215:
57:
495:). In the case of cotton, this exchange happened in all directions, new world cottons to the old world, old world cottons to the new world, and cottons to places which they had never grown before. In some cases, this resulted in multiple kinds of cotton growing in the same region. Since then, most of these regions have transitioned to specialize in a particular kind of cotton, resulting in the distinctive market classes of today.
473:
archaeologists have found evidence of widespread use in this region about 5000 years ago. Further, they have strong evidence at a few sites dating back 5500 years, and weaker evidence as far back as 7800 years. Investigators at one of the circa 5500 year-old sites, in the Ă‘achoc valley in northern Peru, argue that domestication did not happen there, therefore G. barbasense was domesticated elsewhere and then brought to Ă‘achoc.
2039:
44:
1497:
802:. It was originally known as "American Egyptian", but eventually the name "Pima" became more popular. Since the name "Pima" also has been applied to extra-long staple cotton growing in countries such as Peru, Australia, and Israel, sometimes the name "American Pima" is used to clarify the origin. The name "American Pima" was formally adopted by the United States Government in 1970.
751:
and "Bleak Hall", named after the plantation John
Townsend managed. An incident in the early 20th century illustrates the importance of seed selection. The best seed selectors, in order to stop planters in the West Indies from benefiting from their work, they quit selling seed, even to their neighbors. This resulted in a decline in quality across the Sea Island region.
2049:
1485:
644:
The origins of Sea Island cotton has been the subject of considerable controversy. Nevertheless, developing the market class required developing cultivars that would be productive in the Sea
Islands, and developing a product that was distinct from other kinds of cotton. It also required at least some
421:
Thousands of years of cultivation have dramatically changed the fiber in cotton plants. Wild cottons have very little fiber, so little it might not be noticed. The fiber emanates from each seed. The purpose of the fiber to wild plants is unknown. Domesticated cottons have much more fiber. Besides the
780:
The development of the market class started in 1820, when Jumel's cotton entered commercial production. This was a type of cotton that had been growing in the region for some time, but a French engineer named Jumel recognized its potential as a source of fiber when he saw it growing as an ornamental
750:
Sea Island planters could buy seed to plant each year, or they could plant seed saved from the previous year. Named cultivars resulted when particular planters gained a reputation for selecting the best seed to replant. Examples include "Seabrook", named after plantation proprietor
William Seabrook,
876:
Sometimes the same names that are used to describe market classes are also used to describe finished items. However, the reputations of the names "Egyptian" and to a lesser extent "Pima" have been degraded by items made of lower quality fiber. To overcome this difficulty, a group of
American Pima
690:
Historical records credit Kinsey Burden of developing the particularly high-quality cotton that came to be associated with the Sea
Islands. He accomplished this in the first decade of the 1800s via seed selection on Burden's Island and Johns Island in South Carolina. The Sea Islands region parted
472:
has been along the coast of present-day
Ecuador and Peru. It is plausible humans in that area were also the first to domesticate the species. However, available evidence, such as seeds found in the floors of ancient houses, could be the result of either cultivated or wild-gathered cotton. So far,
763:
caused tremendous damage in the traditional cotton-growing regions of the United States. Sea Island cultivars were particularly susceptible. Also, wet conditions on the islands moderated soil temperatures, further favoring the insect. Production of Sea Island on a commercial scale ended in 1920.
785:
from the New World. Encouraged by the success of Jumel's cotton, Egyptians tested other seeds, including Sea Island. The next major cultivar in Egypt, "early
Ashmouni," likely was a hybrid between Jumel and a Sea Island cultivar. Likewise, the following major cultivar, "Mit Afifi," likely was a
705:
was cultivated on the Sea
Islands, along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, especially by the late 18th century. Sea Island cotton commanded the highest price of all the cottons because of its long staple (1.5 to 2.5 inches, 38 to 64 mm) and silky texture; it was used for the finest
414:
Cotton flowers are showy, with five petals that open only partially. The petals are up to 8 cm long, usually yellow. The petals of Sea Island cultivars typically are creamy yellow with a red spot at the base, and as they wither, they turn rose pink. Like other members of the mallow family, the
862:
production comes from cultivars that produce particularly long fiber, and most of that is made into clothing. Fine (thin) yarn requires long fiber. In turn, this thin yarn is required for intermediate products like lace and high thread-count cloth. The long-fiber cultivars also tend to have
648:
One of the challenges explaining the development of a long fiber cotton that would thrive in the Sea
Islands is that the cotton in the Sea Islands came from the West Indies, an area where all the cultivated cotton was short fiber (by today's standards) and required a long growing season. A
663:
that had the same short fiber and long growing season, but the fibers were fine. It seemed reasonable the resulting plant produced fine fibers, but was surprised to find it also had long fiber and short growing season. He then demonstrated this could be rather easily back-hybridized (see
636:, islands off the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It once was an important market class. In the markets of Europe, it suffered little competition from cottons with similar characteristics from its inception until the interruption of trade resulting from the U.S. Civil War.
272:
originated in southwest
Ecuador and northwest Peru. It is now cultivated around the world, including China, Egypt, Sudan, India, Australia, Peru, Israel, the southwestern United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It accounts for about 5% of the world's cotton production.
603:
is now cultivated around the world, including China, Egypt, Sudan, India, Australia, Peru, Israel, the southwestern United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The species accounts for about 5% of the world's cotton production. Certain regions specialize in
825:
near the experiment station where it was developed. Kearney's second successful cultivar was "Pima". Pima dominated irrigated lands in the southwestern United States from 1918 to as late as 1941, when other cultivars became more popular. It was named either after the
687:, but the plants would die from frost before they could produce seed or fiber. However, the winter of 1785-1786 was particularly mild, so a few plants did succeed in producing seed. The next generation of plants was able to produce seed and fiber before the winter.
444:
have been selected to minimize this chemical. Those cultivars are more susceptible to insect pests, which suggests the natural purpose of gossypol is to deter pests. The impact of gossypol in agriculture is it makes cotton plants poisonous to non-ruminant animals.
387:, like other cottons, forms a small bush in its first year. In cultivation, it is treated as an annual. If allowed to, it can grow into a large bush or even a small tree of height 1–3 m. Leaves are mostly 8–20 cm long, with 3-7 lobes. One distinction between
623:
Traders in cotton have developed several broad categories called market classes. These categories are based on the characteristics of the fiber and the region where they are produced. In the United States, some market classes have been formalized in law.
849:
s home territory of Peru. Although it produces fiber shorter and rougher than other modern market classes, it has unique properties useful for certain industrial applications. It accounts for the majority of Peru's cotton production (about 80% in 2011).
292:
argues, although the evidence surviving from Linnaeus's time is less than ideal, the name is applied correctly. On the other hand, Y. I. Prokhanov and G. K. Brizicky argue that Linnaeus never actually saw any examples of the species we now call
805:
The American Pima market class was the result of government efforts to enable United States farmers to compete in the "Egyptian cotton" market. Circa 1900, the United States led in production of all the major market classes except Egyptian.
776:
grown in Egypt. It also includes crops in Sudan, as Sudan was once part of Egypt. Sometimes the terms "Egyptian long-staple" and Egyptian extra-long staple" are used, as Egypt and Sudan produce cottons with a variety of fiber lengths.
652:
One possible explanation was that the changes happened accidentally in a region with long growing season and then were introduced to the Sea Islands. In the 1960s and 1970s, S. G. Stephens performed an experiment where he hybridized a
789:
In the last half of the 19th century, cotton production in Egypt grew dramatically because of expansion of irrigation and increased demand because of the United States civil war. Egyptian cotton has been important ever since.
1365:
242:
family. It has been cultivated since antiquity, but has been especially prized since a form with particularly long fibers was developed in the 19th century. Other names associated with this species include
1189:
Beresford-Jones, David; Pullen, Alexander; Chauca, George; Cadwallader, Lauren; GarcĂa, Maria; Salvatierra, Isabel; Whaley, Oliver; Vásquez, VĂctor; Arce, Susana; Lane, Kevin; French, Charles (2018).
460:. It can be grown as a perennial throughout the tropics. It is sensitive to frost. Nevertheless, it can be grown as an annual in regions where the summers are long enough for the bolls to mature.
649:
distinctive cotton could not be developed in the Sea Islands, at least not by the methods of hybridization or selection, because frost killed the plants before they had a chance to produce seed.
538:
Cotton traders use many systems to classify the quality of cotton fiber. One of the most significant distinctions is "staple length", length of the individual fibers. Traditionally, cultivars of
810:
and others in the United States Department of Agriculture believed Egyptian long-staple would thrive under irrigation in the deserts of the southwestern United States. On behalf of the USDA,
721:
by the end of the 18th century utterly changed the production of cotton as a commodity crop. It made processing of short-staple cotton profitable. This cotton, known as upland cotton (
837:
As of 2005, American Pima accounts for less than 5% of U.S. cotton production. It is grown chiefly in California, with small acreages in West Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
288:("cotton encountered in Barbados"). Today, this name is universally accepted; however, there is some question whether the modern definition matches what Linnaeus described.
530:. There have been a few periods since the early 1800s when cotton production has been attractive in the West Indies, but generally sugar cane has been more profitable.
2295:
2360:
1454:
845:
Although Tanguis represents a tiny fraction of the worldwide market, it is remarkable because it was developed relatively recently from local populations in
418:
The seeds and fiber form in a capsule called a "bole". Each bole is divided into three parts, each of which produce 5-8 seeds. The seeds are 8-10 mm long.
515:
1439:
676:
of today. However, since this event could not have happened in the Sea Islands, it is not sufficient to explain the Sea Islands' distinctive product.
2243:
1993:
214:
2514:
2321:
2256:
717:
Although planters tried to grow it on the uplands of Georgia, the quality was inferior, and it was too expensive to process. The invention of the
543:
511:
2422:
727:), could be grown successfully in the interior uplands. Short-staple cotton became the prime commodity crop of the developing Deep South, and
353:
and a few other New World cottons. In comparison, the commercially important Old World cottons have 26 chromosomes. Most botanists that study
1501:
818:
selected among these cultivars, and after a decade of refinement, released the first cultivar successful in the southwestern United States.
2534:
2519:
1191:"Refining the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: How Plant Fiber Technology Drove Social Complexity During the Preceramic Period"
971:
Sources differ which Egyptian cultivar became the basis for American Pima. Fairchild says it was Jannovich whereas Kearnsey said Mit Afifi.
873:
fiber is also used for some luxury goods where the fiber qualities are less important than the reputation of the best quality materials.
731:
was the basis of southern wealth in the antebellum years. This cotton in the early 21st century represents about 95% of U.S. production.
426:
have so few of these short hairs they are often called "lintless". They can also be called "smooth-seeded" as opposed to "fuzzy-seeded"
266:
that produces yellow flowers and has black seeds. It grows as a bush or small tree and yields cotton with unusually long, silky fibers.
738:. Other cotton planters came from Barbados. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Levett left his Georgia plantation and went to
2204:
2529:
1401:
1302:
1095:
698:
By 1803, the Charleston SC market recognized class distinctions of Sea Island, South Carolina upland, West Indian, and Mississippi.
56:
1529:
883:
for finished products. This group of growers hold trademark rights, enabling them to enforce quality and origin requirements for
2282:
222:
1489:
1435:
2326:
896:
can be used as a source of cottonseed oil and animal feed. However, other kinds of cotton generally are preferred because
867:
has been used for the cords of automobile tires and cloth for aircraft wings. It is also used for sewing machine thread.
526:
was a major commercial crop in the West Indies. After the early 19th century, it was mostly supplanted as a cash crop by
672:. He argued that such an event could have happened accidentally in the 18th century, resulting in the long, fine fiber
798:
Pima is a name often used for cotton grown in the Southwestern United States. This market class consists of extra-long
2308:
2139:
2126:
827:
522:
had become the first English colony in the West Indies to export cotton to Europe. By the late 1700s and early 1800s,
2494:
2435:
2499:
2365:
781:
in a garden in Cairo. Based on its description, it seems likely it was the recently developed long fiber kind of
742:. He attempted to introduce cotton production, but failed. Sugar cane had been a more important commodity crop.
2107:
2440:
1429:
683:
production in the Sea Islands. According to historical records, planters in Georgia were trying to introduce
2230:
759:
Sea island never fully recovered from the disruptions of the U.S. Civil War. In the early 20th century, the
2235:
2222:
2504:
2217:
2069:
422:
more obvious long fibers, domesticated cotton seeds have short fibers called "linters". Some cultivars of
218:
2144:
632:
Sea Island is a historical market class. It was actively marketed from 1790 to 1920. It was grown on the
2524:
542:
fall into the "long-staple" category. The term extra-long-staple (ELS) first came into use in 1907. The
376:
is called "kidney seed cotton" because its seeds are fused together into somewhat kidney-shaped masses.
189:
2261:
830:, the home of the cooperative testing and demonstration farm where it was developed or in honor of the
608:. One reason is to prevent different species of cotton from hybridizing with each other. If a field of
1373:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Cotton Division. p. 43
2375:
2178:
1880:
1842:
1522:
1138:
815:
481:
1855:
1738:
807:
612:
is too close to a field of a different species, the result is generally poor quality of the fiber.
499:
491:
The advent of worldwide trade resulted in many kinds of plants being introduced to new places (see
309:
2352:
890:
Small quantities of Tanguis and other short-fibered cultivars are grown for specialized purposes.
2489:
2461:
2170:
2052:
723:
695:. Meanwhile, the rest of the southeastern United States developed its own market class "upland".
658:
492:
349:
51:
2427:
407:
s are also more deeply cut, about two-thirds the length of the leaf, as opposed to one half for
2300:
1334:
2396:
2339:
2152:
1850:
1819:
1640:
1407:
1397:
1298:
1275:
1267:
1228:
1210:
1091:
863:
particularly strong fibers, making them useful for various industrial products. Historically,
831:
480:. Native Americans grew cotton widely throughout South America and in the West Indies, where
2401:
1259:
1218:
1202:
962:"kidney seed cotton" each group of seeds is fused together in a somewhat kidney-shaped mass.
433:
As with all cottons, the bolls open when they mature, revealing showy "snowballs" of fiber.
2509:
2383:
2042:
1865:
1827:
1620:
1515:
811:
668:) to form a cotton that retained these desirable characteristics, yet was almost entirely
263:
94:
2414:
691:
ways with the rest of the southeastern United States, specializing in this high-quality
324:. The tribe Gossypiae includes the cottons and other species that produce the substance
304:. Authors differ on the ranks between family and genus. A recent example that considers
2409:
1913:
1573:
1223:
786:
hybrid between early Ashmouni and a Sea Island cultivar. Many more cultivars followed.
735:
457:
81:
484:
encountered it. At the time of Columbus, indigenous peoples of the West Indies raised
2483:
2334:
1931:
1903:
1890:
1788:
1703:
1546:
822:
734:
Among the earliest planters of Sea Island cotton in North America was an Englishman,
665:
281:
205:
1367:
A Chronological Summary of Major Events in the Development of U. S. Cotton Standards
1354:. Geneva: International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/ World Trade Organization. p. 215.
1246:
Dillehay, Tom D.; Rossen, Jack; Andres, Thomas C.; Williams, David E. (2007-06-29).
920:
There have always been problems delineating the scope of Malvaceae. With respect to
814:
visited Egypt in 1902 and brought back a few Egyptian cultivars. A USDA team led by
43:
2466:
2157:
1988:
1978:
1908:
1683:
1675:
707:
476:
By 1000 BCE, Peruvian cotton bolls were indistinguishable from modern cultivars of
453:
289:
2131:
2118:
924:
and the other cottons, this has sometimes led to them being placed in the family
415:
flowers have many stamens, which are merged to form a cylinder around the style.
17:
2347:
2269:
2101:
1898:
1763:
1748:
1688:
1645:
1578:
925:
760:
739:
728:
633:
1496:
588:
inches (29 to 33 mm). Under this classification scheme, most cultivars of
357:
believe the group of cottons with 52 chromosomes form a clade. In other words,
1968:
1963:
1870:
1832:
1698:
1665:
1630:
1555:
1206:
718:
527:
507:
336:
321:
317:
305:
2209:
2092:
1271:
1214:
592:
produce extra-long-staple fibers, but some cultivars qualify as long-staple.
2191:
1983:
1778:
1713:
1462:. Global Agricultural Information Network, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service
1263:
546:, in an attempt to standardize classification, defined extra-long-staple as
503:
340:
301:
239:
162:
150:
140:
2453:
2313:
1773:
1279:
1232:
1190:
2388:
1484:
2448:
2086:
1951:
1796:
1563:
1115:
901:
519:
437:
365:, and a few other New World cotton species arose from the same ancestor.
325:
130:
107:
1322:. Vol. 2. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 718–719.
1247:
821:
This first commercially successful cultivar was named "Yuma", after the
2248:
2165:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1860:
1718:
1635:
1568:
834:(Pima Indians), who helped raise the cotton at the demonstration farm.
2274:
1167:
1120:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
2015:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1758:
1743:
1733:
1708:
1693:
1655:
1588:
879:
657:
with short coarse fibers and long growing season with a wild form of
645:
producers and consumers to agree "Sea Island" was a useful category.
235:
120:
2063:
1248:"Preceramic adoption of peanut, squash, and cotton in northern Peru"
2287:
2196:
2020:
1973:
1956:
1923:
1875:
1810:
1728:
1660:
1650:
1625:
1603:
1593:
1538:
1431:
Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
1411:
213:
68:
1768:
1753:
1723:
1615:
1610:
1598:
1583:
711:
343:
has 52 chromosomes (four sets of 13). This subgenus encompasses
2183:
2067:
1511:
1320:
History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860
1507:
1436:
Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress
335:
encompasses the cottons. The genus can be divided by
1295:
Historical Geography of Crop Plants: a Select Roster
1090:. Charleston, South Carolina: Wyrick & Company.
256:
2076:
1922:
1889:
1841:
1818:
1809:
1787:
1674:
1554:
1545:
498:During the 17th century, European colonists in the
488:as a dooryard crop, single plants near residences.
560:inches (35 mm) or longer, and long-staple as
900:seeds contain more of the undesirable substance
679:Unusual weather in 1785 and 1786 helped develop
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
941:as "black-seeded" as opposed to "green-seeded"
1423:
1421:
1109:
1107:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
300:The species is a member of the mallow family,
1523:
1117:Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States
8:
506:for export to Europe, establishing numerous
468:The earliest known evidence of human use of
1195:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
262:The species is a tropical, frost-sensitive
2064:
1815:
1551:
1530:
1516:
1508:
42:
31:
1222:
1086:Porcher, Richard D.; Fick, Sarah (2005).
452:have been found in a small area near the
772:Egyptian is a market class representing
456:Estuary in Ecuador and an island off of
316:and other cottons fall in the subfamily
983:
913:
544:International Cotton Advisory Committee
1339:. The Textile Mercury. pp. 12–13.
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
372:has been recognized as a variety. Var
244:
7:
2376:eaaaf7d5-7c6c-4644-ab2d-9aa44768efa5
2048:
1442:from the original on March 30, 2021.
828:Gila River (Pima) Indian Reservation
1297:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
25:
1453:Nolte, Gaspar E. (Apr 26, 2012).
1396:. New York: Dutton. p. 138.
1168:"The origin of sea island cotton"
1114:Weakley, Alan S. (May 21, 2015).
937:Some historical records identify
391:and the more commonly cultivated
2441:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:559677-1
2047:
2038:
2037:
1495:
1483:
1428:Womach, Jasper (June 16, 2005).
399:has three to five lobes whereas
312:et al. (1999). In this system,
55:
534:Classification by staple length
284:is given credit for describing
2515:Crops originating from Ecuador
1166:Stephens, S. G. (April 1976).
1088:The story of Sea Island cotton
945:. Nevertheless, some kinds of
1:
877:growers established the name
440:, although some cultivars of
403:has only three. The lobes of
248:
234:is one of several species of
2535:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2520:Crops originating from Peru
1350:Estur, Gerald, ed. (2007).
2551:
1146:Plants of the World Online
2033:
1207:10.1007/s10816-017-9341-3
619:organized by market class
512:white indentured servants
252:
195:
188:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
2530:Plants described in 1753
1333:Ecroyd, S., ed. (1910).
518:to do so. By the 1650s,
1352:Cotton Exporter's Guide
1264:10.1126/science.1141395
1392:Stone, Daniel (2018).
928:rather than Malvaceae.
502:developed cotton as a
277:Taxonomy and etymology
226:
219:Botanical illustration
1456:Peru Cotton Situation
1336:Cotton Year Book 1910
710:and often mixed with
640:Origins of Sea Island
217:
2108:Gossypium barbadense
2078:Gossypium barbadense
1502:Gossypium barbadense
1492:at Wikimedia Commons
1490:Gossypium barbadense
1318:Gray, L. C. (1933).
1293:Sauer, J.D. (1993).
1172:Agricultural History
1141:Gossypium barbadense
958:However, in variety
755:Demise of Sea Island
746:Sea Island cultivars
540:Gossypium barbadense
482:Christopher Columbus
436:All cottons contain
286:Gossypium barbadense
231:Gossypium barbadense
199:Gossypium barbadense
36:Gossypium barbadense
1258:(5833): 1890–1893.
500:English West Indies
1282:– via JSTOR.
724:Gossypium hirsutum
493:Columbian exchange
227:
223:Franz Eugen Köhler
181:G. barbadense
2495:Flora of Barbados
2477:
2476:
2397:Open Tree of Life
2070:Taxon identifiers
2061:
2060:
2029:
2028:
1805:
1804:
1488:Media related to
1394:The Food Explorer
949:have black seeds.
816:Thomas H. Kearney
703:Sea Island cotton
628:Sea Island cotton
257:extra-long staple
212:
211:
27:Species of cotton
18:Sea Island Cotton
16:(Redirected from
2542:
2500:Flora of Ecuador
2470:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2065:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2040:
1816:
1552:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1500:Data related to
1499:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1372:
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1226:
1186:
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1121:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1083:
972:
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950:
935:
929:
918:
701:What was called
587:
586:
582:
579:
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558:
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201:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
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2480:
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2384:Observation.org
2382:
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2273:
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2260:
2255:
2247:
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2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2169:
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2156:
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2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
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2105:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2025:
1918:
1885:
1837:
1828:Artificial silk
1801:
1783:
1670:
1541:
1536:
1480:
1475:
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1188:
1187:
1183:
1165:
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1160:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1085:
1084:
985:
981:
976:
975:
970:
966:
957:
953:
936:
932:
919:
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910:
856:
843:
812:David Fairchild
796:
770:
757:
748:
642:
630:
621:
598:
584:
580:
577:
575:
570:
566:
563:
561:
556:
552:
549:
547:
536:
466:
382:
341:Subgenus Karpas
290:Paul A. Fryxell
279:
238:. It is in the
208:
203:
197:
184:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2548:
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2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:wfo-0000707843
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2113:
2098:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1843:Semi-synthetic
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1806:
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1628:
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1606:
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1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:at Wikispecies
1493:
1479:
1478:External links
1476:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1438:. p. 90.
1417:
1402:
1384:
1357:
1342:
1325:
1310:
1303:
1285:
1238:
1201:(2): 393–425.
1181:
1158:
1123:
1103:
1096:
982:
980:
977:
974:
973:
964:
951:
930:
912:
911:
909:
906:
855:
852:
847:G. barbadense'
842:
839:
832:Akimel O'odham
795:
792:
769:
766:
756:
753:
747:
744:
736:Francis Levett
641:
638:
629:
626:
620:
614:
597:
594:
535:
532:
465:
462:
458:Manta, Ecuador
448:Wild forms of
405:G. barbadense'
381:
378:
278:
275:
259:(ELS) cotton.
210:
209:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
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2505:Flora of Peru
2503:
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1418:
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1409:
1405:
1403:9781101990582
1399:
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1369:
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1358:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1329:
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1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:0-8493-8901-1
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
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1220:
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1148:. Kew Science
1147:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:0-941711-73-0
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
984:
978:
968:
965:
961:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:G. barbadense
934:
931:
927:
923:
922:G. barbadense
917:
914:
907:
905:
903:
899:
898:G. barbadense
895:
894:G. barbadense
891:
888:
886:
882:
881:
874:
872:
871:G. barbadense
868:
866:
865:G. barbadense
861:
860:G. barbadense
853:
851:
848:
840:
838:
835:
833:
829:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
800:G. barbadense
793:
791:
787:
784:
783:G. barbadense
778:
775:
774:G. barbadense
767:
765:
762:
754:
752:
745:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
725:
720:
715:
713:
709:
708:cotton counts
704:
699:
696:
694:
693:G. barbadense
688:
686:
685:G. barbadense
682:
681:G. barbadense
677:
675:
674:G. barbadense
671:
670:G. barbadense
667:
666:introgression
662:
661:
656:
655:G. barbadense
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
627:
625:
618:
617:G. barbadense
615:
613:
611:
610:G. barbadense
607:
606:G. barbadense
602:
601:G. barbadense
595:
593:
591:
590:G. barbadense
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
524:G. barbadense
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
486:G. barbadense
483:
479:
478:G. barbadense
474:
471:
470:G. barbadense
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:G. barbadense
446:
443:
439:
434:
431:
429:
425:
424:G. barbadense
419:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:G. barbadense
394:
390:
389:G. barbadense
386:
385:G. barbadense
379:
377:
375:
371:
370:G. barbadense
366:
364:
360:
359:G. barbadense
356:
352:
351:
347:, along with
346:
345:G. barbadense
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:G. barbadense
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
295:G. barbadense
291:
287:
283:
276:
274:
271:
270:G. barbadense
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
232:
224:
220:
216:
207:
202:
200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2525:Fiber plants
2077:
1989:Polyethylene
1464:. Retrieved
1455:
1448:
1430:
1393:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1140:
1116:
1087:
967:
959:
954:
946:
942:
938:
933:
921:
916:
897:
893:
892:
889:
884:
878:
875:
870:
869:
864:
859:
857:
846:
844:
836:
823:Arizona town
820:
808:H. J. Webber
804:
799:
797:
788:
782:
779:
773:
771:
758:
749:
733:
722:
716:
702:
700:
697:
692:
689:
684:
680:
678:
673:
669:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
631:
622:
616:
609:
605:
600:
599:
589:
539:
537:
523:
516:Black slaves
510:operated by
497:
490:
485:
477:
475:
469:
467:
449:
447:
441:
435:
432:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
373:
369:
368:One form of
367:
362:
358:
354:
348:
344:
332:
330:
313:
299:
294:
285:
280:
269:
268:
261:
230:
229:
228:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
163:
151:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
2415:kew-2831007
2348:NatureServe
2270:iNaturalist
2102:Wikispecies
1820:Regenerated
1764:Spider silk
960:brasiliense
947:G. hirsutum
943:G. hirsutum
926:Bombacaceae
761:boll weevil
740:the Bahamas
729:King Cotton
660:G. hirsutum
634:Sea Islands
596:Cultivation
508:plantations
442:G. hirsutum
428:G. hirsutum
409:G. hirsutum
401:G. hirsutum
393:G. hirsutum
380:Description
374:brasiliense
363:G. hirsutum
350:G. hirsutum
95:Angiosperms
2484:Categories
2410:Plant List
1969:Modacrylic
1964:Microfiber
1881:Triacetate
1833:Milk fiber
1699:Camel hair
1631:Lotus silk
1412:2017030324
1152:2020-09-08
979:References
887:products.
719:cotton gin
528:sugar cane
337:chromosome
331:The genus
320:and tribe
318:Malvoideae
306:cladistics
245:Sea Island
159:Subgenus:
2490:Gossypium
2236:200013692
2223:200013692
1984:Polyester
1856:Diacetate
1811:Synthetic
1714:Chiengora
1272:1095-9203
1215:1573-7764
1178:(2): 393.
504:cash crop
355:Gossypium
333:Gossypium
322:Gossypiae
302:Malvaceae
264:perennial
175:Species:
152:Gossypium
141:Malvaceae
65:Kingdom:
2454:19600146
2449:Tropicos
2353:2.128971
2340:71774244
2301:10763208
2288:559677-1
2087:Wikidata
2043:Category
1952:Technora
1914:Metallic
1797:Asbestos
1739:Pashmina
1704:Cashmere
1440:Archived
1280:17600214
1233:29782575
902:gossypol
768:Egyptian
520:Barbados
438:gossypol
395:is that
326:gossypol
282:Linnaeus
249:Egyptian
137:Family:
131:Malvales
108:Eudicots
2249:3152666
2166:Ecocrop
2093:Q311515
2053:Commons
2011:Vinylon
2006:Vectran
2001:Spandex
1932:Acrylic
1924:Polymer
1891:Mineral
1871:Piñatex
1861:Lyocell
1851:Acetate
1789:Mineral
1719:Guanaco
1569:Bagasse
1547:Natural
1466:Aug 30,
1377:Aug 30,
1252:Science
1224:5953975
841:Tanguis
583:⁄
569:⁄
555:⁄
464:History
339:count.
147:Genus:
127:Order:
69:Plantae
2510:Cotton
2423:PLANTS
2402:854476
2389:118318
2373:NZOR:
2275:163352
2210:175788
2184:584706
2145:324106
2132:106182
2116:APDB:
2016:Vinyon
1994:UHMWPE
1979:Olefin
1947:Kevlar
1942:Twaron
1937:Aramid
1909:Basalt
1904:Carbon
1774:Vicuña
1759:Tendon
1749:Rabbit
1744:Qiviut
1734:Mohair
1709:Catgut
1694:Byssus
1689:Angora
1684:Alpaca
1676:Animal
1656:Rattan
1646:Raffia
1589:Cotton
1574:Bamboo
1539:Fibers
1410:
1400:
1301:
1278:
1270:
1231:
1221:
1213:
1094:
885:Supima
880:Supima
454:Guayas
255:, and
240:mallow
236:cotton
225:, 1897
168:Karpas
166:subg.
121:Rosids
2327:21710
2314:25794
2296:IRMNG
2262:17904
2205:EUNIS
2197:GOSBA
2158:6KS3B
2119:81955
2021:Zylon
1974:Nylon
1957:Nomex
1899:Glass
1876:Rayon
1866:Modal
1729:Llama
1661:Sisal
1651:Ramie
1626:Kenaf
1621:Kapok
1604:Linen
1594:Fique
1579:BashĹŤ
1564:Abacá
1556:Plant
1460:(PDF)
1371:(PDF)
908:Notes
858:Most
310:Bayer
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
2436:POWO
2428:GOBA
2366:3634
2361:NCBI
2335:IUCN
2322:ITIS
2283:IPNI
2257:GRIN
2244:GBIF
2192:EPPO
2171:1158
2140:BOLD
2127:APNI
1769:Wool
1754:Silk
1724:Hair
1666:Wood
1641:Pine
1636:Piña
1616:Jute
1611:Hemp
1599:Flax
1584:Coir
1468:2020
1408:LCCN
1398:ISBN
1379:2020
1299:ISBN
1276:PMID
1268:ISSN
1229:PMID
1211:ISSN
1092:ISBN
854:Uses
794:Pima
712:silk
514:and
253:Pima
2462:WFO
2309:ISC
2231:FoC
2218:FNA
2179:EoL
2153:CoL
1779:Yak
1260:doi
1256:316
1219:PMC
1203:doi
1143:L."
574:to
308:is
221:by
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2194::
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164:G.
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581:5
578:+
576:1
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564:+
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557:8
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