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in a cliff face. These cracks then gradually get larger and turn into caves. If a cave wears through a headland, an arch forms. Further erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast, the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse,
182:, which is the force of the sea or water crashing against the rock. The force of the water weakens cracks in the headland, causing them to later collapse, forming free-standing stacks and even a small island. Without the constant presence of water, stacks also form when a
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leaving a stump. This stump usually forms a small rock island, low enough for a high tide to submerge.
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consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by
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cliffs. The medium hardness of these rocks means medium resistance to abrasive and attritive
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The formation process usually begins when the sea attacks lines of weakness, such as steep
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Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock
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typically of volcanic origin, are also loosely called "stacks" or "volcanic stacks".
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and erode too quickly to form stacks, while harder rocks such as
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325:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 442.
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403:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 238.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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237:Stacks typically form in horizontally bedded
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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366:"Mayo - County Geological Site Report"
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293:, the tallest sea stack in the world
257:. (Cliffs with weaker rock, such as
253:. A more resistant layer may form a
209:Isolated steep-sided, rocky oceanic
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1162:Integrated coastal zone management
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261:or highly jointed rock, tend to
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400:Encyclopedia of Coastal Science
397:Schwartz, Maurice, ed. (2006).
323:Surface Processes and Landforms
45:needs additional citations for
1260:Region of freshwater influence
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1309:Coastal and oceanic landforms
1022:Large-scale coastal behaviour
854:Beaches in estuaries and bays
377:Geological Survey of Ireland
321:Easterbrook, D. J. (1999).
202:, and many are popular for
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269:erode in different ways.)
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967:Coastal biogeomorphology
864:Coastal morphodynamics
440:) at Wikimedia Commons
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1255:Physical oceanography
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1084:Submergent coastline
1037:Marine transgression
992:Discordant coastline
977:Concordant coastline
69:"Stack" geology
54:improve this article
1188:Coastal engineering
1157:Coastal management
997:Emergent coastline
668:Intertidal wetland
571:Continental margin
352:2009-04-14 at the
297:List of sea stacks
245:, particularly on
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225:Downpatrick Head,
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1314:Coastal geography
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1119:Wave-cut platform
1032:Marine regression
576:Continental shelf
566:Coastal waterfall
475:Coastal geography
434:Geological stacks
432:Media related to
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987:Cuspate foreland
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43:This article
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1114:Volcanic arc
1002:Feeder bluff
909:River mouths
874:Raised beach
869:Pocket beach
797:
768:Tidal island
758:Strand plain
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703:Natural arch
399:
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380:. Retrieved
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346:"Sea stacks"
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196:wind erosion
184:natural arch
168:wave erosion
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1265:River plume
1079:Steep coast
1052:Rocky shore
1047:Rip current
927:River delta
899:Wash margin
894:Storm beach
884:Shell beach
849:Beach wrack
844:Beach ridge
834:Beach cusps
783:Tied island
773:Tidal marsh
496:Archipelago
382:28 December
373:Geoheritage
278:fault zones
239:sedimentary
227:County Mayo
110:August 2015
1298:Categories
1193:Grain size
1167:Submersion
1144:Management
1129:Wind fetch
1089:Surf break
1007:Flat coast
937:regressive
723:Salt marsh
581:Coral reef
308:References
192:sub-aerial
161:geological
140:stacks in
80:newspapers
1152:Accretion
1134:Wind wave
1094:Surf zone
949:Processes
922:Mouth bar
879:Recession
859:Beachrock
778:Tide pool
708:Peninsula
596:cliff-top
483:Landforms
276:or small
259:claystone
247:limestone
217:Formation
190:, due to
157:sea stack
146:Australia
18:Sea stack
1283:Category
1109:Undertow
1062:Sea foam
1057:Sea cave
957:Blowhole
799:Windwatt
658:Headland
506:Avulsion
438:category
350:Archived
285:See also
255:capstone
200:seabirds
172:headland
164:landform
142:Victoria
1233:shingle
1213:granule
1198:boulder
1176:Related
1072:peresyp
982:Current
917:Debouch
826:Beaches
793:Waituna
788:Tombolo
698:Mudflat
693:Machair
683:Isthmus
603:Estuary
546:Channel
267:granite
251:erosion
231:Ireland
188:gravity
94:scholar
1223:pebble
1218:gravel
1208:cobble
753:Strait
733:Skerry
688:Lagoon
673:Island
628:Fundus
531:Bodden
407:
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274:joints
211:islets
176:eroded
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1104:Swash
1067:Shoal
748:Stack
738:Sound
728:Shoal
678:Islet
663:Inlet
653:Hapua
618:Fjord
613:Fjard
608:Firth
556:Coast
551:Cliff
526:Bight
501:Atoll
369:(PDF)
263:slump
159:is a
153:stack
101:JSTOR
87:books
1238:silt
1228:sand
1203:clay
932:mega
743:Spit
713:Reef
643:Gulf
591:Dune
586:Cove
541:Cape
511:Ayre
405:ISBN
384:2023
327:ISBN
302:Rauk
136:The
73:news
718:Ria
648:Gut
638:Geo
633:Gat
521:Bay
241:or
178:by
174:is
155:or
56:by
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