Seamount - Knowledge (XXG)

1383: 463: 416:. The largest seamount has an area of 15,500 km (6,000 sq mi) and it occurs in the North Pacific. Guyots cover a total area of 707,600 km (273,200 sq mi) and have an average area of 2,500 km (970 sq mi), more than twice the average size of seamounts. Nearly 50% of guyot area and 42% of the number of guyots occur in the North Pacific Ocean, covering 342,070 km (132,070 sq mi). The largest three guyots are all in the North Pacific: the Kuko Guyot (estimated 24,600 km (9,500 sq mi)), 360: 471: 701:. In the second, most active stage of its life, ocean-ridge volcanoes erupt tholeiitic to mildly alkalic basalt as a result of a larger area melting in the mantle. This is finally capped by alkalic flows late in its eruptive history, as the link between the seamount and its source of volcanism is cut by crustal movement. Some seamounts also experience a brief "rejuvenated" period after a hiatus of 1.5 to 10 million years, the flows of which are highly alkalic and produce many 3609: 548: 910: 4497: 4518: 1487: 737: 1259: 3598: 1124: 49: 4507: 690:. Here it is subducted under the plate margin and ultimately destroyed, but it may leave evidence of its passage by carving an indentation into the opposing wall of the subduction trench. The majority of seamounts have already completed their eruptive cycle, so access to early flows by researchers is limited by late volcanic activity. 1175: 852: 1139:

The ecological conservation of seamounts is hurt by the simple lack of information available. Seamounts are very poorly studied, with only 350 of the estimated 100,000 seamounts in the world having received sampling, and fewer than 100 in depth. Much of this lack of information can be attributed to a

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There are more seamounts in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic, and their distribution can be described as comprising several elongate chains of seamounts superimposed on a more or less random background distribution. Seamount chains occur in all three major ocean basins, with the Pacific having

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Earth's oceans contain more than 14,500 identified seamounts, of which 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots, covering a total area of 8,796,150 km (3,396,210 sq mi), have been mapped but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North

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The study of seamounts has been hindered for a long time by the lack of technology. Although seamounts have been sampled as far back as the 19th century, their depth and position meant that the technology to explore and sample seamounts in sufficient detail did not exist until the last few decades.

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All volcanic seamounts follow a particular pattern of growth, activity, subsidence and eventual extinction. The first stage of a seamount's evolution is its early activity, building its flanks and core up from the sea floor. This is followed by a period of intense volcanism, during which the new

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in the world, distributed extremely widely both in space and in age. A seamount is technically defined as an isolated rise in elevation of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) or more from the surrounding seafloor, and with a limited summit area, of conical form. There are more than 14,500 seamounts. In

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in Papua New Guinea. Conical Seamount has a basal diameter of about 2.8 km and rises about 600 m above the seafloor to a water depth of 1050 m. Grab samples from its summit contain the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor (max. 230 g/t Au, avg.

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project formed in 2005. CenSeam is intended to provide the framework needed to prioritise, integrate, expand and facilitate seamount research efforts in order to significantly reduce the unknown and build towards a global understanding of seamount ecosystems, and the roles they have in the

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is a broader alternative, albeit not as detailed, with 13,000 catalogued seamounts; however this is still only a fraction of the total 100,000. The reason for this is that uncertainties in the technology limit recognition to features 1,500 m (4,921 ft) or larger. In the future,

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seas together have only 23 seamounts and 2 guyots. The 9,951 seamounts which have been mapped cover an area of 8,088,550 km (3,123,010 sq mi). Seamounts have an average area of 790 km (310 sq mi), with the smallest seamounts found in the Arctic Ocean and the

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the most number and most extensive seamount chains. These include the Hawaiian (Emperor), Mariana, Gilbert, Tuomotu and Austral Seamounts (and island groups) in the north Pacific and the Louisville and Sala y Gomez ridges in the southern Pacific Ocean. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the

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Kitchingman, A., Lai, S., 2004. Inferences on Potential Seamount Locations from Mid-Resolution Bathymetric Data. in: Morato, T., Pauly, D. (Eds.), FCRR Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia, Vanvouver, BC, pages

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Even with the right technology available, only a scant 1% of the total number have been explored, and sampling and information remains biased towards the top 500 m (1,640 ft). New species are observed or collected and valuable information is obtained on almost every

987:, who climb the coral to get themselves off the seafloor, helping them to catch food particles, or small zooplankton, as they drift by. This is in sharp contrast with the typical deep-sea habitat, where deposit-feeding animals rely on food they get off the ground. In 500:. The mid-Atlantic ridge and spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean are also associated with abundant seamounts. Otherwise, seamounts tend not to form distinctive chains in the Indian and Southern Oceans, but rather their distribution appears to be more or less random. 864:

and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average

686:(possibly after a brief rejuvenated period), they are ground back down by the waves. Seamounts are built in a far more dynamic oceanic setting than their land counterparts, resulting in horizontal subsidence as the seamount moves with the tectonic plate towards a 1140:

lack of technology, and to the daunting task of reaching these underwater structures; the technology to fully explore them has only been around the last few decades. Before consistent conservation efforts can begin, the seamounts of the world must first be

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Seamounts can form in a wide variety of tectonic settings, resulting in a very diverse structural bank. Seamounts come in a wide variety of structural shapes, from conical to flat-topped to complexly shaped. Some are built very large and very low, such as

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as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface, and are therefore considered to be within the

1471:. Subsidation analysis found that at the time of their deposition, this would have been 500 m (1,640 ft) up the flank of the volcano, far too high for a normal wave to reach. The date corresponded with a massive flank collapse at the nearby 277:. During their evolution over geologic time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface, such flat-top seamounts are called " 3005:

Clark, M. R.; Rowden, A. A.; Schlacher, T.; Williams, A.; Consalvey, M.; Stocks, K. I.; Rogers, A. D.; O'Hara, T. D.; White, M.; Shank, T. M.; Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2010). "The Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts".

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Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing

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extend from the eastern coast of the United States to the mid-ocean ridge. Craig and Sandwell noted that clusters of larger Atlantic seamounts tend to be associated with other evidence of hotspot activity, such as on the

1374:(the latter especially in parts of Micronesia) are all mineral resources that are deposited upon or within seamounts. However, only the first two have any potential of being targeted by mining in the next few decades. 1068:. Seamounts were first extensively fished in the second half of the 20th century, due to poor management practices and increased fishing pressure seriously depleting stock numbers on the typical fishing ground, the 1913:

K. Hoernle; F. Hauff; R. Werner; P. van den Bogaard; A. D. Gibbons; S. Conrad & R. D. Müller (27 November 2011). "Origin of Indian Ocean Seamount Province by shallow recycling of continental lithosphere".

1234:, with six major expeditions recording over 60,000 species observations. The contrast between the seamount and the surrounding area was well-marked. One of the primary ecological havens on the seamount is its 2806:

Muller, Daniel; Leander Franz; Sven Petersen; Peter Herzig; Mark Hannington (2003). "Comparison between magmatic activity and gold mineralization at Conical Seamount and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea".

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rocks dominate shallow-water seamounts. They are the products of the explosive activity of seamounts that are near the water's surface, and can also form from mechanical wear of existing volcanic rock.

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Sandwell, David T.; Müller, R. Dietmar; Smith, Walter H. F.; Garcia, Emmanuel; Francis, Richard (2014). "New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals buried tectonic structure".

1163:) near Japan and Russia. The reason for this is that the fishes that are targeted over seamounts are typically long-lived, slow-growing, and slow-maturing. The problem is confounded by the dangers of 316:, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are ongoing concerns on the negative impact of fishing on seamount ecosystems, and well-documented cases of stock decline, for example with the 1191:

from seamounts are also vulnerable, as they are highly valued for making jewellery and decorative objects. Significant harvests have been produced from seamounts, often leaving coral beds depleted.

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IHO, 2008. Standardization of Undersea Feature Names: Guidelines Proposal form Terminology, 4th ed. International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Monaco.

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Seamounts are a possible future source of economically important metals. Even though the ocean makes up 70% of Earth's surface area, technological challenges have severely limited the extent of

1382: 626:. Which of these two process involved in the formation of a seamount has a profound effect on its eruptive materials. Lava flows from mid-ocean ridge and plate boundary seamounts are mostly 1292:

Before seamounts and their oceanographic impact can be fully understood, they must be mapped, a daunting task due to their sheer number. The most detailed seamount mappings are provided by

830:, seamounts with a flat top. These tops must be 200 m (656 ft) or more below the surface of the sea; the diameters of these flat summits can be over 10 km (6.2 mi). 1029:

have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have

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for marine species that are not found on or around the surrounding deeper ocean bottom. Because seamounts are isolated from each other they form "undersea islands" creating the same

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Pacific Ocean, and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption, build-up, subsidence and erosion. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example

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but now shown to be the process followed by all seamounts of the ocean-ridge type. During the first stage the volcano erupts basalt of various types, caused by various degrees of

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populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.

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Morato, T., Varkey, D.A., Damaso, C., Machete, M., Santos, M., Prieto, R., Santos, R.S. and Pitcher, T.J. (2008). "Evidence of a seamount effect on aggregating visitors".

4237: 2056: 1871: 1444:, which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world. In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses, a summit collapse on the northern edge of 4227: 3286: 1056:

visit seamounts as well, to gather food, but proof of this aggregating effect has been lacking. The first demonstration of this conjecture was published in 2008.

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garden, and many of the specimens noted were over a century old. Following the expansion of knowledge on the seamount there was extensive support to make it a

1052:. Some recent research indicates whales may use such features as navigational aids throughout their migration. For a long time it has been surmised that many 3053:

Richer de Forges; J. Anthony Koslow & G. C. B. Poore (22 June 2000). "Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific".

3254: 399:. Overall, seamount and guyot coverage is greatest as a proportion of seafloor area in the North Pacific Ocean, equal to 4.39% of that ocean region. The 1167:, which damages seamount surface communities, and the fact that many seamounts are located in international waters, making proper monitoring difficult. 979:, which capitalize on the strong currents around the seamount to supply them with food. These coral are therefore host to numerous other organisms in a 2363:"Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber" 4143: 2548: 678:, the eruptions slowly die away. With eruptions becoming infrequent and the seamount losing its ability to maintain itself, the volcano starts to 339:

are two technologies working to close the gap. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts; for example,

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ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of 35 knots (40.3 mph; 64.8 km/h), sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman.

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Seamounts are abundant, and all have metal resource potential because of various enrichment processes during the seamount's life. An example for

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Overfishing is a serious threat to seamount ecological welfare. There are several well-documented cases of fishery exploitation, for example the

3558: 3326: 2171: 1243: 2854:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC 268:

that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1,000–4,000 m (3,300–13,100 ft) in height. They are defined by

3172: 1793: 667: 3239: 455:, they have since subsided far below sea level. This long chain of islands and seamounts extends thousands of kilometers northwest from the 3790: 2940: 1312:

combined with data from other satellites has shown thousands of previously uncharted seamounts, with more to come as data is interpreted.

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in January 2005, following its collision with an uncharted seamount. The damage was extensive and the submarine was just barely salvaged.

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Ocean-ridge volcanoes in particular have been observed to follow a certain pattern in terms of eruptive activity, first observed with

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in particular is extremely devastating to seamount ecology, and is responsible for as much as 95% of ecological damage to seamounts.

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is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses; as they get older,

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deep sea floor. This causes a different type of fauna to exist than on the seafloor, and leads to a theoretically higher degree of

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suggests that seamounts may not be especially endemic, and discussions are ongoing on the effect of seamounts on endemicity. They

3690: 2303: 826:, steepening of volcanic slopes, and ultimately, flank collapse. There are also several sub-classes of seamounts. The first are 4510: 4420: 3406: 2593:"NOAA Releases Plans for Managing and Protecting Cordell Bank, Gulf of Farallones and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries" 1511: 300:

in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents, as well as their elevated position in the water, attract

4093: 4550: 4500: 3272: 2266: 2019: 1888: 1300:), however after more than 5000 publicly held cruises, the amount of the sea floor that has been mapped remains minuscule. 872:

Seamounts provide habitats and spawning grounds for these larger animals, including numerous fish. Some species, including

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volcano erupts almost all (e.g. 98%) of its total magmatic volume. The seamount may even grow above sea level to become an

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begin to seep in the seamount. This activity leads to inflation, over-extension of the volcano's flanks, and ultimately

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How to Read a Navigational Chart: A Complete Guide to the Symbols, Abbreviations, and Data Displayed on Nautical Charts

3608: 3195: 2629: 1521: 1419: 1386: 1246:. Much of what is known about seamounts ecologically is based on observations from Davidson. Another such seamount is 708:

In recent years, geologists have confirmed that a number of seamounts are active undersea volcanoes; two examples are

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Mediterranean and Black Seas; whilst the largest mean seamount size, 890 km (340 sq mi), occurs in the

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seeping in the seamounts put pressure on their sides, causing landslides that have the potential to generate massive

4555: 3745: 2670: 2107: 1084: 359: 3645: 4280: 3685: 1135:) have plummeted; experts say that it could take decades for the species to restore itself to its former numbers. 823: 489: 2552: 1198:

has agreed to fund the OASIS project, a detailed study of the effects of fishing on seamount communities in the

4410: 3785: 3775: 3715: 3351: 3321: 1631: 880: 61: 3251: 1475:, and it was theorized that it was a massive tsunami, generated by the landslide, that deposited the fossils. 2625: 4447: 4430: 4267: 3760: 3625: 3563: 3553: 3446: 1609: 968:, however, been confidently shown to provide a habitat to species that have difficulty surviving elsewhere. 619: 433: 119: 851: 4442: 4380: 3807: 3493: 2764: 2410: 1994: 1933: 1879: 1551: 1220: 980: 128: 2260:

Lundsten, L; J. P. Barry; G. M. Cailliet; D. A. Clague; A. DeVogelaere; J. B. Geller (January 13, 2009).

530:. Their overall abundance makes them one of the most common, and least understood, marine structures and 4275: 4257: 3765: 3660: 3295: 2196:

McClain, Craig R.; Lundsten L.; Ream M., Barry J.; DeVogelaere A. (January 7, 2009). Rands, Sean (ed.).

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Harris, P. T.; MacMillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E. K. (2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans".

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The most apparent lava flows at a seamount are the eruptive flows that cover their flanks, however

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Pitcher, T.J., Morato, T., Hart, P.J.B., Clark, M.R., Haggan, N. and Santos, R.S. (eds) (2007). "

3088: 2832: 2716: 2343: 1833: 1812: 1541: 1433: 1415: 1065: 835: 591: 497: 340: 313: 2918: 2198:"Endemicity, Biogeography, Composition, and Community Structure On a Northeast Pacific Seamount" 1986: 331:

Because of their large numbers, many seamounts remain to be properly studied, and even mapped.

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Vulnerability of deep sea corals to fishing on seamounts beyond areas of national jurisdiction

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Craig, C.H.; Sandwell, D.T. (1988). "Global distribution of seamounts from Seasat profiles".

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Nearly 80 species of fish and shellfish are commercially harvested from seamounts, including

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seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.

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In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by

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Seamounts often project upwards into shallower zones more hospitable to sea life, providing

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lavas. Compared to mid-ocean ridge seamounts, subduction zone seamounts generally have more

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If all known seamounts were collected into one area, they would make a landform the size of

508: 448: 297: 290: 3201: 4242: 4138: 4088: 4053: 4013: 3905: 3875: 3725: 3675: 3585: 3543: 3476: 3401: 3361: 3258: 3214: 3208: 1556: 1501: 1468: 1367: 1321: 1168: 945: 921: 886:, have been shown to occur more often on seamounts than anywhere else on the ocean floor. 687: 595: 493: 456: 388: 325: 197: 133: 90: 85: 75: 3242:, a volume on the biological and geological effects of seamounts, available fully online. 3027: 2262:"Benthic invertebrate communities on three seamounts off southern and central California" 2102: 3597: 3142: 3117: 3068: 3019: 2820: 2696: 2651: 2378: 2279: 2215: 2135:"Seamounts may serve as refuges for deep-sea animals that struggle to survive elsewhere" 1929: 1777: 1733: 1644: 834:

are isolated elevation spikes measuring less than 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). Lastly,

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Lundsten, L; McClain, CR; Barry, JP; Cailliet, GM; Clague, DA; DeVogelaere, AP (2009).

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Some seamounts have not been mapped and thus pose a navigational danger. For instance,

1274: 1247: 1199: 1034: 805: 801: 768: 760: 756: 663: 615: 572: 520: 516: 344: 40: 3233: 2757:"Seamount Mineral Deposits: A Source for Rare Minerals for High Technology Industries" 2387: 2362: 1819:(Press release). Scripps Institution of Oceanography / UC San Diego. 23 February 2010. 586:

Most seamounts are built by one of two volcanic processes, although some, such as the

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mineralization on the seafloor is Conical Seamount, located about 8 km south of

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Individual nations are beginning to note the effect of fishing on seamounts, and the

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and a field of debris up to 6 km (4 mi) away. A catastrophic collapse at

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in particular grows in the surrounding area as well, but nowhere near as profusely.

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Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface

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The giant Ruatoria debris avalanche on the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

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Keating, Barbara H.; Fryer, Patricia; Batiza, Rodey; Boehlert, George W. (1987).

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The effect that seamounts have on fish populations has not gone unnoticed by the

763:, are also an important part of seamount growth. The most common type of flow is 4467: 4199: 4128: 3993: 3933: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3770: 3705: 3665: 3655: 3630: 3513: 3486: 3466: 3426: 3391: 2048: 1840:(Press release). National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration. 30 April 2010. 1531: 1371: 1286: 1010: 1006: 764: 740: 671: 576: 552: 440: 417: 372: 95: 2872: 2497: 767:, named so after its distinctive shape. Less common are sheet flows, which are 4285: 4133: 4108: 4003: 3983: 3910: 3895: 3880: 3870: 3835: 3755: 3575: 3570: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3421: 3217:. The life cycle of seamounts was originally observed off of the Hawaiian arc. 2828: 2077: 1506: 1482: 1452: 1351: 1328: 1141: 1018: 1014: 999: 899: 873: 789: 611: 396: 332: 100: 17: 2777: 1459:

flattened its whole structure extensively. Lastly, in 2004, scientists found

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technological advances could allow for a larger and more detailed catalogue.

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One major seamount risk is that often, in the late of stages of their life,

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flow that originates from lava-water interactions during submarine eruptions

675: 651: 452: 408: 336: 249: 182: 3211:. Aftermath of a seamount carving into the far side of a subduction trench. 3084: 3045: 2712: 2396: 2243: 2020:"Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain" 1123: 432:"Seamount chain" redirects here. For a broader coverage of this topic, see 380:, ridges and hills less than 1,000 m in height in the world's oceans. 48: 3127:"Ichthyofauna on Three Seamounts off Southern and Central California, USA" 2526: 1689: 1418:

is named after the ship that hit it in 1973. More recently, the submarine

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The volcanic rocks on the slopes of seamounts are heavily populated by

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rises through the crust to the surface. Volcanoes formed near or above

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Graph showing the rise in global sea level (in mm) as measured by the

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Because of overfishing at their seamount spawning grounds, stocks of

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Most seamounts are volcanic in origin, and thus tend to be found on

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Keating, B.H., Fryer, P., Batiza, R., Boehlert, G.W. (Eds.), 1987:

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all congregate over seamounts to feed, as well as some species of

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Because of their abundance, seamounts are one of the most common

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Possibly the best ecologically studied seamount in the world is

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of this type are often made from coral harvested off seamounts.

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A review of the effects of seamounts on biological processes

2411:"Introduction to the Biology and Geology of Lōʻihi Seamount" 2018:

Kerr, B. C.; D. W. Scholl; S. L. Klemperer (July 12, 2005).

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Animations depicting current flow over seamounts and ridges.

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Satellites detect 'thousands' of new ocean-bottom mountains

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Watts, T. (August 2019). "Science, Seamounts and Society".

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Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Atlantic

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Wessel, Paul; Sandwell, David T.; Kim, Seung-Sep (2010).

466:

Distribution of seamounts and guyots in the North Pacific

376:

addition to seamounts, there are more than 80,000 small

312:

alike. Their aggregational effect has been noted by the

2417:. Fe-Oxidizing Microbial Observatory (FeMO). 2009-02-01 2750: 2748: 2554:

The Impacts of Fishing on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems

2315: 2313: 1155:) off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand and the 3192:. A database of seamount maps and catalogue listings. 2671:

New Map Exposes Previously Unseen Details of Seafloor

1044:

Seamounts may thus be vital stopping points for some

2494:

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

1991:

Ocean Drilling Program Database-Results of Site 1206

952:, the substrate is much harder than the surrounding 771:

and marginal, and indicative of larger-scale flows.

439:

Seamounts are often found in groupings or submerged

424:(estimated 13,680 km (5,280 sq mi)). 4330: 4304: 4266: 4218: 4157: 4052: 3924: 3821: 3616: 3302: 3196:

Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska

2517: 2515: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1242:, a motion that was granted in 2008 as part of the 991:extensive coral growth results in the formation of 932:. These are two species attracted to the seamount; 590:near Australia, are more enigmatic. Volcanoes near 2755:James R. Hein; Tracy A. Conrad; Hubert Staudigel. 1715: 1713: 1202:. Another project working towards conservation is 960:. However, recent research especially centered at 4238:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 3102:"Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries" 2941:"Hawaiian tsunami left a gift at foot of volcano" 2083:. John F. Dower and Frances J. Fee. February 1999 1594:. Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco 1410:Landslide § Prehistoric submarine landslides 674:). After a period of explosive activity near the 2464: 2462: 2304:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Mountains in the Sea 2004" 2191: 2189: 2057:School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology 2013: 2011: 1590:Nybakken, James W. and Bertness, Mark D., 2008. 367:. The dots indicate significant coral nurseries. 328:, which scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts. 4228:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 1684: 1682: 3161:Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation 2129: 2127: 2125: 1772:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 43. 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 3280: 2898:. International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press. 1828: 1826: 403:has only 16 seamounts and no guyots, and the 217: 8: 906:when the features are particularly shallow. 1602: 1600: 503:Isolated seamounts and those without clear 264:-rock. Seamounts are typically formed from 3287: 3273: 3265: 3167:Series 12, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 527pp. 2560:. 14 July 2006. Retrieved on 26 July 2010. 1577: 1575: 1573: 534:on Earth, a sort of exploratory frontier. 507:origins are less common; examples include 224: 210: 36: 3150: 3035: 2863: 2861: 2386: 2337: 2287: 2233: 2223: 1937: 796:; others are built more steeply, such as 551:Diagram of a submarine eruption (key: 1. 1870:Hubert Straudigal & David A Clauge. 1807: 1805: 1463:61 m (200 ft) up the flank of 622:to the overriding plate that lowers its 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 1569: 324:). 95% of ecological damage is done by 162: 141: 118: 60: 39: 3559:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations 2626:"Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area" 2172:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 1592:Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach 1244:Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary 3261:, United Nations Environment Program. 2490:"Seamounts – hotspots of marine life" 1763: 1761: 7: 4506: 3028:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081109 1144:, a task that is still in progress. 650:, and volatile abundances, and less 248:without reaching the water surface ( 614:are created because the subducting 4386:National Oceanographic Data Center 3813:World Ocean Circulation Experiment 3701:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 3221:How Volcanoes Work: Lava and Water 1440:with the potential to start major 948:interest. As they are formed from 588:Christmas Island Seamount Province 451:. Formed millions of years ago by 25: 4233:Global Sea Level Observing System 2049:"General Information About Loihi" 1406:Landslide § Causing tsunamis 1277:(left) and its follow-on mission 838:are small pillar-like seamounts. 4516: 4505: 4496: 4495: 3691:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study 3607: 3596: 2361:Higashi, Y; et al. (2004). 1485: 371:Seamounts can be found in every 47: 4421:Ocean thermal energy conversion 4144:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 3215:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes 3008:Annual Review of Marine Science 2437:"Seamount: What is a Seamount?" 2047:Rubin, Ken (January 19, 2006). 1722:Journal of Geophysical Research 1512:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes 654:, resulting in more explosive, 363:Bathymetric mapping of part of 3131:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2985:. Geophys. Monogr. 43:319–334. 2267:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1770:Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls 443:, a classic example being the 1: 2991:Marine Geology of the Pacific 2982:Seamounts, islands and atolls 2869:"USS San Francisco (SSN 711)" 2388:10.1016/S0168-6496(04)00004-2 2053:Hawaii Center for Volcanology 995:late in the seamount's life. 822:, which is likely to lead to 818:Many seamounts show signs of 804:. Some seamounts also have a 3681:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 3651:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 3407:Luke's variational principle 3248:, seamount biology database. 2322:"The Global Seamount Census" 2225:10.1371/journal.pone.0004141 1653:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011 1161:Pseudopentaceros richardsoni 847:Ecological role of seamounts 3190:Earthref Seamount Catalogue 2768:. Seamounts Special Issue. 2630:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 1883:. Seamounts Special Issue. 1522:List of submarine volcanoes 1066:commercial fishing industry 314:commercial fishing industry 4572: 3746:Ocean dynamical thermostat 3594: 3165:Fish and Aquatic Resources 1403: 1089:Paralithodes camtschaticus 543:Geochemistry and evolution 431: 30:For active seamounts, see 29: 4491: 4281:Ocean acoustic tomography 4094:Mohorovičić discontinuity 3686:General circulation model 3322:Benjamin–Feir instability 2829:10.1007/s00710-003-0007-3 2525:. CenSeam. Archived from 2367:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2078:"The Bowie Seamount Area" 1448:resulted in a pronounced 1083:(Scombridae and others), 1033:communities, for example 798:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount 712:(formerly Lo‘ihi) in the 682:. After finally becoming 289:(formerly Lōʻihi) in the 4411:Ocean surface topography 3786:Thermohaline circulation 3776:Subsurface ocean current 3716:Hydrothermal circulation 3549:Wave–current interaction 3327:Boussinesq approximation 2915:Volcanism reference base 2809:Mineralogy and Petrology 2472:Series 357: pages 23–32. 881:blackstripe cardinalfish 4448:Sea surface temperature 4431:Outline of oceanography 3626:Atmospheric circulation 3564:shallow water equations 3554:Waves and shallow water 3447:Significant wave height 2849:C.Michael Hogan. 2011. 2705:10.1126/science.1258213 2470:Marine Ecology Progress 2339:10.5670/oceanog.2010.60 2108:Encyclopædia Britannica 1742:10.1029/jb093ib09p10408 1436:, leading to submarine 1153:Hoplostethus atlanticus 1133:Hoplostethus atlanticus 1109:Hoplostethus atlanticus 884:(Apogon nigrofasciatus) 434:Undersea mountain range 322:Hoplostethus atlanticus 4443:Sea surface microlayer 3808:Wind generated current 2949:(2464): 14. 2004-09-11 1995:Ocean Drilling Program 1728:(B9): 10408–410, 420. 1552:Topographic prominence 1401: 1294:multibeam echosounding 1281: 1185: 1136: 981:commensal relationship 937: 856: 748: 583: 490:Vitória-Trindade Ridge 475: 467: 447:, an extension of the 368: 252:), and thus is not an 4551:Physical oceanography 4276:Deep scattering layer 4258:World Geodetic System 3766:Princeton Ocean Model 3646:Coriolis–Stokes force 3296:Physical oceanography 3184:Geography and geology 3100:Koslow, J.A. (1997). 2988:Menard, H.W. (1964). 2894:Nigel Calder (2002). 1695:Encyclopedia of Earth 1527:Marine protected area 1385: 1339:26 g/t, n=40). 1261: 1227:of marine organisms. 1208:Census of Marine Life 1177: 1126: 912: 854: 739: 600:decompression melting 550: 513:Eratosthenes Seamount 481:New England Seamounts 473: 465: 362: 240:is a large submarine 4296:Underwater acoustics 3856:Perigean spring tide 3721:Langmuir circulation 3432:Rossby-gravity waves 3240:Mountains in the Sea 2875:on 25 September 2009 1097:Lutjanus campechanus 606:. The lower density 281:" or "tablemounts". 244:that rises from the 4458:Science On a Sphere 4064:Convergent boundary 3736:Modular Ocean Model 3696:Geostrophic current 3412:Mild-slope equation 3143:2009MEPS..389..223L 3118:1997AmSci..85..168K 3069:2000Natur.405..944R 3020:2010ARMS....2..253C 2821:2003MinPe..79..259M 2697:2014Sci...346...65S 2606:. November 20, 2008 2435:Kennedy, Jennifer. 2379:2004FEMME..47..327H 2280:2009MEPS..374...23L 2216:2009PLoSO...4.4141M 2161:"Davidson Seamount" 2141:. February 11, 2009 2027:Stanford University 1930:2011NatGe...4..883H 1887:(1). Archived from 1778:1987GMS....43.....K 1734:1988JGR....9310408C 1645:2014MGeol.352....4H 1302:Satellite altimetry 1289:dive at seamounts. 1272:satellite altimeter 1196:European Commission 337:satellite altimetry 4114:Seafloor spreading 4104:Outer trench swell 4069:Divergent boundary 3969:Continental margin 3954:Carbonate platform 3851:Lunitidal interval 3257:2007-06-27 at the 3207:2010-07-16 at the 1698:. December 9, 2008 1542:Submarine eruption 1416:Muirfield Seamount 1402: 1308:Observations from 1282: 1186: 1137: 1019:gastropod mollusks 973:suspension feeders 938: 934:Paragorgia arborea 928:) on the crest of 926:Paragorgia arborea 918:Coryphaenoides sp. 877:(Allocyttus niger) 857: 820:intrusive activity 755:, in the forms of 753:igneous intrusions 749: 695:Hawaiian seamounts 666:(for example, the 584: 498:Cape Verde Islands 476: 468: 369: 341:Muirfield Seamount 178:Hydrothermal vents 129:Surface microlayer 4556:Fisheries science 4531: 4530: 4523:Oceans portal 4483:World Ocean Atlas 4473:Underwater glider 4416:Ocean temperature 4079:Hydrothermal vent 4044:Submarine volcano 3979:Continental shelf 3959:Coastal geography 3949:Bathymetric chart 3831:Amphidromic point 3519:Wave nonlinearity 3377:Infragravity wave 3173:978-1-4051-3343-2 3152:10.3354/meps08181 3063:(6789): 944–947. 2660:, 2 October 2014. 2650:Amos, Jonathan. " 2571:"CenSeam Science" 2549:Secretary-General 2523:"CenSeam Mission" 2289:10.3354/meps07745 1917:Nature Geoscience 1795:978-1-118-66420-9 1547:Submarine volcano 1517:Hotspot (geology) 1232:Davidson Seamount 1157:pelagic armorhead 1070:continental shelf 1046:migratory animals 1031:hydrothermal vent 962:Davidson Seamount 930:Davidson Seamount 553:Water vapor cloud 445:Emperor Seamounts 365:Davidson Seamount 298:marine ecosystems 266:extinct volcanoes 234: 233: 106:Continental shelf 32:Submarine volcano 16:(Redirected from 4563: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4438:Pelagic sediment 4376:Marine pollution 4170:Deep ocean water 4039:Submarine canyon 3974:Continental rise 3866:Rule of twelfths 3781:Sverdrup balance 3711:Humboldt Current 3636:Boundary current 3611: 3600: 3417:Radiation stress 3387:Iribarren number 3362:Equatorial waves 3317:Ballantine scale 3312:Airy wave theory 3289: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3156: 3154: 3121: 3096: 3077:10.1038/35016066 3049: 3039: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911:"Kohala Volcano" 2906: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2871:. Archived from 2865: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2815:(3–4): 259–283. 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2780:. Archived from 2761: 2752: 2743: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2632:. 1 October 2011 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2597: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2500:on 13 April 2010 2496:. Archived from 2486: 2473: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2447:on 7 August 2010 2443:. Archived from 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2341: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2227: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948:10.1038/ngeo1331 1941: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1876: 1867: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1717: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1686: 1657: 1656: 1626: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1457:Detroit Seamount 1446:Vlinder Seamount 1240:marine sanctuary 1039:Kamaʻehuakanaloa 794:Detroit Seamount 714:Hawaiian Islands 710:Kamaʻehuakanaloa 612:subducting zones 596:mid-ocean ridges 592:plate boundaries 581:Click to enlarge 509:Bollons Seamount 457:island of Hawaii 449:Hawaiian Islands 389:mid-ocean ridges 291:Hawaiian Islands 287:Kamaʻehuakanaloa 226: 219: 212: 91:Seagrass meadows 86:Mangrove forests 62:Coastal habitats 51: 37: 21: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4515: 4487: 4326: 4300: 4262: 4243:Sea-level curve 4214: 4153: 4139:Transform fault 4089:Mid-ocean ridge 4055: 4048: 4014:Oceanic plateau 3920: 3906:Tidal resonance 3876:Theory of tides 3817: 3726:Longshore drift 3676:Ekman transport 3612: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3544:Wave turbulence 3477:Trochoidal wave 3402:Longshore drift 3298: 3293: 3259:Wayback Machine 3246:SeamountsOnline 3209:Wayback Machine 3181: 3124: 3099: 3052: 3004: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2921:, vulcanologist 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2787:on 13 June 2010 2784: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2732: 2728: 2691:(6205): 65–67. 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2476: 2467: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2415:Lōʻihi Seamount 2409: 2408: 2404: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1939:10.1.1.656.2778 1924:(12): 883–887. 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1894:on 13 June 2010 1891: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1845: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1688: 1687: 1660: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557:Volcanic island 1502:Asphalt volcano 1491: 1484: 1481: 1465:Kohala mountain 1412: 1380: 1368:manganese oxide 1366:, hydrothermal 1322:deep sea mining 1318: 1316:Deep-sea mining 1256: 1169:Bottom trawling 1121: 1079:(Palinuridae), 1062: 1054:pelagic animals 1048:, specifically 975:, particularly 946:biogeographical 922:bubblegum coral 849: 844: 785: 734: 688:subduction zone 602:of rock in the 545: 540: 494:Bermuda Islands 437: 430: 357: 326:bottom trawling 230: 198:Marine sediment 134:Epipelagic zone 76:Intertidal zone 56: 41:Marine habitats 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4503: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4463:Stratification 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4355: 4353:Color of water 4350: 4348:Benthic lander 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4253:Sea level rise 4250: 4248:Sea level drop 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4084:Marine geology 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4024:Passive margin 4021: 4019:Oceanic trench 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3751:Ocean dynamics 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3641:Coriolis force 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3462:Stokes problem 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397:Kinematic wave 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3199: 3193: 3180: 3179:External links 3177: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3122: 3112:(2): 168–176. 3097: 3050: 2996: 2995: 2986: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2932: 2901: 2886: 2857: 2842: 2798: 2744: 2735:Cryosat 4 Plus 2726: 2675: 2662: 2643: 2617: 2584: 2562: 2558:United Nations 2547:Report of the 2540: 2529:on 24 May 2010 2511: 2474: 2458: 2427: 2402: 2373:(3): 327–336. 2353: 2309: 2295: 2249: 2185: 2152: 2121: 2094: 2069: 2039: 2007: 1978: 1953: 1905: 1843: 1822: 1801: 1794: 1757: 1747: 1709: 1658: 1632:Marine Geology 1616: 1596: 1583: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1537:Oceanic trench 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1480: 1477: 1461:marine fossils 1434:flank collapse 1379: 1376: 1317: 1314: 1275:TOPEX/Poseidon 1255: 1252: 1248:Bowie Seamount 1236:deep sea coral 1200:North Atlantic 1120: 1117: 1103:(Scombridae), 1061: 1058: 1027:Xenophyophores 989:tropical zones 983:, for example 888:Marine mammals 848: 845: 843: 840: 802:Bowie Seamount 784: 781: 773:Volcaniclastic 733: 730: 699:mantle melting 664:oceanic island 616:tectonic plate 544: 541: 539: 536: 521:Gorringe Ridge 517:Axial Seamount 429: 426: 356: 353: 310:marine mammals 270:oceanographers 232: 231: 229: 228: 221: 214: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 167: 166: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 144: 143: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 123: 122: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 65: 64: 58: 57: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Seamount chain 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4568: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371:Marine energy 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4338:Acidification 4336: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:SOFAR channel 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099:Oceanic crust 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:Fracture zone 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4009:Oceanic basin 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Abyssal plain 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Internal tide 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741:Ocean current 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3599: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539:Wave shoaling 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3499:Ursell number 3497: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382:Internal wave 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3332:Breaking wave 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236:. NOAA paper. 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2948: 2947: 2946:New Scientist 2942: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909:Seach, John. 2905: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2605: 2601: 2600:Press release 2594: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2428: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2008: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1962:"Pillow lava" 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1906: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1786:10.1029/GM043 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1493:Oceans portal 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1422:San Francisco 1417: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1389:San Francisco 1384: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:orange roughy 1145: 1143: 1134: 1130: 1129:orange roughy 1125: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:Orange roughy 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:red king crab 1082: 1078: 1077:spiny lobster 1073: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 985:Brittle Stars 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:volcanic rock 947: 943: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 878: 875: 870: 868: 863: 853: 846: 841: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 782: 780: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 746: 742: 738: 731: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:ocean surface 673: 669: 668:2009 eruption 665: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:calc-alkaline 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:melting point 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 598:are built by 597: 593: 589: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569:Magma chamber 566: 565:Magma conduit 562: 558: 555:2. Water 3. 554: 549: 542: 537: 535: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 472: 464: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 435: 427: 425: 423: 422:Pallada Guyot 419: 415: 410: 406: 405:Mediterranean 402: 398: 394: 393:mantle plumes 390: 386: 385:oceanic crust 381: 379: 374: 366: 361: 354: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 318:orange roughy 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 282: 280: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 227: 222: 220: 215: 213: 208: 207: 205: 204: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 188:Demersal zone 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 165: 161: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 121: 120:Ocean surface 117: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 71:Littoral zone 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 59: 55: 54:Bear Seamount 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 33: 19: 4533: 4478:Water column 4426:Oceanography 4401:Observations 4396:Explorations 4366:Marginal sea 4359: 4317:OSTM/Jason-2 4149:Volcanic arc 4124:Slab suction 4033: 3841:Head of tide 3731:Loop Current 3671:Ekman spiral 3457:Stokes drift 3367:Gravity wave 3342:Cnoidal wave 3227: 3226: 3183: 3182: 3164: 3134: 3130: 3109: 3105: 3060: 3054: 3037:10026.1/1339 3011: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2972: 2969:Bibliography 2964: 2951:. Retrieved 2944: 2935: 2923:. Retrieved 2914: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2873:the original 2851: 2845: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2782:the original 2769: 2765:Oceanography 2763: 2738: 2729: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2665: 2655: 2646: 2634:. Retrieved 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2599: 2587: 2575:. Retrieved 2565: 2553: 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2527:the original 2502:. Retrieved 2498:the original 2469: 2449:. Retrieved 2445:the original 2430: 2419:. Retrieved 2414: 2405: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2332:(1): 24–33. 2329: 2326:Oceanography 2325: 2298: 2271: 2265: 2210:(1): e4141. 2207: 2201: 2176:. Retrieved 2155: 2143:. Retrieved 2112:. Retrieved 2106: 2097: 2085:. Retrieved 2072: 2060:. Retrieved 2052: 2042: 2030:. Retrieved 1998:. Retrieved 1990: 1981: 1969:. Retrieved 1956: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1896:. Retrieved 1889:the original 1884: 1880:Oceanography 1878: 1838:ScienceDaily 1837: 1817:ScienceDaily 1816: 1769: 1750: 1725: 1721: 1700:. Retrieved 1693: 1636: 1630: 1610:Geoscientist 1608: 1591: 1586: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1388: 1349:hydrothermal 1336:Lihir Island 1326: 1319: 1307: 1291: 1283: 1229: 1221:productivity 1217:biodiversity 1213:biogeography 1193: 1187: 1160: 1152: 1146: 1138: 1132: 1119:Conservation 1115:(Percidae). 1108: 1096: 1088: 1074: 1063: 1043: 1017:worms), and 1011:oligochaetes 1007:marine worms 997: 993:coral atolls 970: 965: 939: 933: 925: 917: 883: 876: 871: 858: 817: 786: 750: 743:, a type of 722:Manu'a Group 707: 692: 660: 604:upper mantle 585: 525: 502: 486:Walvis Ridge 477: 441:archipelagos 438: 414:Indian Ocean 401:Arctic Ocean 382: 370: 330: 321: 308:, fish, and 295: 283: 237: 235: 193:Benthic zone 172: 155:Oceanic zone 150:Pelagic zone 111:Neritic zone 96:Kelp forests 4468:Thermocline 4185:Mesopelagic 4158:Ocean zones 4129:Slab window 3994:Hydrography 3934:Abyssal fan 3901:Tidal range 3891:Tidal power 3886:Tidal force 3771:Rip current 3706:Gulf Stream 3666:Ekman layer 3656:Downwelling 3631:Baroclinity 3618:Circulation 3514:Wave height 3504:Wave action 3487:megatsunami 3467:Stokes wave 3427:Rossby wave 3392:Kelvin wave 3372:Green's law 3137:: 223–232. 3014:: 253–278. 2636:31 December 2145:December 7, 1987:"SITE 1206" 1532:Mud volcano 1372:phosphorite 1287:submersible 1254:Exploration 1093:red snapper 1000:polychaetes 954:sedimentary 900:cephalopods 776:sedimentary 765:pillow lava 741:Pillow lava 672:Hunga Tonga 658:eruptions. 577:Pillow lava 418:Suiko Guyot 397:island arcs 373:ocean basin 246:ocean floor 101:Coral reefs 4540:Categories 4406:Reanalysis 4305:Satellites 4286:Sofar bomb 4134:Subduction 4109:Ridge push 4004:Ocean bank 3984:Contourite 3911:Tide gauge 3896:Tidal race 3881:Tidal bore 3871:Slack tide 3836:Earth tide 3756:Ocean gyre 3576:Wind setup 3571:Wind fetch 3534:Wave setup 3529:Wave radar 3524:Wave power 3422:Rogue wave 3352:Dispersion 2919:John Seach 2610:2 December 2421:2009-03-02 2178:2 December 1690:"Seamount" 1564:References 1507:Bathymetry 1438:landslides 1430:extrusions 1404:See also: 1352:iron oxide 1329:epithermal 1015:microdrile 874:black oreo 790:Koko Guyot 732:Lava types 632:tholeiitic 345:extrusions 333:Bathymetry 183:Cold seeps 142:Open ocean 4546:Seamounts 4268:Acoustics 4220:Sea level 4119:Slab pull 4056:tectonics 3964:Cold seep 3926:Landforms 3803:Whirlpool 3798:Upwelling 3581:Wind wave 3509:Wave base 3437:Sea state 3357:Edge wave 3347:Cross sea 2852:Phosphate 2837:129643758 2778:1042-8275 2740:DTU Space 2573:. CenSeam 2274:: 23–32. 1934:CiteSeerX 1473:Mauna Loa 1345:manganese 1310:CryoSat-2 1225:evolution 1023:sea slugs 914:Grenadier 836:pinnacles 824:inflation 806:carbonate 783:Structure 718:Vailulu'u 703:xenoliths 652:magnesium 620:volatiles 561:Lava flow 453:volcanism 355:Geography 250:sea level 173:Seamounts 164:Sea floor 81:Estuaries 4501:Category 4453:Seawater 4180:Littoral 4175:Deep sea 4034:Seamount 3916:Tideline 3861:Rip tide 3791:shutdown 3761:Overflow 3494:Undertow 3337:Clapotis 3255:Archived 3205:Archived 3085:10879534 3046:21141665 2721:31851740 2713:25278606 2657:BBC News 2397:19712321 2348:24861056 2244:19127302 2203:PLoS ONE 2103:"Guyots" 1639:: 4–24. 1613:: 10–16. 1479:See also 1450:headwall 1442:tsunamis 1394:dry dock 1270:oceanic 1182:earrings 1165:trawling 1081:mackerel 958:endemism 942:habitats 904:seabirds 867:plankton 810:sediment 628:basaltic 505:volcanic 428:Grouping 349:tsunamis 302:plankton 275:deep sea 242:landform 238:seamount 4511:Commons 4381:Mooring 4331:Related 4322:Jason-3 4312:Jason-1 4195:Pelagic 4190:Oceanic 4165:Benthic 3482:Tsunami 3452:Soliton 3228:Ecology 3139:Bibcode 3114:Bibcode 3106:Am. Sci 3093:4382477 3065:Bibcode 3016:Bibcode 2999:Ecology 2974:Geology 2953:25 July 2925:25 July 2879:25 July 2817:Bibcode 2791:26 July 2693:Bibcode 2685:Science 2577:22 July 2551:(2006) 2533:22 July 2504:24 July 2451:25 July 2441:ask.com 2375:Bibcode 2276:Bibcode 2235:2613552 2212:Bibcode 2139:PhysOrg 2114:24 July 2087:26 July 2062:26 July 2032:15 July 2000:26 July 1971:25 July 1926:Bibcode 1898:25 July 1774:Bibcode 1730:Bibcode 1702:24 July 1641:Bibcode 1378:Dangers 1360:sulfate 1356:sulfide 1279:Jason-1 1204:CenSeam 1111:), and 1060:Fishing 1004:annelid 842:Ecology 720:in the 684:extinct 656:viscous 636:alkalic 557:Stratum 538:Geology 4200:Photic 4029:Seabed 3442:Seiche 3171: 3091: 3083: 3056:Nature 3044: 2835: 2776: 2719: 2711: 2395: 2346: 2242: 2232: 2174:. 2006 1936: 1792: 1469:Hawaii 1408:, and 1370:, and 1364:sulfur 1189:Corals 1142:mapped 1050:whales 977:corals 920:) and 916:fish ( 898:, and 892:sharks 862:eddies 832:Knolls 828:guyots 769:glassy 745:basalt 648:alkali 644:sodium 630:(both 532:biomes 528:Europe 395:, and 378:knolls 306:corals 279:guyots 254:island 4391:Ocean 4360:Alvin 4210:Swash 4054:Plate 3999:Knoll 3989:Guyot 3944:Atoll 3823:Tides 3586:model 3472:Swell 3304:Waves 3089:S2CID 2833:S2CID 2785:(PDF) 2772:(1). 2760:(PDF) 2717:S2CID 2596:(PDF) 2344:JSTOR 2164:(PDF) 2081:(PDF) 2023:(PDF) 1892:(PDF) 1875:(PDF) 1755:7–12. 1453:scarp 1298:sonar 1179:Coral 1113:perch 1035:Suiyo 761:sills 757:dikes 726:Samoa 680:erode 618:adds 608:magma 409:Black 387:near 262:cliff 260:, or 258:islet 4358:DSV 4343:Argo 4205:Surf 3661:Eddy 3169:ISBN 3081:PMID 3042:PMID 2955:2010 2927:2010 2881:2010 2793:2010 2774:ISSN 2709:PMID 2638:2011 2612:2009 2604:NOAA 2579:2010 2535:2010 2506:2010 2453:2010 2393:PMID 2240:PMID 2180:2009 2168:NOAA 2147:2009 2116:2010 2089:2010 2064:2010 2034:2010 2002:2010 1973:2010 1966:NOAA 1900:2010 1790:ISBN 1704:2010 1420:USS 1398:Guam 1387:USS 1341:Iron 1332:gold 1268:CNES 1264:NASA 1223:and 1206:, a 1101:tuna 1037:and 966:have 896:tuna 879:and 800:and 792:and 759:and 716:and 634:and 594:and 573:Dike 519:and 496:and 407:and 335:and 3163:". 3147:doi 3135:389 3073:doi 3061:405 3032:hdl 3024:doi 2825:doi 2701:doi 2689:346 2383:doi 2334:doi 2284:doi 2272:374 2230:PMC 2220:doi 1944:doi 1782:doi 1738:doi 1649:doi 1637:352 1467:in 1396:in 1392:in 1099:), 1091:), 1025:). 813:cap 808:or 728:). 670:of 575:8. 571:7. 567:6. 563:5. 559:4. 4542:: 3145:. 3133:. 3129:. 3110:85 3108:. 3104:. 3087:. 3079:. 3071:. 3059:. 3040:. 3030:. 3022:. 3010:. 2943:. 2917:. 2913:. 2860:^ 2831:. 2823:. 2813:79 2811:. 2770:23 2762:. 2747:^ 2737:" 2715:. 2707:. 2699:. 2687:. 2654:" 2628:. 2602:. 2598:. 2514:^ 2492:. 2477:^ 2461:^ 2439:. 2413:. 2391:. 2381:. 2371:47 2369:. 2365:. 2342:. 2330:23 2328:. 2324:. 2312:^ 2282:. 2270:. 2264:. 2252:^ 2238:. 2228:. 2218:. 2206:. 2200:. 2188:^ 2170:, 2166:. 2137:. 2124:^ 2105:. 2055:. 2051:. 2025:. 2010:^ 1993:. 1989:. 1964:. 1942:. 1932:. 1920:. 1885:32 1877:. 1846:^ 1836:. 1825:^ 1815:. 1804:^ 1788:. 1780:. 1760:^ 1736:. 1726:93 1724:. 1712:^ 1692:. 1661:^ 1647:. 1635:. 1619:^ 1599:^ 1572:^ 1362:, 1358:, 1354:, 1347:, 1219:, 1215:, 1009:) 894:, 890:, 815:. 705:. 646:, 579:) 523:. 515:, 511:, 492:, 488:, 459:. 391:, 351:. 304:, 293:. 256:, 236:A 3288:e 3281:t 3274:v 3198:. 3155:. 3149:: 3141:: 3120:. 3116:: 3095:. 3075:: 3067:: 3048:. 3034:: 3026:: 3018:: 3012:2 2957:. 2929:. 2883:. 2839:. 2827:: 2819:: 2795:. 2733:" 2723:. 2703:: 2695:: 2673:" 2669:" 2640:. 2614:. 2581:. 2537:. 2508:. 2455:. 2424:. 2399:. 2385:: 2377:: 2350:. 2336:: 2306:. 2292:. 2286:: 2278:: 2246:. 2222:: 2214:: 2208:4 2182:. 2149:. 2118:. 2091:. 2066:. 2036:. 2004:. 1975:. 1950:. 1946:: 1928:: 1922:4 1902:. 1798:. 1784:: 1776:: 1744:. 1740:: 1732:: 1706:. 1655:. 1651:: 1643:: 1343:- 1296:( 1266:/ 1159:( 1151:( 1131:( 1107:( 1095:( 1087:( 1021:( 1013:( 1002:( 924:( 724:( 436:. 320:( 225:e 218:t 211:v 34:. 20:)

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