2044:P.1092
2039:P.1091
2034:P.1090
2029:P.1089
2024:P.1088
2019:P.1087
2014:P.1085
2009:P.1084
2004:P.1083
1999:P.1082
1994:P.1081
1989:P.1080
1984:P.1079
1979:P.1078
1974:P.1077
1969:P.1076
1964:P.1075
1959:P.1074
1954:P.1073
1949:P.1072
1944:P.1071
1939:P.1070
1934:P.1069
1929:P.1068
1924:P.1067
1919:P.1065
1914:P.1064
1909:P.1063
1904:P.1062
1899:P.1061
1894:P.1060
1889:P.1059
1884:P.1058
1879:P.1057
1874:P.1056
1869:P.1055
1864:P.1054
1859:P.1053
1854:P.1052
1849:P.1051
1844:P.1050
1839:P.1049
1834:P.1048
1829:P.1047
1824:P.1046
1819:P.1045
1814:P.1044
1809:P.1043
1804:P.1042
1799:P.1041
1794:P.1040
1789:P.1039
1784:P.1038
1779:P.1037
1774:P.1036
1769:P.1035
1764:P.1034
1759:P.1033
1754:P.1032
1749:P.1031
1744:P.1030
1739:P.1029
1734:P.1028
1729:P.1027
1724:P.1025
1719:P.1024
1714:P.1023
1709:P.1022
1704:P.1021
1699:P.1020
1694:P.1019
1689:P.1018
1684:P.1017
1679:P.1016
1674:P.1015
1669:P.1014
1664:P.1013
1659:P.1012
1654:P.1011
1649:P.1010
1644:P.1009
1639:P.1008
1634:P.1007
1629:P.1006
1624:P.1005
1619:P.1004
1614:P.1003
1609:P.1002
1604:P.1001
1599:P.1000
1580:Hawker
1479:
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1406:
1385:, p112
1348:, p115
1335:, p114
1309:, p114
1296:, p109
1283:, p112
1137:Bungay
1123:
769:Mk III
753:Mk IIE
725:Mk IID
588:glycol
556:France
489:Bf 110
438:octane
322:Merlin
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
2395:Heron
2360:Hardy
2340:Demon
2315:Audax
2299:P.V.4
2294:P.V.3
852:Malta
801:Mk IV
678:PZ865
552:Malta
403:Rotol
375:SABCA
293:pitch
196:JSTOR
182:books
2533:Hawk
2400:Hind
2370:Hart
2355:Fury
1582:and
1500:2012
1477:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1234:2012
1212:2024
1183:2024
1121:ISBN
930:RIAT
846:and
799:The
767:The
751:The
741:flak
688:The
554:via
245:The
168:news
423:VHF
414:IFF
401:or
151:by
2640::
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1202:.
1191:^
1173:.
1162:^
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427:HF
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